7
Chapter
7 Physical
Development
of Infants of Infants
Chapter
Physical
Development
Contents
 Section 7.1 Infant Growth and Development
 Section 7.2 Caring for an Infant
 Section 7.3 Infant Health and Wellness
Glencoe The Developing Child Chapter 7 Physical Development of Infants
1
Chapter 7 Physical Development of Infants
Section 7.1 Infant Growth and
Development
• There are four main influences on a baby’s
growth and development.
• An infant’s growth and development follow
many patterns.
Glencoe The Developing Child Chapter 7 Physical Development of Infants
2
Chapter 7 Physical Development of Infants
Content Vocabulary
Academic Vocabulary
developmental milestone
makeup
stimulating environment
accommodate
growth chart
proportion
depth perception
reflex
gross motor skill
fine motor skill
hand-eye coordination
Glencoe The Developing Child Chapter 7 Physical Development of Infants
3
Chapter 7 Physical Development of Infants
Developmental Milestone
• A key skill used to check a child’s progress
• Not all children meet them at the same time
• An overall guideline
• Sickness, lack of stimulating environment,
malnutrition
• Examples: Learning to walk, rolling over, saying
their first words
Glencoe The Developing Child Chapter 7 Physical Development of Infants
4
Chapter 7 Physical Development of Infants
Influences on Growth and Development
• Babies experience a tremendous amount of
growth and development in their first year.
• Growth refers to physical size.
• Development refers to physical, emotional, social,
or intellectual skills.
Glencoe The Developing Child Chapter 7 Physical Development of Infants
5
Chapter 7 Physical Development of Infants
Influences on Growth and Development
• The four major influences include:
• heredity
• nutrition
• health
• environment
Stimulating Environment! Makes brain
connections!
How do you think the environment can
influence growth and development?
Glencoe The Developing Child Chapter 7 Physical Development of Infants
6
Chapter 7 Physical Development of Infants
Growth and Development
During the First Year
• During the first year, babies
typically triple their birth
weight.
• Weight gain is a strong sign
of good health.
• Proportion: The size
relationship between
different parts of the
body
Glencoe The Developing Child Chapter 7 Physical Development of Infants
7
Chapter 7 Physical Development of Infants
Growth and Development
During the First Year
• Physical development follows three patterns:
• head to foot
• near to far
• simple to complex
• Babies’ perception of the world increases using
vision, hearing, touch, smell, and taste.
Glencoe The Developing Child Chapter 7 Physical Development of Infants
8
Chapter 7 Physical Development of Infants
Head to Toe Development
• What does this mean?
• The head takes the lead in development.
• Babies first gain control of their head movement
• Their sight, hearing, taste, and smell develop
more quickly than arms, legs, feet, etc
Glencoe The Developing Child Chapter 7 Physical Development of Infants
9
Chapter 7 Physical Development of Infants
Growth and Development
During the First Year
• Speech develops with growth of the throat
muscles, tongue, lips, teeth, and vocal cords.
• Babies are born with some automatic reflexes.
Glencoe The Developing Child Chapter 7 Physical Development of Infants
10
Chapter 7 Physical Development of Infants
Babies Learn Through Their Senses Vision
• Newborns have very blurry vision
• At one week they can focus on object 7 – 10
inches away and can follow object moved across
their face
• By one month babies can focus on objects 3 feet
away
• At two months, they demonstrate depth perception
– Depth Perception: Perceive objects as 3-D
• By six months their eyesight is at an adult level
Glencoe The Developing Child Chapter 7 Physical Development of Infants
11
Chapter 7 Physical Development of Infants
Hearing
• Babies can hear, even before birth
• A full-term baby can already tell the general
direction that a sound comes from
• Newborns respond to the tone of a voice
• Soothing, loving voices are calming to newborns
• At seven months, babies can recognize their
caregivers voices
• This is how they learn to talk
Glencoe The Developing Child Chapter 7 Physical Development of Infants
12
Chapter 7 Physical Development of Infants
Touch
• Newborns last brain development and movement
skills in order to explore their world through touch
• They rely on the touch of others to teach them
about their environment
• Touch builds trust
Glencoe The Developing Child Chapter 7 Physical Development of Infants
13
Chapter 7 Physical Development of Infants
Smell and Taste
• Smell does not develop until after birth
• Within 10 days, they can distinguish their mother’s
smell from others
• Taste develops rapidly
• They can distinguish the difference between
water, sour liquids, sugar solutions, salt, and milk.
• Babies put everything in their mouth to explore the
world.
• Make sure objects are safe and clean!
Glencoe The Developing Child Chapter 7 Physical Development of Infants
14
Chapter 7 Physical Development of Infants
Reflexes
• An instinctive, automatic response, such as grasping or sucking
• The Sucking Reflex: stimulated when something is put in a baby’s
mouth and allows a newborn to feed from the mother’s breast or bottle
• The Rooting Reflex: This happens when the baby’s cheek is stroked
and they turn to that side
• Moro Reflex: Causes baby to throw the arms back when suddenly
released
• Other Automatic Reflexes: Shutting the eyes under bright lights,
grabbing a finger when placed in hand, stepping motions.
