FIGURE 4.1 Examples of the major estuarine phytoplankton groups and their diagnostic photopigments.
Source: From Paerl et al., 2005.
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ESTUARINE ECOLOGY, Second Edition. John W. Day JR, Byron C. Crump, W. Michael Kemp, and Alejandro Yánez-Arancibia.
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FIGURE 4.2 Spatial relationships of phytoplankton biomass, as chlorophyll a (Chl a), and freshwater
discharge to the Pamlico Sound System, NC. Surface water Chl a concentrations were estimated using
aircraft-based SeaWiFS remote sensing (Courtesy L. Harding, University of Maryland), calibrated by fieldbased Chl a data. Under relatively low flow, long residence time conditions, phytoplankton biomass is
concentrated in the upper reaches of the Neuse and Pamlico R. Estuaries. Under moderate flow,
phytoplankton biomass maxima extend further downstream. Under high flow (short residence time),
phytoplankton biomass maxima are shifted further downstream into Pamlico Sound. Source: Figure adapted
from Paerl et al., 2007.
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ESTUARINE ECOLOGY, Second Edition. John W. Day JR, Byron C. Crump, W. Michael Kemp, and Alejandro Yánez-Arancibia.
Copyright © 2013 by Wiley-Blackwell. All rights reserved
FIGURE 4.3 (a,b) Contrasting spring and summer Chl a distributions in the Chesapeake Bay, during May
and July 2003. In May, when flow is high, a large diatom bloom extends into the lower Bay. During lower flow
July, a dinoflagellate bloom was observed in the upper Bay. Courtesy of L. Harding, University of Maryland.
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ESTUARINE ECOLOGY, Second Edition. John W. Day JR, Byron C. Crump, W. Michael Kemp, and Alejandro Yánez-Arancibia.
Copyright © 2013 by Wiley-Blackwell. All rights reserved
FIGURE 4.4 (a) Relationships between dissolved inorganic N input and primary production in a North
American and European estuarine and coastal ecosystems. (b) Relationship between dissolved inorganic N
input and phytoplankton biomass, as mean annual chlorophyll a content of several Western Australian
estuarine systems. Source: From Paerl, 2004, Twomey and Thompson, 2001; Nixon, 1980; 1996.
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ESTUARINE ECOLOGY, Second Edition. John W. Day JR, Byron C. Crump, W. Michael Kemp, and Alejandro Yánez-Arancibia.
Copyright © 2013 by Wiley-Blackwell. All rights reserved
FIGURE 4.5 Results from nutrient addition bioassays conducted at three locations in the Neuse River
Estuary, NC. Phytoplankton growth response was measured as accumulation of chlorophyll a after 3-day
incubation under natural light and temperature conditions. ‘‘C’’ indicates controls, in which no nutrients were
added. Nitrogen was added as either ammonium (NH4) or nitrate (NO3) at 10 μM N concentrations.
Phosphorus was added as phosphate (PO4) at 3 μMP. These summertime bioassays indicate N limitation,
which is most profound at more saline downstream locations. Note that per amount of N, ammonium was
more stimulatory than nitrate. Source: Reprinted from Paerl and Piehler, 2008, with permission from Elsevier.
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ESTUARINE ECOLOGY, Second Edition. John W. Day JR, Byron C. Crump, W. Michael Kemp, and Alejandro Yánez-Arancibia.
Copyright © 2013 by Wiley-Blackwell. All rights reserved
FIGURE 4.6 Seasonal and spatial patterns of N and P limitation determined from nutrient addition bioassays
conducted on Chesapeake Bay from its relatively fresh headwaters to the saline entrance to the Atlantic
Ocean. Source: Data from Fisher et al., 1999, actual figure T. R. Fisher, personal communication.
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ESTUARINE ECOLOGY, Second Edition. John W. Day JR, Byron C. Crump, W. Michael Kemp, and Alejandro Yánez-Arancibia.
Copyright © 2013 by Wiley-Blackwell. All rights reserved
FIGURE 4.7 (a) Linkage between external nutrient loading, internal nutrient cycling, nutrient-enhanced algal
bloom formation, and hypoxia under salinity-stratified conditions. (b) Differential impact on hypoxia of
phytoplankton species that are readily consumed (labeled +) versus species that are not (−). Species that are
not consumed form a larger share of sedimented organic matter and represent a larger burden on the
ecosystem hypoxia potential of the estuary. Source: From Paerl, 2003.
