Nizhyn Laboratories
of Scanning Devices
112-B Chernigivska St.,
Chernigiv region, 16600 Nizhyn
Ukraine
tel./fax
+380 (4631) 25333
+380 (4631) 22522
E-mail: [email protected]
The Nizhyn laboratories of scanning devices Ltd is created in
1991. Production activity of enterprise is related with power equipment building,
in particular, with development, making and introduction in use of molecular and
quantum-electronic electrical power technologies and equipment, which are based
on the use of power properties of molecules, atoms, ions and other elementary
particles of matter, for the receipt of electric current with the use of renewable
energy sources: the sun, wind and water.
These technologies are characterized by rapid renewal of basic capital goods
and technologies, high qualification of personal: workers and office workers.
Existent macropower engineering and her component macroelectropower
engineering have the certain failing and limitation. In particular, they examine
energy sources, which need for production of thermal or electric energy the use of
macroscopic elements of matter, for example, motion of streams of water, steam of
air, interactions of these macroscopic elements between itself, their actions on the
other bodies and not deal with the structure of matter.
The other sign of macroelectropower engineering is the use of macroscopic
massive elements for intermediate transformation of one type of energy into the
other.
The macropower systems are the systems of indirect action. They need double
and even triple intermediate transformation of one type of energy into the other.
Beside that, the macropower engineering mainly uses not renewable energy
resources (nuclear energy, thermal power engineering) and creates considerable
ecological problems when using of renewable energy sources (large hydroelectric
stations and wind power-stations).
In molecular power engineering unlike the macropower engineering, power
properties of elementary particles of matter are used: molecules, atoms, electrons.
The systems of molecular power engineering can be classified on the type of
working matter that is used for the receipt of energy and on physical principles of
receipt of electric power.
According to the type of working matter the system of molecular power
engineering are divided into the wind (air or gas) molecular stations, hydraulic or
liquid molecular stations and molecular stations on a solid.
According to the physical principles, which are used for the receipt of energy,
the systems of molecular electropower engineering can be divided into ionized,
1
absorptive, electrokinetic, magneto-hydrodynamic, photo-electric coherent and
other.
Technologies of molecular electropower engineering are developed on the use
of the last achievements of molecular physics and thermodynamics,
electrodynamics, atomic physics, nuclear physics and quantum electronics.
The technologies and equipments which we develop are universal enough for
the receipt of electric current and providing it to different users. In future for the
serial making of equipment both our enterprise and certain other technological
enterprises can be involved.
For explanation the technical description of the project and a
resume of business-project are added.
General Director of NLSD Ltd
Vasil Sidorov
2
Nizhyn Laboratories of Scanning Devices Ltd
Molecular and Quantum-Electronics Technology and
Equipment for Electric Power Production with the
Use of Wind Energy
(Technical Project Resume)
3
Molecular wind power engineering
Definitions and characteristics of molecular power engineering
Molecular power engineering. Works fulfilled in industries of alternative energy
and received results that were examined on fact-forums in recent years with
participation of the known specialists testified to a fact that separate ideas are
interlaced and grown into the common understanding of what must give the
development of new clean electrical power engineering.
A confidence in fast growth of new power technologies is based on facts which
are accumulated in the process of researches of theoretical and experimental physics.
Exactly this fundamental science on all transitional stages of development of society
provided substantial breaches in scientific and technical progress of humanity.
The facts that are confirmed scientifically and experimentally testify: there are
many of molecular and quantum-wave phenomena, which can be used to receive the
renewable energy sources, using the power properties of molecules, atoms and ions
of matter for the direct receipt of current.
Physical phenomena in technologies of molecular electropower engineering: The
following physical phenomena can serve as possible energy sources:
o Ionization of molecules and atoms of matter (gas, liquid, solid) under action
of external ionization, in particular, by rapid molecules of air, water and by radiation
of the Sun. Well-organized motion of the ionized particles of matter is a factor of
direct receipt of electric current;
o Electrokinetic’s, that arises up in the dispersion systems and are expressed in
appearance of the difference of the potentials in the direction of relative motion of
phases under the action of the mechanical forces;
o Appearance of the electromotive Lorents force during the motion of the
electro conductive gases and liquids in the presence of the magnetic field;
o Surface energy of particles, that arises up in the superficial layer of liquid in
comparison with their energy inside the volume of phase.
o Maser effect – strengthening of microwave when coming through certain
environments (atmosphere) by means of induced radiation of the excited molecules
(atoms), for example H2O, OH, that are found on one of high power levels.
Thus in the molecular to receive electrical current the power properties of
elementary particles of matter (molecules, atoms, electrons) are used.
