Science: Physics GCSE Curriculum Map Physics Unit P1 P1 Infrared radiation Surfaces and radiation States of matter Conduction Convection Emerging Developing Evolving Learner Learner Learner Describe that all objects emit and absorb infrared radiation Describe that the amount of infrared radiation emitted in a given time increases with the temperature of the object. Describe that shiny surfaces are the best reflectors of infrared radiation Describe that black surfaces are the best absorbers of infrared radiation Secure Learner Describe infrared radiation as electromagnetic waves Understand that the amount of IR emitted in a given time increases with the temperature of the object. Describe that matt black surfaces are the best emitters and best absorbers of infrared radiation Describe that shiny surfaces are the worst emitters, worst absorbers and best reflectors of infrared radiation. Describe a few physical characteristics of solids, liquids and gases Draw particle diagrams Describe the physical characteristics of solids, liquids and gases Draw accurate particle diagrams Understand that conduction is a process of transferring heat List some poor conductors or insulators. Describe that non‐metal solids are generally poor conductors because they rely on atomic vibration to carry energy. Understand that convection is a process of transferring heat Give a couple of examples of where convection currents occur Understand that convection currents are the movement of particles in fluids Describe the process of connection in terms of particle movement in liquids and gases, and explain why convection cannot happen in solids. Proficient Learner Expert Learner Explain that the hotter an object is the more infrared radiation it emits in a given time. Explain how the choice of a surface colour can affect the rate of temperature change of an object. Explain the arrangement of particles in solids, liquids and gases gives rise to their properties, including density and whether they flow. Describe that metals are good conductors because they have free electrons that carry energy Describe how expansion and changes in density cause convection currents. Explain the arrangements and movement of particles in solids, liquids and gases in terms of intermolecular forces Explain why metals are good conductors of energy in terms of electron behaviour. Give a detailed description of convection in terms of particle movement, expansion and density changes. Evaporation and condensation Energy transfer by design State that evaporation is the change of state from a liquid into a gas and condensation is the change of state from a gas into a liquid State a few factors that affect the rate of energy transfer State the factors that increase the rate of evaporation i.e. the temperature of the liquid, the surface area of the liquid, the flow of gas above the liquid’s surface Describe the processes of evaporation and condensation in terms of particle behaviour. Understand that during evaporation, the most energetic particles escape Describe most factors that affect the rate of energy transfer. State how to reduce/increase the rate of energy transfer in a variety of situations Explain in detail how the design of vacuum flask reduces the rate of energy transfer. Explain in detail how evaporation has a cooling effect on a liquid. reducing the average kinetic energy of the remaining particles and so reducing the temperature. P1 Emerging Learner Developing Learner Evolving Learner Specific heat capacity. Understand that materials will heat up at different rates when mass and energy is kept constant Heating and insulating buildings State a few methods to reduce energy transfer from a house List some methods of saving energy in a house and give a brief evaluation of techniques Secure Learner Understand that the material that an object Is made of affects the amount of energy required to raise its temperature Recognise that each material has a specific heat capacity State that more energy is required to raise the temperature of objects with a greater mass Explain that different materials of the same mass require different amounts of energy to raise their temperatures by the same amount. State that the insulating properties can be measured using U‐values List most methods of saving energy in a house and give a brief evaluation of techniques Proficient Learner Expert Learner Calculate the energy required to raise a known mass of material by a known temperature. Calculate the mass or temperature change of a material State the general relationship between U‐values and insulation properties. Explain energy transfer using U‐
