Name ____________________________________________________ Quiz Date ____________ Test Date __________
Unit 13 Plant Structure Notes
I. INTRODUCTION
Plants are placed into groups based on structural and functional similarities, but all plants share the following characteristics:
A. Plants are ___________________, _____________________ organisms with _______________________________________
B. All plant cells have ____________________________ composed of _____________________________.
C. Plants are _______________________, which means they can use energy from the ___________ to make ______________ in
___________________________. Photosynthesis takes place in the ___________________ of plant cells. The equation for
photosynthesis is ___________________________________________________________________________________.
D. Plants are _______________________; therefore, special adaptations are required for _______________________________.
II. PLANT STRUCTURE & GROWTH
(pp. 637-647)
A. Plant Transport
Larger plants must have a way to transport ___________________ , _________________and _________________. This is
carried out by two types of ____________. Together the vessels (cells working together) make up a ______________ in plants
known as __________________ tissue. Plants are divided into two groups, based on whether or not they have vascular tissue.
1. Xylem transports __________________ & _____________________ from the _________________ to the rest of the plant.
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Water always moves in 1 direction – from the
_______________________________________________
Water evaporates from the plant through opening on the underside of the leaves called _______________.
2. Phloem transports __________________________________ from the _____________________ to the rest of the plant.
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It carries sugars in ____________ directions.
Sugar can be carried from where it is made (usually the leaves) to where it is stored (usually stems and
roots).
B. Plant Growth
1. Primary Growth – Lifelong growth occurs at the tips of the _______________ and the end of the ______________ in tissue
called the _________________________________.
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_______________________ meristem is located at the tips of stems and roots (group of undifferentiated
cells that divide to produce increased length of stems and roots)
2. Secondary Growth – Trees and some other plants have a 2nd type of meristem tissue; allows them to grow in width or girth.
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______________________ is the meristem tissue that allows plants to get wider.
C. Roots
Roots __________________________________, absorb _______________ and ______________________ from the soil, and
transport these materials to the stem. Some plants also store food in their roots. Each root has root hairs, tiny extensions of
epidermal cells that increase ___________________________________ for _____________________________________.
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Water is absorbed into the plant by the process of _________________________.
There are two kinds of roots: Taproots - a large, main, primary root. Example= _____________________
Fibrous - branching, secondary roots. Example = ____________________
D. Stems
Stems have two main functions:
 _______________________ leaves and flowers.
 Transporting _____________ via _______________ and _________________ via _________________.
Some plant stems have the additional job of _______________________________.
E. Leaves
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The actual leaf is the _________. It is attached to the stem by a by a thin structure called a ___________.
The vascular tissue enters the leaf through the petiole and forms the _________________ of the leaf.
Leaves are the main organ for ____________________________________. They have a large surface area for maximum
__________________________________________. The structures of a leaf include:
A. Cuticle - ______________________ covering to prevent _____________________________
B. Epidermis – Outermost layer of cells; prevents ___________________________________________________________
C. Mesophyll - __________________________________ layer of leaf
1. Palisade layer – Upper portion of mesophyll with closely packed cells; site of most _____________________________
2. Spongy layer – Underside of leaf; loosely-packed cells to allow for exchange of _______________________________
D. Vein - _______________ + __________________
E. Stomata – Opening in underside of leaf that allows ______________________ to enter; ____________________ to exit.
F. Guard Cells – Control size of ________________________. Work to preserve balance between allowing for gas exchange
without losing too much _________________________. “Plant sweat” is known as ______________________________.
LEAF ANATOMY
III. ANGIOSPERMS - Focus on the Flower (pp. 668-669)
Angiosperms are the most complex and adaptable of all plant groups. They are also the most successful due to two important
modifications:
A. Fruit - A fruit is a mature ____________________ that contains one or more seeds. It provides the embryo with greater
___________________ than found in gymnosperm seeds. The fruit also facilitates seed dispersal because fruits are eaten by
_________________, seeds pass through ______________________________ and are _______________________. Some
fruits are not intended to be ____________________.
B. Flower - The flower is the reproductive system of the angiosperm. It enhances ________________________, which occurs
as a first step to fertilization.
1. The male reproductive organ is the ___________________, which consists of the _____________________ and
____________________. _________________, is produced by the anther and contains the ______________________.
2. The female reproductive organ is the ________________, which consists of the sticky top called the _______________,
a neck called the ________________ and a base called the __________________. The ovary contains the female
gametes - ____________ or ______________. During ________________________, pollen is transferred from the
____________ to the _____________. When a pollen grain lands on a stigma, it sends out a _______________________
that grows through the style to the __________________. One the sperm reached the egg cell, fertilization takes place.
3. The _____________________ are usually colorful to attract pollinators.
4. The ___________________ are protective green ___________________ at the base of a flower. They protect the
bud before the flower blooms.
FLOWER
IV. PLANT HORMONES AND RESPONSE (pp. 648-651)
A hormone is a chemical substance that is produced in one part of an organism and affects another part of the same
individual. Plant hormones are chemical substances that control a plant’s patterns of _____________________________,
and the plants ________________________ to environmental conditions.
A. Hormones
1. Auxins – Produced in the ________________________________; transported throughout the rest of the plant. Works by
“stretching” ________________________ to elongate shoot, stem, and/or root.
2. Cytokinins - Produced in growing roots and in developing fruits/seeds. Cytokinins stimulate ____________,
growth of lateral ______________, and dormant seeds to ____________________. Cytokinins often produce effects
opposite to those of auxin.
3. Gibberellins - Produce dramatic increase in _______________ by stimulating _____________________ and increasing
______________________.
4. Ethylene - ______________________ hormone that stimulates ________________________ of fruit.
5. Abscisic Acid - ________________ growth. Used to maintain seed _________________________ and tolerate
________________.
B. Tropism - Response of a plant to an environmental ____________________________.
1. Phototropism - Tendency of a plant to grow toward a source of _____________________. ____________________
production increases in the ____________________ part of the stem; causes the dark side of the stem to elongate →
stem to bends toward ________________.
2. Gravitropism - Response to ____________________ due to action of ________________. This assures that roots grow
down and stems grow up.
3. Thigmotropism - Response to _______________. May be used for _________________________, to capture
_______________, or allow a plant to grow on a surface for support.