Life cycle assessment of reverse osmosis must
enrichment plant
Bruno Notarnicola, Giuseppe Tassielli
II Faculty of Economics
University of Bari, Italy
ECOPROM
Paris, 1 Juin 2010
Explorative project PE_122
Life Cycle Assessment of plants for must enrichment
by reverse osmosis
Apulia Region
University of Bari
Department of Commodity Science
Itest srl, Corato (Ba)
ECOPROM
Paris, 1 Juin 2010
Must enrichment
•
•
It is an operation that enriches the sugar content of
must and consequently its alcoholic grade in the
wine produced
Concentration systems
•
Thermal
•
Reverse osmosis
ECOPROM
Paris, 1 Juin 2010
Reverse osmosis pilot plant for the must
enrichment
ECOPROM
Paris, 1 Juin 2010
Goal
The general goal of the research is to acquire the
necessary knowledge in order to establish the
environmental characteristics required in reverse
osmosis plants for must enrichment, in order to
optimize their production.
ECOPROM
Paris, 1 Juin 2010
Goal and scope definition
The system being analyzed: must enrichment by
means of a reverse osmosis equipment, directly in the
wine cellar
System function: System function is to concentrate
must
Functional unit: treatment of 1000 L of must in order
to obtain sugar enriched musts which lead to a more
alcoholic wine from 10 to 11% vol.
ECOPROM
Paris, 1 Juin 2010
Goal and scope definition
System boundaries: extraction of raw materials and
pre-production,
equipment
production,
transportation, distribution, use, recycling of
equipment’s components at the end-of-life and final
disposal.
Time coverage for the system: ten years
Time coverage for must concentration (concerns the
main existing technologies): two years.
ECOPROM
Paris, 1 Juin 2010
Goal and scope definition
System foreground : Apulia region
Background: Italy
Reverse osmosis membranes come from the United
States.
Data quality: data concern the energy consumption
and the emissions to air water and soil.
Data origins:
- Private communications from firms
literature, LCA database
ECOPROM
Paris, 1 Juin 2010
scientific
The system
Production of
components and
transportation
Production of
the reverse
osmosis plant
Plant
transportation
to cellar
Must
1000 L
Concentration
by
reverse osmosis
Enriched must
909 L
Washing
Permeate
91 L
ECOPROM
Paris, 1 Juin 2010
Disassembly
and final
disposal
Assumptions
1) Useful life: 20 years
2) Working capacity: 2000 hours per year
3) End-of-life disposal of the equipment
90% of materials in weight are
recovered
10% is discharged in landfill
4) Membrane duration: 1000 hours
5) Manufacturing cycle:
- 20 hours concentration
- 4 hours washing
ECOPROM
Paris, 1 Juin 2010
System Inventory
Consumption of electric energy, materials and auxiliary products of
the production phase
Inputs
Units
Quantities
Primary components
kg
299.5
Cutting fluid
g
300
Welding rods (Aisi 304 steel)
g
500
g
m3
2000
18
Band saw blade (steel)
g
300
Drill bits HSS (steel)
g
100
kWh
58
Concentration Plant
kg
294.5
Scrap left over Aisi 304 Steel
kg
5.0
Unused leftovers
kg
3.2
Abrasive discs (phenol resin/aluminium oxide: 85%/15% )
Argon gas for welding
Electric energy
Outputs
Plant characterization
Quantity of materials that make up the system
Materials
Steel Aisi 304
Steel Aisi 316
Steel C40
Iron
Cast Iron
Rubber NBR
Siliconic rubber
EPDM for foods
Nylon
Polyamide
PVC
Plexiglas-PMMA
Weight (g)
193654
9740
33000
2075
1955
761
641
50
591
2160
1965
293
Materials
Polyester
ABS
Polyurethane
Brass
Copper
Aluminium alloy
Aluminium
Lubrication oil
Ceramic
Glycerine
Glass
Total
ECOPROM
Paris, 1 Juin 2010
Weight (g)
720
10240
1844
222
16790
710
16303
300
441
12
20
294487
USE PHASE
Productivity of the plant: 75L/h
Factors that influence the performance of a system in
terms of permeate per hour are:
temperature of the surroundings, temperature of the
must, the initial and final alcohol grade, the kind of
winemaking (red or white), the amount of suspended
solid in the must and kind of water used to wash the
system.
