Unit 1 Review
Alpha particle
As low as reasonably achievable
(ALARA)
Atomic number
Background equivalent radiation time
(BERT)
Beta Particle
Biologic damage
Biologic effects
Cellular damage
Cosmic rays
Diagnostic efficacy
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.
I.
J,
K.
L.
M.
N.
O.
P.
Q.
R.
S.
T.
U.
V.
W.
X.
Y.
Effective dose (EfD)
Electromagnetic spectrum
Electromagnetic wave
Enhanced Natural Resources
Equivalent dose (EqD)
Fallout
Genetic damage
Ionization
Ionization radiation
Manmade, or artificial, radiation
Natural background radiation
Occupational and nonoccupational
doses
Optimization for radiation protection
(ORP)
Organic damage
Protons
Radiation
Radiation dose
Radiation protection
Radionuclide
Radon
Sievert (Sv)
Terrestrial Radiation
Effective measures employed by radiation workers to safeguard patients, personnel, and the general public from unnecessary
exposure to ionizing radiation.
The degree to which the diagnostic study accurately reveals the presence or absence of disease in a patient.
Traditional unit of measure for the EqD. Rem OlD NAME Damage to living tissue of animals and human beings exposed to radiation.
Biologic effects of ionizing radiation or other agents on generations yet unborn.
Electric and magnetic fields that fluctuate rapidly as they travel through space, including radio waves, microwaves, visible light,
and x-rays.
Genetic or somatic changes in a living organism (e.g., mutation, cataracts, and leukemia) caused by excessive cellular damage
from exposure to ionizing radiation.
Radiation quantity used for radiation protection purposes when
a person receives exposure from various types of ionizing radiation. This quantity attempts to numerically specify the
differences in biologic harm that are produced by different types of radiation.
Radiation quantity that takes into account the dose of all types of ionizing radiation to irradiated organs or tissues in the
human body. By including specific weighting factors for each of those parts of the body, such as skin, gonadal tissue, and
thyroid, this quantity takes into account the chance of each of those body parts for developing a radiation-induced cancer (or,
in the case of the reproductive organs, the risk for genetic damage).
SI unit of measure for the EqD.
Method for comparing the amount of radiation received from a radiologic procedure with natural background radiation
received over a given period.
Produces positively and negatively charged particles (ions) when passing through matter.
The full range of frequencies and wavelengths of electromagnetic waves.
Energy that passes from one location to another.
Injury on the cellular level caused by sufficient exposure to ionizing radiation at the molecular level.
Acronym for as low as reasonably achievable.
Rays of extraterrestrial origin that result from nuclear interactions that have taken place in the sun and other stars.
Long-lived radioactive elements present in variable quantities in the earth's crust; they emit densely ionizing
radiations.
Contains two protons and two neutrons.
Natural sources of ionizing radiation that become increased because of accidental or deliberate human actions, such as
mining.
Identical to high-speed electrons, except they are emitted from the nuclei of radioactive atoms instead of originating in
atomic shells.
The number of protons contained within the nucleus of an atom.
Positively charged components of an atom.
Radiation produced as a consequence of nuclear weapons testing and chemical explosions in nuclear power plants.
An unstable nucleus that emits one or more forms of ionizing radiation to achieve greater stability.
Radiation Equivalent Dose
(EqD)
_____________Sv
Label:
Subsequent Biologic Effect
_____________Sv
Blood changes (e.g., measurable hematologic depression, decreases in
the number of lymphocytes present in the circulating blood)
Death
Nausea, diarrhea
_____________Sv
Erythema (diffuse redness over an area of skin after irradiation)
_____________Sv
If dose is to gonads, temporary sterility
_____________Sv
50% chance of death; lethal dose for 50% of population over 30 days
(LD 50/30)
_____________Sv
Death
1. Who discovered x-rays? And When?
2. What is the destructive process of radiation called?
3. What does “biological effect” mean?
4. What do we mean when we say Diagnostic Efficacy?
5. When monitoring radiation exposure who are we responsible for?
6. What does optimal exposure mean?
7. What does ALARA stand for?
8. ORP?
9. What are the 3 cardinal principles of rad protection?
10. What is an RSO?
11. What is BERT?
12. What national organization sets the standards for BERT?
13. What exams require dose reporting (or highly recommend) ? Three types
14. What type of energy is radiation considered?
15. Name 2 types of radiation :
16. How are frequencies and wavelengths grouped?
17. At what velocity to x-rays travel?
18. Name Two types of particulate radiation:
19. Label:
20.
Atom Structure: Protons =
Electorns=
Neutrons=
21. When an atom has the same number or protons and different number of neutrons in the nuclei
it is considered a what?
22. EqD or EfD ?
a. absorbed dose in biologic tissue
b. the risk or chance that the part will develop cancer
23. SI unit used to measure EqD?
24. Name the 2 SOURCES of radiation: and highest source in each area
25. What 4 areas of the body do we consider when measuring radiation dose?
Radiation – Transfer of energy that results either because of a change occurring naturally within
an atom or
A process caused by the interaction of a particle with an atom
Radioactive decay- atom gives off radiation: alpha , beta, or gamma
Electron bombing target of anode
Ionizing Radiation – when radiation , as it passes thru matter produces positively and negatively
charged particles ( ions)
a. Low doses of ionizing radiation – diag x-rays
b. High doses of ionizing rad- therapy ( change and kill cells)
SOURCES- TWO Main Categories
1. Natural ( Background) non-controllable
3 components:
a. Radioactive material in the earth “terrestrial radiation” decaying elements
in earth
b. Cosmic radiation from the sun and outer space
c. Radionuclide deposited in the body thru natural processes
2. Man-made ( Artificial)
a. Kinds: airport, computers, TV, medical procedures and nuclear reactors and
radioactive fallout
b. 2 largest sources of artificial
i. Diagnostic x-rays
ii. Nuclear medicine procedures
Particulate and Electromagnetic Radiation
Ionizing radiation can be in the form of
* particles - particulate radiation or
* pure energy having neither mass or charge - electromagnetic radiation
1. Particulate - rad'n in motion & possessing sufficient kinetic energy
alpha & Beta "particles" of atoms
 = alpha = helium nucleus 2 p + 2n, no eBeta = high speed e2. Electromagnetic radiation - gamma & x-rays
*travels in waves (photons)
*gamma - emitted from the nucleus (from e- shells)
* x-ray - produced outside the nucleus (from e’ shells)
Radiation Protection Program
1. Justification
a. Somatic effects- biologic damage to the body
b. Genetic effects- radiation damage to generations yet unborn
2. Legal and Ethical Responsibilities
a. ASRT Code of Ethics
b. Techs are required to report problems with med equip
c. Techs responsibility to reduce exposure to staff and pt
Properties of X-Rays
1. Highly penetrating and invisible
2. Electrically neutral ( no charge)
3. Give off small amounts of heat when passing through matter
4. Poly energetic- many different wavelength- many different energies
5. Travel in straight lines
6. Travel at the speed of light 186,000 miles / sec of 3 x 10 88 meters/sec
7. Ionize matter
8. Cause fluorescence of certain crystals ( five off light)
9. Cannot be focused by a lens
10.Produce chemical and biologic changes
11.Produce secondary and scattered radiation
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