Chapter 11
Blood
BLOOD COMPOSITION
(Table 11-1)
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Blood plasma
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Definition—blood minus its cells
Composition—water containing many
dissolved substances (e.g., foods, salts, and
hormones)
Amount of blood—varies with size and sex; 4
to 6 L about average; about 7% to 9% of body
weight
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BLOOD COMPOSITION
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Formed elements
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Types
• RBCs (erythrocytes)
• WBCs (leukocytes)


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Granular leukocytes—neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils
Nongranular leukocytes—lymphocytes and monocytes
• Platelets, or thrombocytes
Count
• RBCs—4.5 to 5 million per mm3 of blood
• WBCs—5000 to 10,000 per mm3 of blood
• Platelets—300,000 per mm3 of blood
Formation—red bone marrow (myeloid tissue) forms all
blood cells except some lymphocytes and monocytes,
which are formed by lymphatic tissue in the lymph
nodes, thymus, and spleen
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BLOOD COMPOSITION
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RBCs
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Structure—disk-shaped, without nuclei
Functions—transport oxygen and carbon dioxide
Anemia—inability of blood to carry adequate oxygen to tissues;
caused, for example, by:
• Inadequate RBC numbers
• Deficiency of hemoglobin
• Pernicious anemia—deficiency of vitamin B12
Polycythemia—abnormally high RBC count
Hematocrit test—medical test in which a centrifuge is used to separate
whole blood into formed elements and liquid fraction (Figure 11-3)
• Buffy coat is WBC and platelet fraction
• Normal RBC level is about 45%
• Erroneous test result can be caused by dehydration
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BLOOD COMPOSITION

WBCs (leukocytes)
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General function—defense
WBC count
• Differential WBC count reveals proportions of each type of
WBC
• Leukopenia—abnormally low WBC count
• Leukocytosis—abnormally high WBC count
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
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Neutrophils and monocytes carry out phagocytosis
Lymphocytes produce antibodies (B-lymphocytes) or
directly attack foreign cells (T-lymphocytes)
Eosinophils protect against parasitic irritants that cause
allergies
Basophils produce heparin, which inhibits clotting
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BLOOD COMPOSITION

WBC disorders
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Leukemia—cancer
• Elevated WBC count
• Cells do not function properly
Type identified by how quickly symptoms
appear and cell type involved
• Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL)
• Acute myeloid leukemia (AML)
• Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)
• Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML)
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BLOOD COMPOSITION

Platelets and blood clotting (Figure 11-6)
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Platelets play an essential role in blood clotting
Blot clot formation
• Clotting factors released at the injury site produce
prothrombin activator
• Prothrombin activator and calcium convert
prothrombin to thrombin
• Thrombin triggers formation of fibrin, which traps
RBCs to form a clot
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BLOOD TYPES
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ABO system (Figure 11-7)
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Antigen—substance that can activate immune system
Antibody—substance made by body in response to
stimulation by an antigen
Blood types
• Type A blood—type A self-antigens in RBCs; anti-B type
antibodies in plasma
• Type B blood—type B self-antigens in RBCs; anti-A type
antibodies in plasma
• Type AB blood—type A and type B self-antigens in RBCs;
no anti-A or anti-B antibodies in plasma
• Type O blood—no type A or type B self-antigens in RBCs;
both anti-A and anti-B antibodies in plasma
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BLOOD TYPES
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Rh system
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Rh-positive blood—Rh factor antigen present
in RBCs
Rh-negative blood—no Rh factor present in
RBCs; no anti-Rh antibodies present naturally
in plasma; anti-Rh antibodies, however, appear
in the plasma of Rh-negative persons if Rhpositive RBCs have been introduced into their
bodies
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BLOOD TYPES
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Universal donor and universal recipient
blood
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Type O—universal donor blood
Type AB+—universal recipient blood
Erythroblastosis fetalis—may occur when
Rh-negative mother carries a second Rhpositive fetus; caused by mother’s Rh
antibodies reacting with baby’s Rh-positive
cells
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What is the liquid portion of the blood?
a.
b.
c.
d.
Thrombocytes
Cellulose
Hemoglobin
Plasma
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
What is another name for the red blood cell
a.
b.
c.
d.
Leukocyte
Thrombocyte
Plasma
Both A and B
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
What is another name for the white blood cell
a.
b.
c.
d.
Leukocyte
Thrombocyte
Plasma
Both A and B
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
What is an inability of the blood to carry
sufficient oxygen to the tissues called?
a.
b.
c.
d.
Leukocyte
Thrombocyte
Plasma
Anemia
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
What is the platelet involved in blood clotting
a.
b.
c.
d.
Leukocyte
Thrombocyte
Plasma
Anemia
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
What is a laboratory test to determine the
total volume of the red blood cells called?
a.
b.
c.
d.
Prothrombin Time
CBC
Hemoglobin (HgB
Hematocrit (Hct)
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
What is used to determine the types of
“antigens” located on the red blood cell to
facilitate blood transfusions called?
a.
b.
c.
d.
Typing
Crossing
CBC
Blood Typing
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Questions
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