Republic of Turkey
Ministry of Forestry and Water Affairs
Developing a Perspective for Management
of Endocrine Disrupting Compounds in
Water Resources
Esra Şıltu
Expert
DG Water Management/Department of Water Quality
XVI World Water Congress
May 31, 2017
Cancun/Mexico
Outline
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Aim of the study
Endocrine disruptors
Rationale for controlling in water resources
Methodology
Identification of relevant EDCs
Initial list of EDCs
Sectoral inventory of EDCs
Monitoring EDCs
Developing water quality standards for EDCs
Future plans
Conclusions
Aim of the study
• Developing a management perspective for endocrine
disrupting compounds (EDCs) in surface waters of
Turkey
• Identification of endocrine disruptors occurring in
surface waters
• Specifying the sources of endocrine disruptors
• Revealing the levels of these chemicals in surface
waters and wastewaters
• Investigating the fate in the aquatic environment and
wastewater treatment technologies
• Deriving water quality standards
Endocrine disruptors
• UN definition:
An endocrine disruptor is an exogenous
substance or mixture that alters function(s) of
the endocrine system and consequently causes
adverse health effects in an intact organism, or
its progeny, or (sub)populations
Endocrine disruptors
• Mechanisms of disruption:
• They may mimic the biological activity of a
hormone.
• They may prevent the activity of the natural
hormone.
• They may alter the amounts of natural hormones
in body.
• They may interfere with the
metabolic processes in the
body, affecting the synthesis
or breakdown rates of the
natural hormones.
Endocrine disruptors
• Effects of endocrine disruptors:
• Developmental malformations
• Interference with reproduction
• Increased cancer risk
• Disturbances in the immune and nervous system
function
• Lose of biodiversity due to similar adverse effects
on wildlife
Endocrine disruptors
• Examples of endocrine disruptors:
• Natural hormones released to the environment
from any animal
• Natural chemicals like phytoestrogens
• Synthetically produced pharmaceuticals
• Man-made chemicals like
industrial solvents or
lubricants and their
byproducts, plastics and
plasticizers, pesticides,
antibacterials
Rationale of controlling in water
resources
• EDCs entering water resources via:
• Urban and industrial wastewaters
• Atmospheric deposition
• Agricultural and land use activities
• Other anthropogenic activities
• Water resources:
• Home for many species
• Vital sources for all organisms
• Drinking and bathing water
Methodology
• Identify the relevant EDCs
• Identify the sources of EDCs/ sectoral inventory
• Detect the levels of pollution in water resources via
monitoring
• Deriving ambient water quality standards
• Taking regulatory action
Bridging science and policy!
Identification of relevant EDCs
• International studies
• WHO and UNEP EDC lists: EDCs Reports 2002 & 2012
• NGOs EDC lists: TEDx list, EWG’s dirty dozen
• Studies of EU &USA
• Previous studies conducted in Turkey regarding
hazardous chemicals in surface waters
• List of pharmaceuticals licensed in Turkey
• List of chemicals produced or imported more than 1
tone annually in Turkey
• Capacity reports of industrial facilities
Initial list of EDCs
Initial list of EDCs
List 1:
• PBDEs (12)
• PCDD/Fs & dioxin-like PCBs (29)
• PCBs (6)
• HBCDDs (5)
• Nonylphenols (3)
• Octylphenols (2)
• PAHs (16)
Initial list of EDCs
List 1:
• DDT isomers and metabolites (4)
• Butyl tin compounds (3)
• PFOS & PFOA (2)
• HCH mixtures and isomers (4)
• Cyclodien pesticides (4)
• Other pesticides and industrial chemicals (31)
Initial list of EDCs
List 2: Prioritisation
7
6
5
• UNEP list
• EU list
• US EPA list
4
4
• Manufactured/imported more than 1 ton annually in Turkey
• Licensed pesticide in Turkey
3
3
• Specific pollutants list
• Drinking water standards exist
0-2
0-2
1
1
1
1
1
1
• Bioaccumulation
• log BCF
: 0 (<3.3), 1 (3.3 - 3.7), 2 (> 3.7)
• log BCF not available
• log KOW
: 0 (<3.5), 1 (3.5 - 4.5), 2 (> 4.5 )
• Persistency
• Saline water : 0 (< 60), 1 ( (60-195), 2 (> 195)
• Fresh water : 0 (< 40), 1 ( (40-195), 2 (> 195)
• Androgen receptor (AR)
• Estrogen receptor (ER)
• Thyroid receptor
• Stockholm Cınvention POPs list
• WHO list
• US EPA priority pollutants list
Initial list of EDCs
List 3: Pharmaceuticals
• 38 human pharmaceutical active ingredients
• 13 veterinary pharmaceutical active ingredients
Sectoral inventory of EDCs
• Literature review for identifying the sources of EDCs
in “Draft Lists”
• Capacity reports of more than 10,000 industrial
facilities in Turkey
• Sectoral inventory constructed for specific pollutants
• Results of wastewater analysis
Sectoral inventory of EDCs
Most potent sources of EDCs based on NACE
classification:
• 37.00-Sewerage
• 20.20-Manufacture of pesticides and other
agrochemical products
• 21.20-Manufacture of pharmaceutical preparations
• 20.30-Manufacture of paints, varnishes and similar
coatings, printing ink and mastics
• 20.42-Manufacture of perfumes
and toilet preparations
Sectoral inventory of EDCs
Most potent sources of EDCs based on NACE
classification:
• 20.15-Manufacture of fertilisers and nitrogen
compounds
• 20.16-Manufacture of plastics in primary forms
• 38.21-Treatment and disposal of non-hazardous
waste
• 38.32-Recovery of sorted
materials
• 20.14-Manufacture
of
other
organic
basic
chemicals
Monitoring EDCs
• Detecting the levels of pollution in water resources
• Identifying the sources and extent of EDC emissions
• Pilot study:
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1-year long monitoring studies
Frequency: seasonal (4 times in a year)
Marmara Basin (industry intense area)
Batı Akdeniz Basin (agriculture and tourism intense
area)
Developing water quality
standards for EDCs
• Toxicity based standards
• Acute and chronic toxicity endpoints (EC50, LC50,
NOEC etc.)
• Methodology defined in EU WFD Guidance
Document No: 27
• Environmental quality standards
(EQS)
Developing water quality
standards for EDCs
• For the control of acute effects: Maximum allowable
standards (MAC-EQS)
• For the control of chronic effects: Annual average
standards (AA-EQS)
• Sediment EQS
• Biota EQS
Future plans
• Analyzing the fate of EDCs in water resources
• Conducting pressure-impact analysis for EDCs
• Investigating the wastewater treatment technologies
for removal of EDCs
• Deriving wastewater discharge standards for EDCs
• Controlling the sources of EDCs by regulatory
instruments
Conclusions
• Control of EDCs in water resources all around the
world is of significant importance
• Urgent regulatory action is needed!
• Scientific studies are integrated to policy making
process in Turkey to develop a management
perspective for EDCs
• Approach of deriving water quality standards is of
question: toxicity based standards or a novel
approach is needed?
• Regulatory action: ban or define
set standards?
Teşekkür ederim...
[email protected]
suyonetimi.ormansu.gov.tr
TR Ministry of Forestry and Water Affairs
DG Water Management