values for materials Forms of energy Describe one or two forms of energy Use words commonly used to describe energy in a range of situations Understand how energy is transferred in common situations Conservation of energy Understand that energy is conserved in all energy transfers. Useful energy Understand that energy is wasted heating the surroundings in energy transfers Identify useful and wasted energy in transfer Energy and efficiency State how we can reduce energy consumption Electrical power Using electrical energy Cost effectiveness matters P1 State that the watt is the unit of power Recognise that a cost‐effective appliance is efficient and provides good value for money Emerging Learner Developing Learner Evolving Learner Find the payback time of various energy saving measures Draw simple energy‐transfer diagrams showing changes in energy. Understand that gravitational potential energy and kinetic energy are often transferred, as when objects fall. State that energy cannot be created or destroyed Describe that ‘wasted’ energy spreads out and is no longer of use. Understand that energy that escapes to the surroundings by heating is not available for other energy transfers and so is useless. Describe what is meant by the efficiency of a device Calculate the efficiency of a device. Understand that that the power rating of an appliance is a measure of how much energy it transfers each second Calculate the power output of appliances using the equation P=E÷t Calculate the efficiency of an electrical appliance from power or energy data. Calculate the amount of energy used by a mains appliances (in kWh) Calculate the cost of the electricity used. Compare appliances or techniques to find out which is most cost effective based on running costs and capital costs Secure Learner Draw and interpret Sankey diagrams Perform calculations including the rearrangement of the efficiency equation. (HT only) Perform calculations involving the rearrangement of the equation. (HT only) Carry out rearrangement of the appropriate equations. (HT only) Take into account other cost factors such as environmental impact in their assessments. Proficient Learner
Expert Learner Fuel for electricity Energy from wind and water Name fossil fuels State that fossil fuels can be used to produce electricity Understand that other fuels (e.g. biofuel) can also be used to generate electricity in a similar way Describe how wind turbines can be used to generate electricity State that water can be used to generate electricity in a variety of ways List a few the advantages and disadvantages of the above methods of electricity generation. Power from the Sun and the Earth Describe how a solar panel works Describe how a solar cell can be used to produce electricity how geothermal energy can be used to generate electricity List a few the advantages and disadvantages of the above methods of electricity generation Energy and the environment State simply how burning fossil fuels affects the environment Describe how burning fossil fuels affects the environment The National Grid Big energy issues Describe how a fossil fuel‐based power station operates Describe the similarities and differences between different power stations. Describe how the different ways in which the flow of water can generate electricity List the majority of advantages and disadvantages of these methods of electricity generation. Describe the difference between a solar cell and a solar panel Understand how solar cells can be used to generate electricity at high cost and in relatively small amounts Describe the different ways in which geothermal energy can generate electricity List the majority of advantages and disadvantages of these methods of electricity generation. Explain how burning fossil fuels affects the environment Describe the ways in which using renewable energy resources affect the environment. Explain the potential hazards associated with the use of nuclear waste. Describe that the National Grid is used to distribute electricity around the country Explain the advantages of providing electricity via a National Grid Describe the role of pylons, cables and transformers in the National Grid Understand that there some factors that need to considered when deciding on how to meet future energy needs. Understand that there are a range of factors that need to considered when deciding on how to meet future energy needs. Evaluate in detail the advantages and disadvantages of nuclear power in comparison with fossil fuels. Evaluate in detail the advantages and disadvantages of these methods of electricity generation. Evaluate in detail the advantages and disadvantages of these methods of electricity generation. Explain the issues relating to nuclear power and renewable energy sources. Explain why transformers are used to increase and decrease the voltage of alternating current. How we utilise our electricity supplies to meet our demands Explain why electricity is transferred at very high voltage. Evaluate the possible resources and come to a conclusion about which are viable The nature of waves State the two types of wave and give examples Describe the advantages and disadvantages of producing electricity by different techniques Describe that waves transfer energy from one point to another without the transfer of matter give examples of mechanical and electromagnetic waves give examples of longitudinal waves and transverse waves and describe the differences between them. options for generation of electricity in the future. Explain in detail the motion of particles in longitudinal and transverse mechanical waves. Emerging Developing Evolving