All these factors can lead to a variation from 50-60 L/h
to 250-300 L/h.
System’s direct, indirect and total energy
consumption
Stage
Equipment production,
including energy
“incorporated” in
materials
Equipment transportation
to the wine cellar
Concentration operation
Membrane washing
- washing
- energy
“incorporated” in
washing products
Components recycling in
the end-of-life stage
Landfill discharge of
residuals in the end-of-life
stage
Total
Incidence on total
Equipment lease case
Equipment transportation
to the wine cellar and
back
Total
Type of
energy
source
various
Unit
diesel fuel
MJ
0,0025
0,0004
0,0029
e.e.
MJ
32,65
55,60
88,25
e.e.
various
MJ
MJ
0,83
1,98
1,41
2,62
2,24
4,60
various
MJ
-0,23
-0,25
-0,48
various
MJ
0,00005
0,00005
0,0001
diesel fuel
MJ
%
MJ
35,49
37,3
1,44
59,72
62,7
0,22
95,21
100
1,66
MJ
36,93
59,94
96,87
MJ
Direct
In direct
Total energy
energy
energy
consumption
consumption consumption
0,26
0,34
0,6
ECOPROM
Paris, 1 Juin 2010
Impact Assessment
%
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
-1.28
-0.158
-0.0524
-0.784
-0.0662
-0.0362
-0.0215
energy
global w arming
(GWP100)
ozone layer depletion
(ODP)
human toxicity
fresh w ater aquatic
ecotox.
marine aquatic
ecotoxicity
terrestrial ecotoxicity
100
100
100
-0.155
-0.109
acidification
eutrophication
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
-2.08
-10
1 lca macch. 40000-1000-20assemblaggio macchina osmosi
modulo membrana
lube oil
lavaggio
Analizzando 1 s materiale '1 lca macch. 40000-1000-20'; Metodo: CML 2 baseline 2000+raw nuovo2 netto / West Europe, 1995 / Caratterizzazione
photochemical
oxidation
smaltimento moduli membranesmaltimento olio lubrificante disassemblaggio
Electricity mix I + imports
Sensitivity analysis
From data quality analysis and data quality coherency
the following ranges emerged:
Equipment lifetime: 30.000-40.000-50.000 h
Membrane lifetime: 1.000-2.500h
Operating time before membrane washing: 20-40 h
Variability of results amounts to 12%
.
ECOPROM
Paris, 1 Juin 2010
Seeking solutions for improvements
Examination of
control
the parameters for the equipment
Factors considered in the design phase: pressure and
productivity.
The study also lead to the identification of another
control parameter such as the velocity of the must flow
.
entering
the equipment.
The equipment has been modified in order to allow
variations in all the control parameters
ECOPROM
Paris, 1 Juin 2010
Equipment improvement test
The specific goal of this test is to seek a machinery setup
that allow to obtain the best trade off between
productivity and energy consumption.
It can be certainly said the operation with a reduced
must flow entering the plant (27,5 L/min. instead of 55
L/min.), during test, has consumed less electric energy,
without reducing the quantity of permeate produced, in
fact it increased.
Furthermore, the chemical analysis carried out on
enriched musts and permeates have highlighted a
higher efficiency in concentration operation
ECOPROM
Paris, 1 Juin 2010
Advantages obtained
The reduction of 50% the incoming flows during the
concentration has several advantages
- Reduced energy consumption per working hour:
from 7,6 kWh/hour to 6,2 kWh/hour;
- Increased productivity of 6 % in terms of produced
permeate;
- The must obtained in this way is more concentrated:
sugar content increased from 217,7 g/L to 228,5 g/L;
- Wastewater are less polluted: COD decreased from
18.000 mg/L to 16.000 mg/L.
ECOPROM
Paris, 1 Juin 2010
Comparison among systems, before and after
the enhancement interventions
%
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
90
80
73.8
73.7
73.6
73.4
74.4
73.4
73.4
74.3
73.7
74.6
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
energy
mosto trattato
global w arming
(GWP100)
ozone layer depletion
(ODP)
human toxicity
fresh w ater aquatic
ecotox.
marine aquatic
ecotoxicity
terrestrial ecotoxicity
mosto trattato miglior.