Requirements to the systems of molecular power engineering. The systems of
molecular power engineering must correspond to following demands:
o availability of power devices for all (low cost);
o use of renewable energy sources;
o direct transformation of energy of molecules into the electric energy;
o accordance of technologies to the requirements of safety for people and
environment in the processes of the production, accumulation, transporting,
distributing and consumption;
o Universality (possibility of the industrial and domestic use in the necessary
interval of time, in a necessary amount and in a necessary place).
4
Classification of the systems of molecular power engineering. The systems of
molecular electrical power engineering can be classified on the type of working
matter, which is used for the receipt of energy, and on to physical principles of
receipt of electric power.
According to the type of working matter the systems of molecular electrical
power engineering are divided into the wind (air or gas) molecular stations, solid and
hydraulic or liquid molecular stations and molecular stations on a solid.
According to the physical principles, which are used for the receipt of energy,
the systems of molecular electrical power engineering can be divided into ionized,
absorptive, electrokinetic’s, magneto-hydrodynamic, photo-electric coherent and
other.
Technologies of molecular electrical power engineering are developed on the
use of the last achievements of molecular physics and thermodynamics,
electrodynamics, atomic physics, nuclear physics and quantum electronics.
Thus, electrical power engineering can be divided on electrical macropower
engineering and molecular electrical power engineering, depending on principles of
generation of eventual energy. This division is, in a certain measure conditional, so as
in the work of some macropower systems the molecular methods of receipt and
transformation of energy are also used.
Molecular electrical wind power engineering
Physical bases of molecular wind macroelectropower engineering. Molecular
energy of air conducts the search of ways of the effective and complete use of energy
of molecules, atoms and ions of air, energy of the electromagnetic fields and plasma.
The molecular electrical power engineering of air and electrical power engineering
nanotechnology related to her are based on the laws of molecular physics of gases
and solid, on the laws of quantum mechanics and quantum electronics.
Air is the mixture of gases, which the atmosphere of Earth is from. Component
parts of air in the atmosphere of Earth are given in table 1.
In the normal state (pressure R0 = 101,325 kPa, temperature T0 + 273,150 C) in
a 1 m3 gas there is the identical number of molecules (Loshmidt constant). In table 2
the base relations of gases kinetics are given, where d – effective diameter of
molecule, (h) – middle speed of molecules, n – number of molecules in unit of
volume, M - molar mass, T – temperature, R – pressure of gas, P0 and T0 – pressure
and temperature of gas in the normal state, k – Boltsman constant, NA – Avogadro
number, VM – molar volume, z – number of collisions, s = nm – density of gas.
In table 3.9 the number values of parameters of gases of air are given.
The molecules of gas interact between itself by means the forces which on large
distances between molecules are attractive powers that quickly decrease with the
increase of the distances between molecules. On small distances these forces are
forces of pushing away. In tables 3 and 4 the mass and sizes of molecules and atoms
of gases and other matters for comparison are given.
The middle amount of collisions of the molecules of gas z =109.1010 s-1
approximately. In table 5 the numbers of collisions of molecules of gas with other
5
molecules of the same gas during 1 s. at the temperature of 0°C and normal
atmospheric pressure are given.
Middle length of free run of a molecule between the two successive collisions
Ľpr is shown in table 6 for different gases at normal condition (t = 0 °C, Po = 101325
Pa).
In tables 7 and 8 the middle rate of movement of molecules of gas v, intervals
of speeds of molecules and number of molecules proper to them at a different
temperature and normal atmospheric pressure data are given.
Middle kinetic energy of monatomic molecules is determined by the absolute
temperature of gas.
Using data given in tables 7 and 8, internal kinetic energy of air, that crosses the
area engulfed by the blades of rotor during 1 s at speed of wind 5 mps, will be evened
75 MJ.
The integral calculation of kinetic energy shows that internal energy of
molecules in the volume 1m3 is equal 150 MJ.
Wind molecular electrogenerators are based on the use of kinetic energy of
rapid molecules of air. In particular, they use high kinetic energy of molecules for
ionizations of solid, realization of thermal ionization and ionization of particles of air
and subsequent origin of electromotive Laurent’s force, during the motion of the
charged particles in the magnetic field.
The wind molecular electrical power systems use the next physical principles to
receive electric current: ionization, magneto-hydrodynamic effect, absorption,
electrokinetic’s, Villari - effect et al.
Fast Air Molecules Induced Current (FAMIC) generator. The interaction of
particles of air with the matter of solid is accompanied by thermal, acoustic, electromagnetic and other processes. The internal energy of matter of the body is the
changed. Their chemical, electric, magnetic et al. properties are also changed.
Fast Air Molecules Induced Current (FAMIC) generators are based on
ionization of molecules and atoms of solid under action of rapid particles of air and
the use of the directed motion of the ionized particles of solid for production of
current.