Learner Learner Learner Draw a simple wave Label a diagram of a wave to show the wavelength and amplitude Describe waves by their wavelength, frequency, amplitude and speed P1 Measuring waves State simply what reflection is Know that the angle of incidence and the angle of reflection are equal for plane mirrors Identify what the normal is in a ray diagram Wave properties: reflection Wave properties: refraction. Know that refraction is the changing of direction of a wave at an interface between different materials Wave properties: Know that diffraction is the spreading effect of waves Secure Learner Calculate the wave speed when given the frequency and speed. Draw a diagram showing reflection which shows the angle of incidence, the angle of reflection and the normal Know that the angle of incidence is the angle between the normal and the incident ray of light that the angle of reflection is the angle between the reflected ray and the normal Explain that the image in a mirror is virtual Draw diagrams showing how light is refracted when entering and leaving a transparent substance. Know that a prism disperses white light into a spectrum because each frequency is refracted by a different amount. Draw a diagram showing how waves diffract when they pass Proficient Learner Expert Learner Apply the wave speed equation in a range of situations including rearrangement of the equation. (HT only) Draw a diagram to show the formation of the image of a point object in a plane mirror. Explain why refraction takes place Draw a diagram showing the refraction of light by a prism and explain the process that causes this effect. Understand that the diffraction Describe the factors that affect the amount diffraction Sound Musical sound The electromagnetic spectrum Light, infrared, microwave and radio waves P1 Communications Describe how sound travels State a few electromagnetic waves State the names of the electromagnetic spectrum State the parts of the electromagnetic spectrum in order of wavelength List a few ways in which infrared, microwaves and radio waves are used in communication systems. Emerging Developing Evolving Learner Learner Learner Understand that microwaves and short‐wave radio waves are used in mobile phone networks and that satellite TV signals are carried by microwaves through gaps Know that diffraction is the spreading effect of waves produced when they pass through a gap or past an obstacle State the range of hearing for a typical human Describe the properties of a sound wave, including its longitudinal nature Understand that sound is a mechanical wave that requires a medium to travel through and so cannot pass through a vacuum (space) effect is greatest when the waves are of a similar size to the gaps of diffraction that takes place Describe the behaviour of a sound wave, including reflection and refraction. Describe the properties of a sound wave in terms of frequency and amplitude. Explain how sound is produced by different types of musical instruments and compare the sounds they produce, including pitch and loudness. State that all electromagnetic waves travel at the same speed through a vacuum. Rearrange and use the wave speed equation. Rearrange and use the wave speed equation (including standard form) List several uses of infrared, microwaves and radio waves in communication. Explain how infrared, microwaves and radio waves are used in communication. Secure Learner Draw a diagram to show how light or infrared waves travel along an optical fibre. Understand how the atmosphere affects the range that different Proficient Learner Explain how optical fibres can be used to carry waves, allowing them to be Expert Learner Understand that the universe is a vast collection of billions of galaxies each containing billions of stars State that the universe is expanding The expanding universe State that the universe is thought to have begun in an awesome event called the Big Bang Understand that the expansion of the universe supports the Big Bang theory The Big Bang waves can travel contained and travel around bends due to total internal reflection. Describe why the light from distant galaxies is shifted in wavelength Describe that the evidence gained from red‐shift analysis shows that the universe is expanding. Explain that red‐
shift evidence shows that the universe is expanding. Explain that the velocity of distant galaxies can be measured by analysis of the red‐shift of light from those galaxies Describe the evidence for the expansion of the universe and how it supports the Big Bang theory State the evidence that the cosmic microwave background radiation is a primary piece of evidence for this conclusion. Explain the evidence that the cosmic microwave background radiation is a primary piece of evidence for this conclusion. Describe limitations in the Big Bang theory. Physics Unit P2 P2 Distance Time Graphs Velocity and acceleration Emerging Developing Learner Learner Know how to interpret the gradient of a distance‐time graph Know how to calculate the speed of an object using the speed formula. Know how to use a distance‐time graph to compare the speeds of different objects