Cell Transport and
Communication
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Rough ER
Golgi
Network
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Internal Transport: ER and Golgi
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Where do these packaged proteins end up?
1) Organelles including the nucleus, lysosomes, mitochondria,
chloroplasts, etc. UK-Assignments.com
2) The cell membrane, esp. surface receptors, adhesion
molecules, ion channels, andSAMPLE
signal transduction proteins.
3) Secreted from the cell entirely, esp. hormones and antibodies.
Cell Communication
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Autocrine
• A good example of autocrine signalling is a class of
molecules called prostaglandins.
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• These eicosanoids
(derived from a 20 carbon
compound called arachidonic
acid) promote
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inflammation and enhance pain.
• Most cells that are stressed or damaged can release
prostaglandins and respond to them.
• Aspirin, Tylenol, and NSAID drugs inhibit
prostaglandin synthesis and are used as pain
killers and anti-inflammatory medications.
Paracrine
• In this form of cell signaling, a cell
releases molecules that
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neighboring
cells respond to.
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• Examples of paracrine
signalling
include neurotransmitters
released by neurons at synapses
and cytokines used by white blood
cells in the immune system to
communicate with each other.
Endocrine
• Most organs in our bodies have endocrine functions.
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• With notable exceptions like the pancreas, parathyroid glands
and kidneys, most endocrine
glands are under the direct
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control of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis:
Hypothalamus – the true master gland
• Located at the base of the brain, part of the diencephalon
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• Consists of multiple
clusters of neurons that regulate a variety
of activities ranging fromSAMPLE
appetite to circadian rhythyms
(body temperature, sleep/wake cycle) to functions of the
reproductive system (spermatogenesis, menstrual cycle).
• Acts as the interface between the nervous system and
endocrine system.
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The Pituitary Gland
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Hormones of Anterior
SAMPLE Pituitary Gland:
1.GH
2.TSH
3.ACTH
4.FSH
5.LH
6.Prolactin
Hormones of Posterior Pituitary*
1. ADH (Antidiuretic hormone/
Vasopressin)
2. Oxytocin
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The Endocrine System
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Hypothalamus
Pituitary
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IGF
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Negative Feedback Loops
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•The basic idea is that when
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thyroid gland has made a
sufficient amount of its
product, the product (i.e..
thyroid hormone) inhibits
further release of TSH from
the pituitary and TRH from
the hypothalamus.
• This mechanism serves as a
safety valve or shut off
switch.
• Similar feedback loops exist
for the adrenal cortex and
gonads.
Overview of the Endocrine System
Endocrine Organ
Hormone(s)
Function(s)
Thyroid
T3, T4 (Thyroxine)
Calcitonin
Basal metabolic rate
Lowers blood calcium
Parathyroids
PTH
Increases blood calcium level
Testes
Testosterone
Sperm production
Male sexual characteristics
Ovaries
Estrogen
Progesterone
Uterine changes during
menstrual cycle; maintenance
of pregnancy
Kidney
Renin
Angiotensin
Regulation of blood pressure
Pancreas
Insulin
Glucagon
Lowers blood glucose
Raises blood glucose
Adrenal cortex
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Cortisol
Mobilizes fat reserves
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Aldosterone
Endocrine
System:
The Total
Package
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