Ionization is creation of positive and/or negative ions and lone electrons from
electric neutral atoms and molecules. The term ionization determines both an
elementary act (ionization of atom, molecules) and aggregate of great number of such
elementary acts (ionization of gas, liquid, solid). For the division of neutral «quiet»
atom or molecule on two or more charged particles during their ionization it is
necessary to spend energy of ionization. Simplest act of ionization – broke off from
an atom or molecule one electron and creation of one positive ion..
Ionization in a solid – the process of transformation of neutral atoms of solid in
the charged ions, related to transition of electrons from a valence’s zone into zone of
the conductivity. The efficiency of method is shown in table.
The types of ionization in a solid are follow:
Collision ionization. If energy of ionization is passed to the particle that will be
ionized by other particle at their collision such ionization is named impact or
collision ionization.
6
Thermal ionization. In crystals with the narrow restricted zone the electrons can
get energy due to thermal vibrations of atoms.
Multiple ionization. At the certain conditions the particles can be ionized at the
collisions, which energy is less than the energy of ionization. The atoms or molecules
at the primary collisions are translated into the excited state, whereupon for their
ionization it is enough to act on them with energy even to the difference of energy of
ionization and energy of excitation. Thus, accumulation of energy of ionization
passes during a few collisions. A similar ionization is named multiple ionization. She
is possible, if the collisions are observed so often, that a particle in the interval of
time between two collisions has not time to lose the energy got at the first from them.
Multiple ionization is observed in gases at high density of rapid particles.
On fig. 2,a the method of forming of electric current by means the forcedly
ionized particles of solid by rapid molecules and atoms of air is illustrated.
A method consists in active ionization of neutral atoms and molecules of solid
by rapid molecules and atoms of air, selection of the charged ions and electrons from
a solid, accumulation of charges and forming of parameters of electric current
suitable for industrial and domestic consumption. Ionization can take place for
example, by friction of surface of solid by rapid molecules due to collisions.
On fig. 2,b the structural diagram of the Fast Air Molecules Induced Current
(FAMIC) generator.
The base chart of an ionization element is shown on fig. 2,a. He structurally
represents by itself a channel, that consists of the two or greater number of ionization
plates. The internal surface of plates is made from ionization material.
Under the bombardment of surface of solid material by the rapid molecules of
air the material is ionized, and formed lone electrons pass into the conductive layer
(electrode).
The connection of electrodes through loading resistance Rn to zero potential
(earths) an electric current appeared that flow through loading resistance.
With the purpose of scope of greater area of the transversal crossing the
elementary honeycombs can be united parallel and we receive a structure named a
molecular matrix. On fig. 7 the chart of the cascaded molecular matrix built on
principle of charge communication is illustrated. She consists of few rows of
cascades M1, M2, M3, MN elementary matrices united between itself the parallel and
using the technology of charge coupled devices CCD. The matrix also concludes
accumulator, analog-digital transformer ADT and a device that transmits the current
into the electric line.
The stream of rapid molecules of air falls on the channels of CCD - matrix. The
lone electrons formed during ionization of solid matrix by the molecules of air are
accumulated in potential pits. A CCD - device consistently takes away from every
potential pit the charges and passes them in a form of direct current DC into an
accumulator IDC.
An analog-digital transformer converts a direct current into an alternative one
IAS that has necessary voltage and frequency and suitable for consumption. In future
the formed current enters into the network.
7
Fast Air Molecule Induced Current - FAMIC
Parametrical variables of aerodynamics
o
o
o
o
speed
pressure
density
coordinates and time
- v = v(x, y, z, t),
- Р = Р(x, y, z, t)
- ρ = ρ(x, y, z, t).
- ( x, y, z, t)
Е = 0,5ρAv3
(1)
(2)
Rotor
Generator Transmission
Diameter
of turbine
Е = 0,5ρAv3
Tower
Fig. 4. Calculation of energy of traditional macroscopic wind power
turbine
8
Calculation of energy of gases of air
NL = NA/VM
R = P0VM/T0,
o
o
= 2,686754 x 1025 м-3,
k = R/NA
o
(3)
= 8,31441 Дж/(К х моль),
= 1,380622 х 10-23 Дж/К.
z = π√2 d2(υ) n = π√2 d2 (υ) ρ (NA/M) n = {π√2d2 (υ) Р}/(kT),
(υ2) = (3 kT)/m.
Р = (1/3)ρ(υ2), Р = nkT,
Е = 0,5mv2
o
o
o
o
Component parts of air in the atmosphere of Earth
Components
Values

Nitrogen N2 %
- 78,08



Oxygen O2 %
Carbon dioxide CO2, %
Hydrogen N2 and rare gases, %
- 20,95
- 0,03
- 0,94
Parameters and Characteristics










Mass of l m3 of air, kg
- 1,2928.