Know that velocity is the speed in a particular direction. Evolving Learner State that the gradient of a distance‐time graph represents the speed. Use the speed formula to calculate the average speed of an object. Re‐arrange and use the speed formula. State that acceleration is the rate of change of velocity More about velocity time graphs Using graphs Be able to use velocity‐time graphs to compare accelerations. Know how to calculate the speed from a distance‐time graph (HT only) Secure Learner Explain the difference between the velocity of an object and the speed. Describe the acceleration of an object from a velocity‐time graph. Explain how data‐logging equipment can be used to measure the velocity of an object. Proficient Learner Expert Learner How to interpret the gradient of a distance‐time graph. Compare the speed of different object using the gradient of a distance‐time graph. Re‐arrange and use the speed formula Calculate the acceleration of an object using the acceleration equation How to interpret the gradient of a velocity‐
time graph. How to calculate the distance travelled by an object from the area under a velocity‐time graph. (HT only) Rearrange and use the acceleration equation Use velocity‐time graphs to compare distance travelled. (HT only) How to calculate the speed from a distance‐
time graph (HT only) How to calculate the distance travelled from a velocity‐
time graph (HT only) How to calculate the acceleration of an object from a velocity‐time graph (HT only) Find the area under a velocity‐time graph for constant velocity and use this to calculate the distance travelled by an object (HT only) Calculate the gradient of a distance‐time graph and relate this to the speed of an object Calculate the gradient of a velocity‐time graph and hence the acceleration. Find the area under a velocity‐time graph for constant acceleration and use this to calculate the distance travelled by an object (HT only) P2 Forces between objects Emerging Learner Identify the unit of force as the newton(N) Developing Learner Evolving Learner Know that forces between objects are equal and opposite. Know that friction is a contact force between surfaces Describe how the resultant force will affect the movement of the object. Resultant forces Know that a zero resultant force does not cause acceleration. Be able to find the resultant force on an object. Secure Learner State the unit of force and that forces occur in equal and opposite pairs Proficient Learner Expert Learner Explain examples of equal and opposite forces acting when two objects interact. Describe how frictional forces act between objects. Find the resultant force acting on an object when there are two forces acting in the same direction or in opposite directions. Describe examples where an object acted on by two forces is at rest or in uniform motion Explain examples where the motion of an object acted on by two forces along the same line is changes by the acting of the forces. That a non‐zero resultant force causes acceleration Force and acceleration Know how to use the equation F = ma to determine the acceleration of an object. Calculate the force required to produce a given acceleration of an object of known mass. State that objects of larger mass require greater forces to produce a given acceleration. Determine the direction of the The relationship between the resultant force on an object and its acceleration. Re‐arrange and use the equation F = ma. acceleration of an object On the road List and describe the factors that affect the stopping distance of a vehicle. That the resultant force on a vehicle travelling at constant velocity is zero. Know about the factors that affect the braking distance of moving vehicles. About the factors that affect the thinking distance of vehicles. Use a chart to find the stopping distance, the braking distance and the thinking distance at a given speed. Explain which are the most important factors for cars moving at a range of speeds. Differentiate between factors that affect the thinking distance, braking distance or both distances. P2 Falling objects Stretching and squashing Emerging Learner State difference between mass and weight. Developing Learner Calculate the weight of an object of a given mass. Know that the extension of an object is the change in length due to a force being applied. Calculate the force required to extend a spring of known spring constant Evolving Learner The mass of the object is a constant value whereas the weight depends on the strength of the gravitational field it is in. Explain the difference between mass and weight Secure Learner Describe the forces acting on an object falling through a fluid such as air or water, and how these forces affect the acceleration of the object. Describe how the velocity of an object released from the rest in a fluid changes as it falls The spring constant is the force per unit extension needed to extend the spring. Describe how a spring extends in terms of the force acting on it and ‘Hooke’s Law’ Use the spring constant and load to calculate the extension of a spring. Proficient Learner Expert Learner Explain why an object reaches a terminal velocity Explain the motion of an object released from the rest falling through a fluid including how the acceleration decreases and becomes zero at terminal velocity Explain why an object falling through a fluid accelerates until it reaches its terminal velocity. The extension of a spring is proportional to the force applied to it up to the spring’s limit of proportionality Force and speed issues Energy and work Know that an average speed camera calculates the average speed of a vehicle using timing and distance information State that the ‘work done’ is the amount of energy transferred. Know that the gravitational potential energy of an object depends on its weight and height. Gravitation