Confronto di 1 kg materiale 'mosto trattato' con 1 kg materiale 'mosto trattato miglior.'; Metodo: CML 2 baseline 2000+raw nuovo2 netto / West Europe, 1995 / Caratterizzazione
photochemical
oxidation
acidification
eutrophication
Economical assessment of achieved results
The innovations adopted allow to
energy as well as labor used
concentration phase, and also to
energy, consumed products and
washing operations
save electric
during must
save electric
labor during
New set up of the plant with 4.5 kW power engine,
rather than 7.5 kW one.
ECOPROM
Paris, 1 Juin 2010
Economical assessment of achieved results with the
new set up
PER SINGLE PLANT DURING ITS LIFE CYCLE
Concentration
Saving due to avoided electric energy consumption:
Savings due to avoided labor:
Total
Washing
Saving due to avoided electric energy consumption:
Saving due to avoided labour:
Saving due to avoided product consumption:
Total:
Total
Total for concentration:
Total for washing:
General Total:
27,432 €
18,360 €
45,822 €
ECOPROM
Paris, 1 Juin 2010
14,400 €
13,032 €
27,432 €
160 €
15,980 €
2,220 €
18,360 €
Conclusion
The case study taken into account shows the use of
LCA as a tool to manage innovation and to obtain
energetic,
economical
and
environmental
improvements.
ECOPROM
Paris, 1 Juin 2010
Bari, September 22-24th 2010
More than 200 abstract: (90 oral presentations and 120 poster)
Under the auspices of:
FAO, European Parlament, Presidenza del Consiglio dei
Ministri, Ministero dell Ambiente e della Tutela del Mare e del
Terriotorio, Ministero delle Politiche Agricole Alimentari e
Forestali, Ministero degli Affari Esteri, Regione Puglia,
Provincia di Bari, Provincia di Taranto, Comune di Bari,
Comune di Taranto, Comune di Corato, ARPA Puglia, AISME
Sponsor:
Barilla, Bio-Agricert, Buonfrate & Leogrande studio legale,
Casillo, Cantine San Marzano, ENEA, Eco-Logica, Granoro,
ITEST, Progeva, Selerant, Torrevento, Take Care International,
Unilever.
ECOPROM
Paris, 1 Juin 2010
TENTATIVE SCIENTIFIC PROGRAMME
22 September, 2010
Registration of participants
OPENING SESSION
Welcome speech
PLENARY SESSION 1
Keynotes session
Roland Clift - Sustainability of supply chains: meeting consumer expectations
Thomas Ohlsson – Sustainability, food and the futures
Michele Galatola - Sustainability Assessment of Products and Technologies: the role of LCA and Future
Research needs
Mary Ann Curran
Miguel Brandão - Food or fuel: how to best use land?
PARALLEL SESSIONS 1
1a -- Sustainable food systems &
1b - Sustainable food systems &
1c - LCA in Emerging Countries
lifestyles (I): Managing sustainable
lifestyles (II): Diets and Households
food Systems
behaviour
PERMANENT POSTER SESSION
23 September, 2010
PLENARY SESSION 2
Issues in LCA and Carbon/Water footprinting
PARALLEL SESSION 2
2a- Issues in Life Cycle Inventories and
datasets
2b – LCA and Footprinting
2c - Environmental, Economic and
Societal assessments in LCA
PLENARY SESSION 3
Integrating Evironmental, Economic and Societal assessments in LCA
PARALLEL SESSION 3
3a- Case studies on LCA and the AgriFood Industry (I) - natural food
ingredients
3b - Case studies on LCA and the
Agri-Food Industry (II) - Production
and treatment processes
3c - Specific impact categories of
the primary sector (I)- water use,
land use and biodiversity
PERMANENT POSTER SESSION
24 September, 2010
PLENARY SESSION 4
Methodology and Applications of Food LCA: closing the gap
PARALLEL SESSIONS 4
4a- Food-Related sectors: packaging,
biofuels and bioplastics
CLOSURE SESSION
4c - Specific impact categories of
4b - Case studies on LCA and the
the primary sector (II) crossAgri-Food Industry (III) - Innovative
topical issues
processes and procedures
POSTER SESSION
Low PERMANENT
Carbon Economy
Grosseto, 4 e 5Wrap-up
giugno
2010
plenary
session