The Digestive System
LET’S HEAR FROM TIM AND
MOBY
http://www.brainpop.com/health/digestivesystem/digestivesystem/
FOODS – THESE ARE
NECESSARY TO CARRY
OUT LIFE’S PROCESSES
Carbohydrates
Fats
Proteins
Vitamins
Minerals
Water
A calorie a unit of measure. It is the
amount of energy it takes to raise the
temperature of water one degree Celsius.
Tso, a calorie is the amount of energy
needed to burn off the food you ate.
HUMAN DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
BREAK IT ON DOWN.
oBreaking down of food occurs two ways
in the digestive system.
oPhysical- your teeth chew food so you
are able to swallow it. Breaking food
down into smaller pieces for digestion,
(teeth and muscle movement)
oChemical- change food into different
substances, by using saliva and stomach
acid. Helps break food down into nutrients
for the body to absorb.
DIGESTION STARTS IN THE MOUTH
oSaliva starts mixing food
with saliva
o Saliva comes from salivary
glands in the cheeks and
under the tongue.
oIt moistens food,mixes food with
mucus, and adds enzymes
that break down starch into sugars.
Saliva
~An enzyme
~Begins the
chemical digestion
of carbohydrates.
Amylase- an
enzyme in saliva
and pancreatic
juice that breaks
down starch into
simple sugars.
TEETH CARRY OUT
MECHANICAL DIGESTION
Take care of your teeth
Swallowed food
passes into the
esophagus then
the stomach
Peristalsis- the
rhythmic muscles
contraction that
forces the food into
the digestive system.
This occurs in the espophagus,
stomach, small intestine, large
intestine, rectum, and pushes
wastes out of the anus.
PANCREAS
The pancreas makes hormones
that regulate blood sugar in
our body.
SWALLOWED FOOD PASSES
INTO THE ESOPHAGUS
THEN THE STOMACH
STOMACH
Bag-like organ where physical and
chemical digestion occur.
Holds chyme, pepsin, and
hydrochloric acid to help break down
food into a soupy mixture.
Lined by a mucus membrane that
protects the stomach from stomach
acid.
STOMACH CONTINUED
Made up of smooth muscle tissue.
Chyme- the
soupy mixture
of food and
digestive
enzymes in
the stomach.
Pepsinstomach
enzyme that
digests
protein.
Pepsin and Chyme help
break down protein in the
stomach
SMALL INTESTINE
•Most digestion takes place in the
small intestine
•This is where nutrient absorption
takes place
Duodenum- the first
short section of the
small intestine
immediately beyond
the stomach.
oVillioFingerlike projection
located in the lining of the
small intestine.
oThey are covered with
nutrient absorbing
cells that passes nutrients
to the blood stream.
VILLI CONTINUED
These finger-like projections
increase the surface area of the
intestines to help in nutrient
absorption.
Bile
•made by the liver
•stored in the gallbladder
• it helps to break down
large fat droplets into
smaller ones.
Colon-
•The section of the large intestine that
runs from the cecum to the rectum.
•Where excess water is reabsorbed
and waste materials are compacted
Rectum- it stores the
feces and the lower part
of the large intestine,
between the colon and
the anal canal.
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
PROBLEMS:
Food poisoning
Parasites such as worms
Viral infections (hepatitis)
Eating disorders (anorexia and bulimia)
Diarrhea and constipation
Flatulence! (excuse me!)
WHAT IS DIABETES
Diabetes is a condition in which the body cannot
use or does not produce enough insulin
Without insulin, the body cannot get the glucose
(sugars), that are the result of food digestion,
into the cells for energy.
INSULIN
Insulin is a hormone secreted
by the pancreas. With diabetes
it must be given as an injection
The dose will vary with the
blood glucose level, food intake
and exercise
WITHOUT INSULIN
Eat
No glucose in cells
Eat
Blood glucose goes up
Eat
Blood glucose goes higher
High levels of glucose (sugar) build up in the blood.
The glucose (sugar) cannot get into the cell to provide
energy.
