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Objective: I can review for midterm exam.
Launch:
Homework: Regent Question
Study for midterm (3 periods) January 12 &13
Castle Learning due 1/12
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Objective: I can review for midterm exam.
Launch:
Homework:
Complete Castle learning midterm assignment
DUE TOMORROW, TUES 1/24/17 AT 8AM.
Castle Learning
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Hypothesis
A predicted answer to a scientific question
Problem
Question; First step in the scientific method
Conclusion
Decision made about the outcome of an experiment
Control
Part of the experiment without the variable
Placebo
Fake drug or group that doesn’t get the treatment
Independent variable
Condition that is changed
X-axis on a graph
Dependent variable
Condition that changes or responds to the change
Y-axis on a graph
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Under low magnification, you see…
Less detail, more specimen
Under high magnification, you see
More detail, less specimen
Under high power, you should ONLY use this
adjustment knob?
Fine adjustment knob
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What indicated the presence of starch?
Lugol’s Iodine solution; Starch indicator
solution
What indicated the presence of glucose?
Benedict’s Solution = Glucose indicator
solution
What type of indicator is used to determine the
pH of a substance?
pH paper and litmus paper
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List the 4 organic compounds and their
building blocks…
Organic
Compounds
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Lipid
Nucleic Acid
Example of a
complex molecule
Building Blocks
Example of a
simple molecule
starch
Simple sugars
Enzymes
Hormones
Amino acids
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Fatty acid
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Oils, waxes
DNA
Nucleotide
glucose
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Into which family of organic compounds do
enzymes belong?
Proteins
What is the job of an enzyme?
Proteins that speed up rate of chemical reaction
Enzymes are ____________ specific.
shape
What happens to an enzyme if the temperature
or pH of the environment drastically changes?
Enzyme stops working; denatures
What are the 2 types of reactions that require
the assistance of enzymes?
Digestion and synthesis
Label all the parts of this cell
Nuclear
Membrane
What type of cell is in the diagram to the right?
Nucleus
Plant Cell
______________________________
Cell Membrane
cytoplasm
Cell Wall
Large Vacuole
chloroplast
 Make an arrow pointing to the
chloroplasts of the cell to the right.
 What can a plant cell do that an animal
cell cannot?
Make it’s own food
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What type of cell is in the diagram to the right?
Animal
Cell
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mitochondria
Golgi Body
Rough ER
Vacuole
Nucleus
cytoplasm
Cell membrane
Nuclear
membrane
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Metabolism
Total of all life functions required to sustain life
Homeostasis
Steady internal conditions that must be
maintained by organism
Aka: regulation, constant state, dynamic
equilibrium, and control
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Regulation
Reproduction
Respiration
Excretion
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Growth
Nutrition
Transport
Synthesis
R+R+R+E+G+N+T+S =
Metabolism
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Energy is released through which life function?
Cellular respiration
In which organelle?
Mitochondria
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What is synthesized at the ribosome?
Protein
What is the function of the nucleus?
Control center; controls all metabolic functions
What is found inside the nucleus?
DNA
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What is the function of the cell membrane?
Controls what goes in and out
Helps to retain cell’s shape
To send and receive messages between cells
communication
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What cell structure do autotrophs have that
heterotrophs do not?
Name the structure and label the parts (x, y)
List at least 3 functions of this structure:
Controls what goes in and out
Helps to retain cell’s shape
To send and receive messages
between cells communication
Protein
Phospholipids
Cell Membrane
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Name of structure above
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Name the 2 types of transport
Diffusion & Active transport
Which type of transport requires energy to move
molecules across the gradient?
Active transport
Name one factor that determines which molecules
can easily pass through the cell membrane.
Size of molecules
How are molecules moving when they move
DOWN a concentration gradient?
High to Low
Describe the process of osmosis
Water passes through a semipermeable membrane,
moving from an area of high concentration to low
concentration.
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Describe the process of osmosis
Water passes through a semipermeable
membrane, moving from an area of high
concentration to low concentration.
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Describe what happens to a cell when it is
placed in very SALTY water (a hypertonic
solution)?
Shrinks
Passive Transport
No ATP Required
Diffusion/Osmosis
HIGH
Active Transport
ATP Required
LOW
LOW
What are the reactants (raw materials)?
Oxygen & sugar
What are the products?
Carbon dioxide, water, & ATP
In which organelle does respiration take place?
mitochondria
Differentiate between aerobic and anaerobic respiration?
Which type of respiration is more efficient?
Why?
Aerobic= oxygen
Anaerobic = without oxygen
Aerobic make 36 ATP
What is the relationship between photosynthesis and respiration?
Opposite
While all living things carry out respiration, name the groups of
organisms that perform photosynthesis.
How many ATP are produced during anaerobic respiration?
Aerobic respiration?
Autotrophs
Anaerobic= 2 ATP
Aerobic = 36 ATP
When anaerobic respiration takes place in our muscle cells, what is
being created when we feel muscle fatigue?
Lactic Acid
What are the reactants (raw materials)?
Water & Carbon dioxide
What are the products?
Sugar, oxygen, & water
What is the energy source for the
process?
Sun
What is the photosynthetic organ of the
plant?
Leaf
What is the least effective color of light
for photosynthesis? Why?
Green, not absorbed.
Cuticle
Upper epidermis
Palisade Layer
Mesophyll
Phloem & Xylem
Air space
Stoma
Guard Cells
List 2 functions of the stoma:
Exchange of gases
Reduce water loss
Reduce dehydration
stoma
Label the guard cells and the stomata on the
diagram to the right.
Guard cell
Describe the relationship between the guard
cells and the stomata.
What 3 gasses are exchanged through the
stoma?
Guard cells regulate the stomata
Oxygen, carbon dioxide, & water vapor
Substance Indicator
Starch
Glucose
Iodine
Benedict’s solution of
Glucose indicator solution
Color Change
Golden brown  blue black
Blue  Brick red
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What does the dialysis tubing represent?
The cell (cell membrane)
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How should you place a cover slip onto a slide?
Put the coverslip onto the slide on an angle to
reduce air bubbles
How do you prepare a wet mount?
Drop of water on slide
Put specimen on slide
Add coverslip
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How do you add a substance, like salt solution, to a
prepared wet mount?
Add salt water to side of coverslip
Put paper towel on the opposite side of coverslip
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Describe what happened to a cell when you
place it in…
Salt water
Shrinks
Distilled water
Swells
Normal plant cell
In salt water
In distilled water
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What is an advantage to staining (with
methylene blue) a cell?
To see the cell structures better.