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ESTUARINE ECOLOGY, Second Edition. John W. Day JR, Byron C. Crump, W. Michael Kemp, and Alejandro Yánez-Arancibia.
Copyright © 2013 by Wiley-Blackwell. All rights reserved
FIGURE 4.8 Phytoplankton taxonomic group biomass responses, based on diagnostic (of algal taxonomic
groups) photopigment measurements, to flow and nutrient enrichment in the Neuse River Estuary during
1994–2004. Shown here are responses for chlorophytes (green algae), cyanobacteria (blue-green algae),
and dinoflagellates. Note the strong stimulatory responses of chlorophytes to high discharge following major
hurricanes (1996 and 1999) and periods of high spring runoff (spring 1998). In contrast, the relative
contributions of dinoflagellates to phytoplankton community biomass decreased during periods of high flow.
Cyanobacterial biomass contributions decreased during high flow, but recovered noticeably during
subsequent summer low flow periods. Source: Adapted from Paerl et al., 2006b.
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ESTUARINE ECOLOGY, Second Edition. John W. Day JR, Byron C. Crump, W. Michael Kemp, and Alejandro Yánez-Arancibia.
Copyright © 2013 by Wiley-Blackwell. All rights reserved
FIGURE 4.9 Coupling between climate variability, coastal eutrophication, and hypoxia. Source: Reprinted
from Justić et al, 2005, with permission from Elsevier.
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ESTUARINE ECOLOGY, Second Edition. John W. Day JR, Byron C. Crump, W. Michael Kemp, and Alejandro Yánez-Arancibia.
Copyright © 2013 by Wiley-Blackwell. All rights reserved
FIGURE 4.10 Temperature dependence of the specific growth rates of two bloom-forming cyanobacteria
Microcystis aeruginosa (Reynolds, 2006) and Planktothrix agardhii (Foy et al., 1976), the diatom Asterionella
formosa (Butterwick et al., 2005), and the cryptophyte Cryptomonas marssonii (Butterwick et al., 2005). The
data are from controlled laboratory experiments using light-saturated and nutrient-saturated conditions. Solid
lines are least-squares fits of the data to the temperature–response curve of Chen and Millero (1986).
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ESTUARINE ECOLOGY, Second Edition. John W. Day JR, Byron C. Crump, W. Michael Kemp, and Alejandro Yánez-Arancibia.
Copyright © 2013 by Wiley-Blackwell. All rights reserved
FIGURE 4.11 Algal blooms in representative estuarine and coastal waters. (a–c) Cyanobacterial bloom in the
St. John’s River Estuary, Florida (Courtesy J. Burns); dinoflagellate red tide, coastal Pacific Ocean, Japan
(Courtesy ECOHAB Program); cyanobacterial bloom in the lagoonal Neuse River-Pamlico Sound, North
Carolina (photo: H. Paerl). (d–f) Mixed algal bloom, Orielton Bay, Australia (Courtesy Commonwealth
Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, CSIRO-Australia); near-shore dinoflagellate bloom, W.
Florida (Courtesy Florida Department of Environmental Protection); cyanobacterial bloom, Lake Ponchartrain,
Louisiana (Courtesy J. Burns). (g–i) Cyanobacterial bloom in the Baltic Sea near the Finnish coast (Courtesy
Finnish Border Guard and Finnish Marine Research Institute); dinoflagellate bloom, Pamlico Sound, North
Carolina (Courtesy P. Tester, National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration, NOAA); dinoflagellate
red tide, in coastal waters near Hong Kong (Courtesy K. Yin).
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ESTUARINE ECOLOGY, Second Edition. John W. Day JR, Byron C. Crump, W. Michael Kemp, and Alejandro Yánez-Arancibia.
Copyright © 2013 by Wiley-Blackwell. All rights reserved
FIGURE 4.12 Illustration of the estuarine ‘‘filter’’ concept, where land-based nitrogen (N) nutrients are filtered
by the estuary, while some portion of atmospheric N deposition bypasses the ‘‘filter,’’ directly fertilizing coastal
and oceanic waters.
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ESTUARINE ECOLOGY, Second Edition. John W. Day JR, Byron C. Crump, W. Michael Kemp, and Alejandro Yánez-Arancibia.
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