al potential energy State that the gravitational potential energy of an object depends on its weight and height above the ‘ground’ That fuel use can be reduced by a range of measures including reducing average speed.. How to judge the effectiveness of anti ‐skid surfaces That the term work means the amount of energy transferred to an object. That when a force is used to move an object, work is done against friction and this is transferred as heat. How to calculate gravitational potential energy from the appropriate equation. Calculate changes in gravitational potential energy. Discuss a range of speed and travel‐related issues linking their discussions to scientific knowledge and undertanding Calculate the work done when a force moves an object through a distance. Perform calculations including the rearrangement of the work done equation Perform calculations including the rearrangement of the gravitational potential energy equation. P2 Emerging Learner Developing Learner Evolving Learner Secure Learner How to calculate the kinetic energy of a moving object. That kinetic energy is the energy a moving object has. Kinetic energy That the kinetic energy of an object increases when the object is travelling faster or is more massive. Momentum Know that the momentum of an Explain how the kinetic energy of an object depends on the speed and mass of the object. Perform calculations using the kinetic energy equation. Proficient Learner Perform calculations using the kinetic energy equation including those that involve rearrangement of the equation. That elastic potential energy is energy stored in an object when work is done to change the shape of the object. Describe situations where elastic potential energy is stored That momentum is conserved in any collision providing Expert Learner State that Apply and object is the product of the mass and velocity of the object. no external forces act on the colliding objects. the colliding bodies) Know that the unit of momentum is the kilogram metre/second (kg m/s) Calculate the momentum of an object of known mass and velocity. Know that momentum has size and direction, and the direction of travel is important in collisions. Explosions State that the total momentum before and after an explosion is the same provided no external forces act. That there is no change in momentum in an explosion (momentum is always conserved). Describe how the launching of a bullet causes recoil. momentum is conserved in any collision in a closed system (one where no external forces act on the colliding bodies) rearrange the appropriate equations to two bodies that collide in a straight line. Apply the conservation of momentum to perform calculations where an explosion occurs causing two objects to recoil from each other. Explain that momentum is conserved in all interactions that do not include external forces. Car safety Electrical Charges Describe the safety features of a modern car and their effects. That seat belts and air bags reduce the force of an impact by extending the duration of the impact. Know that energy can be absorbed by distorting material during impacts. Describe how a safety feature works in relation to reducing the forces of impacts by extending the duration of the impact. State that when charged objects are brought together, like charges repel and unlike charges attract Explain that when insulating materials are rubbed together, charge can be transferred from one to the other Know that electrical circuits are drawn using standard symbols Electric Circuits Identify the symbols used to represent common circuit components Describe how road traffic accidents can be investigated using the evidence from the scene. That detailed calculation of damage can be used to assess the speed of a collision Describe that objects become electrically charged when electrons move from one material to the other. Recognise the difference between a cell and a battery Recognise that the size of an electric current is the rate of flow of electric charge and carry out calculations Use, and be able to re‐arrange, the equation Q = It P2 Resistance More current‐