THIS IS CALLED
HYPERGLYCEMIA
HYPERGLYCEMIA
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
Frequent urination
Increased thirst
Increased hunger
Fatigue/weakness
Weight loss
Blurry vision
Fast, deep breathing
Slow or confused thinking
INSULIN SHOULD…
Lower the blood glucose
Facilitate the glucose getting
into the cells to provide energy
INSULIN CAN CAUSE BLOOD
GLUCOSE TO
FALL TOO LOW WHEN…
Too much insulin given
Not enough food eaten
Too much exercise done
Illness present
THIS IS CALLED
HYPOGLYCEMIA
Hypoglycemia can be life threatening if not treated because
the only energy source for the brain is blood glucose.
HYPOGLYCEMIA
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
Objective Signs (can be observed)
• Sweating
• Paleness
• Irritable/Moody
• Crying
• Inability to Concentrate
• Poor Coordination
• Inappropriate
Actions/Responses
• Child appears to have
unusual drowsiness and
fatigue
HYPOGLYCEMIA
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
Subjective Signs (reported by child)
Sudden Hunger
• Headache
• Nervousness
• Shakiness
• Confusion
• Abdominal Pain
• Unusual Drowsiness or
Fatigue
Symptoms can progress to:
 Confusion
 Blurred Vision
Late stages of Hypoglycemia
include:
 Coma
 Seizure
 Death
EXERCISE
When the student exercises, the body
uses the glucose more effectively,
which can lead to low blood glucose
(hypoglycemia)
The effects of insulin are more
efficient with exercise
TREATMENT
#1 MEAL PLANNING
Deciding what and when to eat
Affects the whole family
Affects school and school performance
Never ending
#2 CHECKING BLOOD
GLUCOSE
Check before meals and at bedtime
Check whenever there are symptoms of a HIGH or LOW blood
glucose are in question
WHY CHECK BLOOD
GLUCOSE?
Checking blood glucose daily is an important
part of diabetes control
Helps maintain blood glucose “target range”
Maximize learning and participation
Prevention of lows and highs.
Decrease risk of long-term complications
FOOD POISIONING
•People are infected with foodborne organisms
• may be symptom-free or may have
symptoms ranging from mild intestinal
discomfort to severe dehydration and bloody
diarrhea.
•Depending on the type of infection, people
can even die as a result of food poisoning.
More than 250 different diseases can cause food
poisoning. Some of the most common diseases are infections caused by
bacteria, such as Campylobacter, Salmonella, Shigella, E. coli O157:H7,
Listeria, and botulism.
PARISITES
PARASITES
Three of the most common kinds of worms are roundworm (Ascaris
lumbricoides), whipworm (Trichuris trichiura) and hookworm
(Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus). These worms
live in the intestines and their numbers build up through repeated
infection. It is possible to be infected with more than one kind of
worm.
A parasite survives by hijacking another organism, robbing it of
nutrients and thanking it by leaving behind toxic waste. Obviously,
we would be much happier without having these pintsized
freeloaders around.
HEPATITIS
•Viral hepatitis, including hepatitis A, hepatitis B, and hepatitis C, are
distinct diseases that affect the liver and have different hepatitis
symptoms and treatments.
•Other causes of hepatitis include recreational drugs and
prescription medications.
•Hepatitis type is determined by laboratory tests
•Many people with hepatitis go undiagnosed, because the disease is
mistaken for the flu or because there are no symptoms at all. The
most common symptoms of hepatitis are:
•Loss of appetite, Fatigue, Mild fever, Muscle or joint aches, Nausea
and vomiting, Abdominal pain.
ANOREXIA
•An eating disorder characterized by immoderate
food restriction and irrational fear of gaining
weight, as well as a distorted body selfperception.
• It typically involves excessive weight loss and
usually occurs more in females than in males.
•Because of the fear of gaining weight, people
with this disorder restrict the amount of food
they consume. Only consume 600-800 calories
a day normally.
BULIMIA
•Bulimia is an illness in which a person
binges on food or has regular episodes of
overeating and feels a loss of control.
•The person then uses different methods -such as vomiting or abusing laxatives -to prevent weight gain.
•Many (but not all) people with bulimia
also have anorexia nervosa.