Figure 9.1 Energy flow and chemical recycling in ecosystems
Figure 9.x1 ATP
Figure 9.2 A review of how ATP drives cellular work
Glycolysis and Aerobic Respiriation
Glycolysis: The breakdown of
Glucose. This occurs in the
cytoplasm of the cell.
•A 6-carbon glucose is broken
down to 2 3-carbon pyruvic
acids.
•Energy produced is 2 ATP &
2 NADH
Coenzymes
They attach to enzymes and accept
electrons. Accepting electrons adds energy
to the Coenzyme.
Two Types of Coenzymes:
– NAD+: nicotinamide adnine dinucleotide
– FAD: Flavin adenine dinucleotide
Redox Reactions
Reduction: The addition of electrons
to a substance.
Oxidation: The loss of electrons from
a substance.
oxidized
reduced
Figure 9.4 NAD+ as an electron shuttle
Figure 9.8 The energy input and output of glycolysis
Figure 9.9 A closer look at glycolysis: energy investment phase (Layer 1)
Figure 9.9 A closer look at glycolysis: energy investment phase (Layer 2)
Figure 9.9 A closer look at glycolysis: energy payoff phase (Layer 4)
Anaerobic Respiration
Energy is produced without oxygen.
Two Types
1. Lactic acid Fermentation: Animals
2. Alcoholic Fermentation: Yeast and
some bacteria
Aerobic Respiration
The Mitochondria
Aerobic Respiration
Pyruvic Oxidation:
* Pyruvic Acid is shortened to a 2
carbon segment called an acetyl
group. CO2 is given off.
* 1 NADH is produced per
Pyruvic acid.
The Krebs Cycle:
– 2-carbon acetyl
group is completely
broken. Two CO2’s
given off.
–3 NADH’s, 1
FADH2’s and 1 ATP
are produced per
pyruvic acid.
The Electron Transport Chain
–Electrons are delivered from
coenzymes to Electron Carrier
Proteins.
- Every NADH can produce 3 ATP’s
- Every FADH2 can produce 2 ATP’s.
Let’s Calculate ATP’s !!
Chemiosmosis
The movement of protons (hydrogen
ions) across a membrane to help
synthesize ATP.