0
Temperature of boiling of liquid air at pressure 101325 Pa, K - 83
Pressure of air at a temperature 0 0С, Pa
- 101325
Amount of molecules in a 1 m -3 in normal condition,
- 2,7 x1025
Speed of molecules O2, mps
- 4,8 x102
Speed of molecules N2, mps
- 5,1 x102
Middle energy of molecule of gas in air, eV
- 0,0038
Length of free run Sr,
- 8х10-6
Frequency of collisions, s-1
- 6х109
Middle mass of molecules, kg
- 4,8 x10-26.
Number of collisions of molecules of gas during 1 s
(t = 0 °C, р = 101 кPа)
Gas
Nitrogen
Hydrogen
Air
Number of
collisions
7,2· 109
1,5· 1010
7,5· 109
Gas
Oxygen
Neon
Carbon dioxide
Number of
collisions
6,7· 109
4,3· 109
9,3· 109
9
Middle length of run of molecules
(t = 0 °C, р = 101 кPа)
Gas
Nitrogen
Hydrogen
Water
steam
Air
Helium
Oxygen
Carbon
dioxide
Length of
run, nm
63
110
67
60
175
63
39
Middle speed of molecules of gas at a different temperature (р
= 101 kPа)
Gas
Hydrogen
t ,°C
0
20
100
200
1693
1755
1980
2232
Oxygen
V, m/s
425
440
496
556
Carbon dioxide
362
376
422
475
Intervals of speeds of molecules and the number of molecules
proper to them
Interval of
speeds, m/s
Менше 100
100…200
200…300
300…400
400…500
500…600
Number of
molecules %
1,4
8,1
16,5
21,4
20,6
15,1
Interval of
speeds, m/s
600…700
700…800
800…900
900…1000
Більше 1000
Number of
molecules %
9,2
4,8
2,0
0,6
0,3
The energy of the stream and internal energy of the air
Parameters of stream
А = 1m2 (v = 1 mхс-1)
А = 1m2 (v = 5 mхс-1)
А = 1000 m2 (v = 1 mхс-1)
А = 1000 m2 (v = 5 mхс-1)
Energy of stream,
J/W
0,6/0,6
75/75
600/600
75х103/75х103
Complete energy
kJ/kW
100/100
500/500
105/105
5х105/5х105
10
Collision ionization
Thermal ionization
Multiple ionization
Fig. 5. Ionization in solid
Formation of charges
by interaction of molecules
and atoms of air with a
electrically active surface of
the element
Kinetic energy
of atoms and
molecules of
air
Charge
accumulation
Forming of
industrial
current
а)
Electric energy of
charges
Kinetic energy of atoms and
molecules of the air
System of formation of charges
by ionization of atoms and
molecules of the solid by the
rapid particles of air
Air
(atoms and molecules)
Accumulator
Electric
energy
Industrial
current forming
device
b)
Fig. 6. Algorithm of work and structural diagram
Electrodes
Iн
Ionized
surface
R
Fast molecules of air
Fig. 7. Ionizing element
11
Molecules
U1
M-O-S
U2
Electrons
flow
Fig. 8. MOS - type electronic transformer
Power efficiency of the FAMIC method
1. Work of output of electron in a tungsten = 4,5 eV
= 6,5 x 10-19 J.
-27
2
2. Energy of a molecule of the air = 20 x 10 x 300 /2
= 10-21 J.
3. Amount of molecules collision for the output of electron = 6,5 x 10-19/10-21 = 650
4. Amount of electrons that will be beaten in by molecules
of the air, which are found in a volume 1 m3
= 2,7 x 1025/650
= 0,5 x 1023
Comparison of electro-generating possibilities of stream
and internal air energy
Parameters of stream
А = 1m2 (v = 1 mхс-1)
А = 1m2 (v = 5 mхс-1)
А = 1000 m2 (v = 1 mхс-1)
А = 1000 m2 (v = 5 mхс-1)
Charge
Energy of stream,
Coul/A
Charge
Complete energy
Coul/kA
0,05/0,05
6,25/6,25
50/50
6250/6250
5/5
25/25
5000/5000
25х103/25х103
12
І DC
ІАС
ІDС
Accumulator
ADT
DСT
CCD
М1
Fast air molecules
М2
CCD
electrodes
Fast air molecules
Fig. 9. Cascaded molecular matrix based on the CCD - principle
Parameters of molecular matrix МІС - 400
o
o
o
o
o
o
Sizes of working surface, mm
Power at a minimum speed of wind, W
Number of elements
Minimum speed of wind, m/s
Strength of current, A
Voltage, V
- 900 x 900
- 360,0
- 450 x 450
- 0,5
- 30,0
- 12,0
13