potential difference graphs Series circuits Parallel circuits Emerging Learner Identify what is meant by potential difference Developing Learner Describe potential difference in terms of work done Know that the resistance of a filament bulb increases as the temperature rises. Draw the I‐V characteristic for a filament bulb Know that in a series circuit the same current passes through all components Know that cells in series add their potentials to give the total voltage Know that the potential difference across components in parallel is the same That direct current involves the flow of electrons in one direction and can be provided by cells or batteries Alternating current That alternating current involves the rapid change in direction of the current. Evolving Learner Secure Learner Identify what is meant by resistance and give its unit Use the equation V=IR Proficient Learner Expert Learner State Ohm’s Law and use it to analyse what happens when current is reversed in a resistor State how the resistance of a diode depends on the pd applied across it. Draw the I‐V characteristic for a diode and label it with relevant values for pd How the resistance of a thermistor decreases when its temperature increases. How the resistance of an LDR decreases when the light level increases Know that the pd of the voltage supply is shared across the components in a series circuit Know that the total resistance in a series circuit is the sum of the component resistances Show that the total current in a parallel circuit is the sum of the currents in the individual branches Use Ohm’s law to be able to calculate the current through a resistor in a parallel circuit That UK mains electricity is alternating current with a frequency of 50 Hz Identify that the live wire is alternating and the neutral wire is held at zero Measure the period and frequency of an ac source using an oscilloscope or diagrams of oscilloscope traces Use the relationship f =1/T Cables and plugs Identify that sockets and plugs are made Identify that mains cable will either be Identify, in three core wire,that the live wire is BROWN, the neutral wire Describe the purpose of the earth pin Describe why there are different thicknesses of wire, depending on the purpose and current requirements Fuses Electrical power and potential difference from insulating materials two or three core Identify that a fuse contains a thin piece of wire that heats and melts if current is too high Understand that a fuse is always fitted in series with the live wire Describe the relationship between power and energy is BLUE and the earth wire is GREEN and YELLOW Describe the operation of a circuit breaker Evaluate the advantages of circuit breakers over fuses Use and re‐arrange the equation P = IV Explain how an RCCB operates in terms of current in the live and neutral wires Explain the term “double insulated” Use P= IV to select the correct fuse for an appliance P2 Emerging Learner Developing Learner Evolving Learner Secure Learner Electrical energy and charge Describe current as the rate of flow of charge Use the equation Q = It Describe the effect of charge flowing through a resistor Observing nuclear radiation State that a radioactive substance becomes stable by emitting radiation Recall the three main types of radiation The discovery of the nucleus Nuclear reactions More about alpha, beta and gamma radiation Half life Describe what Rutherford’s results meant about the previous model of an atom Compare the Identify an relative sizes element in and charges of terms of protons, protons and neutrons and neutrons electrons Compare the range in air of Alpha, Beta and Gamma State the absorption materials for each State the definition of half life Proficient Learner Expert Learner Use the equation E = QV Describe the energy transfers that are taking place and show an understanding that energy from the battery equals energy transferred to components Identify some sources of State that decay is a background random event radiation State the three deductions of Rutherford’s experiments Discuss why Rutherford’s model was widely accepted State and explain what is meant by isotope Produce balanced nuclear equations for both alpha and beta decay Show that mass and atomic number are unaffected with gamma decay Show that alpha and beta (but not gamma) are affected by electric and magnetic fields Describe the process of ionisation Determine which form of radiation is the most ionising Evaluate the half life of a material from data Radioactivity at work Nuclear fission Nuclear fusion Nuclear issues The early universe The life history of a star How the chemical elements formed Identify uses for three forms of radiation Identify which isotopes are used as fuel in nuclear reactors Identify the Identify that steps of fusion fusion is the that occur in joining of two the Sun nuclei Identify sources of background radiation Identify that fission is the splitting of a nucleus State the definition of a galaxy Evaluate which type of source is suitable in terms of its half life and what it is stopped by Discuss why dating requires a sample that contains an isotope that has a half life similar to the age of the sample Show that the products of fission go on to split another nucleus State how this chain reaction can be controlled Discuss the purpose of both a moderator and coolant in a reactor Discusss the structure of a reactor in terms of safety Discuss the problems of fusion reactors on Earth Evaluate the possibility of fusion reactors being readily available in the future Discuss the dangers of radioactivity inside and outside the body Evalaute the safety of nuclear power stations and discuss how employees can be kept safe Identify the forces that act to create stars and galaxies List the steps in the life cycle of a star Compare the difference in life cycle fo a star similar in size to the Sun and a star that is more massive than the Sun State that elements up to iron are formed from the collapse of a star Discuss how elements heavier than iron are formed P3 X Rays Ultrasound Emerging Learner Developing Learner Identify uses of X Rays State the frequency of ultrasound Evolving Learner Secure Learner State the effect of X rays on living tissue Describe the difference in absorption of X rays (bone and soft tissue) Identify uses of ultrasound in medicine Refractive Index Define refraction Define refractive index The Endoscope State uses and advantages of an endoscope Define critical angle Lenses Using lenses The eye Identify two types of lenses Define focal length Construct simple ray diagrams Identify six essential parts of the eye State the function of each part Evaluate the advantages and disadvantage
s compared to X rays Discuss refraction in terms of wave speed Link critical angle to total internal reflection Define the terms, real, virtual, magnified, inverted in relation to images Produce information of image position depending on object position Describe how the eye focusses on objects at different distances Proficient Learner Expert Learner Describe the operation of a CT scan Give advantages and disadvantages of CT scan State what happens to ultrasound at a boundary Use wave speed formula to analyse oscilloscope traces Use Snell’s law to calculate values Analyse the movement of light to and from normal line Use formula to link critical angle and refractive index Give values for magnification using equation Compare cameras and magnifying glasses in terms of the images they produce Construct ray diagrams of light passing through the eye Use equation to calculate the power of a lens More about the eye Moments P3 Identify two sight common sight defects Emerging Learner Describe the effect that each defect has on image formation State the definition of a moment Developing Learner Evolving Learner Centre of Mass State the definition of the centre of mass
Moments in balance State the principle of moments Stability Hydraulics Define stability in terms of centre of mass Define pressure in terms of force and area Suggest possible units for pressure Suggest corrections that can be made using lenses Use the equation to calculate the size of a moment Secure Learner Investigate the centre of mass practically for both regular and irregular shapes Use the equation to evaluate unknown quantities Investigate stability practically and make predictions State that the pressure in a liquid acts equally in all directions Compare the eye and camera Suggest why lens can be made flatter and thinner Investigate the turning effect of a force practically Show that to increase the moment, either F or d can be increased Proficient Learner Expert Learner Suggest where centre of mass would be for unusually shaped objects, e.g boomerang Investigate the weight of an unknown object by using principle of moments Suggest ideas to make objects more stable Discuss stability in terms of resultant moments Identify systems where hydraulics are used Evaluate hydraulic systems as force multipliers Circular motion The pendulum Electromagn
ets The motor effect Electromagn
etic Induction Identify the period as being one complete oscillation State the rules for like and unlike magnetic poles State what the motor effect is Identify and define centripetal force Suggest facors that can alter the magnitude of the centripetal force Relate time period Use the of pendulum to equation length of f=1/T pendulum Investigate practically the factors that affect an electromagnet Suggest improvements to the electromagnet Using Flemings LH rule, evaluate either direction of field, current or force State what is meant by electromagnetic induction Transformers Transformers in action Identify where transformers are used State the purpose of a transformer Identify whether transformers are step up or down Suggest why transformers step up the voltage in terms of efficiency Use the transformer equation to calculate unknown values Suggest why an object in circular motion is accelerating when moving at constant speed Investigate practically the time period of a pendulum Suggest, in terms of energy transfers, why a swing will stop oscillating Identify three uses of electromagnets and explain each step of operation Determine how an electric motor works Identify how to increase the size of the force Understand that a pd is produced when a conductor moves in a magnetic field Show that transformers only work with ac and not with dc Suggest why core is iron Identify the differences of a switch mode transformer Evaluate 100% efficient transformers in terms of power in the primary and secondary coils