Glencoe The Developing Child Chapter 7 Physical Development of Infants
15
Chapter 7 Physical Development of Infants
Fine and Gross Motor Skills
• Gross Motor Skills: A skill that involves the large
muscles of the body
• Examples: Hula hooping, playing soccer,
swimming
• Fine Motor Skills: Involves smaller muscles of the
body such as those in the fingers
• Examples: Picking up pieces of cereal, using
scissors, cutting paper
• Hand-eye coordination: Eat and catching a ball
Glencoe The Developing Child Chapter 7 Physical Development of Infants
16
Chapter 7 Physical Development of Infants
Developmental Milestones – 1 Month
• Lifts head and turns it from one side to the other
when placed on stomach
• Focuses on objects from about 10 inches to up to
3 feet away
• Reacts to a parent’s voice (Sometimes)
Glencoe The Developing Child Chapter 7 Physical Development of Infants
17
Chapter 7 Physical Development of Infants
2 Months
• Makes sounds such as “ooh” and “aah”
• Watches objects moved about 6 inches away from
their face
• Responds to more sounds and different pitches of
voice
Glencoe The Developing Child Chapter 7 Physical Development of Infants
18
Chapter 7 Physical Development of Infants
3 Months
•
•
•
•
•
Opens and closes hands
Holds head steadily when held up
Lifts head and chest when on stomach
Swipes at objects
Brings hands together
Glencoe The Developing Child Chapter 7 Physical Development of Infants
19
Chapter 7 Physical Development of Infants
4 Months
• Supports upper body on hands when lying on
stomach
• Shows preference for red and blue over yellow
• May begin to use vowels and consonants in
babbling, such as “ah ga”
• Grasps rattle
• Puts hands in mouth
• Rolls from tummy to back
Glencoe The Developing Child Chapter 7 Physical Development of Infants
20
Chapter 7 Physical Development of Infants
5 Months
• Rocks on stomach while kicking legs and making
swimming motions with arms
• Reaches out and grabs toys
• Turns head in direction of sound
• Knows positive speech from unhappy speech
Glencoe The Developing Child Chapter 7 Physical Development of Infants
21
Chapter 7 Physical Development of Infants
6 Months
•
•
•
•
•
Passes a block from one hand to another
Puts objects to mouth with hand
May begin creeping
Recognizes basic sounds of native language
Begin teething
Glencoe The Developing Child Chapter 7 Physical Development of Infants
22
Chapter 7 Physical Development of Infants
7 Months
•
•
•
•
•
•
Rolls over both ways
Sits up steadily
Stands with assistance
Knows parents and caregivers by their voices and by sighs
Can follow a path of moving objects with eyes
Babbles with strings of vowels and consonants, such as
“ba, ba,ba”
• Grabs for objects with raking motion
Glencoe The Developing Child Chapter 7 Physical Development of Infants
23
Chapter 7 Physical Development of Infants
8 Months
•
•
•
•
Pulls self up to standing
Bangs blocks together
Propels self by arms, knees, or squirming motion
Looks at objects with sustained attention
Glencoe The Developing Child Chapter 7 Physical Development of Infants
24
Chapter 7 Physical Development of Infants
9 Months
•
•
•
•
•
Uses index finger to poke
Puts objects in containers
Leans forward to pick up toy
Notices small objects
May start associating sounds with objects
Glencoe The Developing Child Chapter 7 Physical Development of Infants
25
Chapter 7 Physical Development of Infants
10 Months
•
•
•
•
Crawls well
Can put objects into containers
Uses index finger to start pointing
Imitates new word sounds more frequently
Glencoe The Developing Child Chapter 7 Physical Development of Infants
26
Chapter 7 Physical Development of Infants
11 Months
• Walks while holding onto furniture or crib rails for
support
• Uses gestures like shaking head for no
• Releases objects intentionally
• Grasps with thumb and forefinger
Glencoe The Developing Child Chapter 7 Physical Development of Infants
27
Chapter 7 Physical Development of Infants
12 Months
•
•
•
•
•
May walk a few steps alone
Stands alone for short time
Picks up small objects using thumb and forefinger
Puts objects into and takes them out of containers
Holds and drinks from cup
Glencoe The Developing Child Chapter 7 Physical Development of Infants
28
Chapter 7 Physical Development of Infants
Section 7.2 Caring for an Infant
• Caregivers need to know the proper ways of
handling, feeding, and dressing a baby.
• This knowledge will help keep a baby
healthy.
Glencoe The Developing Child Chapter 7 Physical Development of Infants
29
Chapter 7 Physical Development of Infants
Content Vocabulary
Academic Vocabulary
shaken baby syndrome
aggravate
antibody
curb
weaning
malnutrition
Glencoe The Developing Child Chapter 7 Physical Development of Infants
30
Chapter 7 Physical Development of Infants
Handling a Baby
• Babies need to be handled
to be changed, fed,
bathed, dressed, cuddled,
and hugged.
• Remove pillows, fluffy
blankets, puffy bumper
pads, and stuffed toys
from bed.
Glencoe The Developing Child Chapter 7 Physical Development of Infants
31
Chapter 7 Physical Development of Infants
Handling a Baby
• Always place a baby
face up in the bed to
prevent Sudden Infant
Death Syndrome
(SIDS).
• Check a crying baby for
wetness, hunger, cold,
or pain.
• Never shake or jiggle a
baby.
Glencoe The Developing Child Chapter 7 Physical Development of Infants
32
Chapter 7 Physical Development of Infants
Sleep Patterns
• The amount a time a baby spends sleeping decreases
greatly during the first year
• Newborn sleeps 16 hours a day (4 naps all about 3 to 4
hours)
• 3 Months sleep 14 to 15 hours a day
• 4 Months sleep 12 to 14 hours a day (taking naps
midmorning and late afternoon)
• 6 Months sleep 12 to 14 (sleep about six naps at night)
• 1 year olds sleep 12 hours a day (9-10 hours at night)
Glencoe The Developing Child Chapter 7 Physical Development of Infants
33
Chapter 7 Physical Development of Infants
Shaken Baby Syndrome
• 100% Preventable
• Usually happens because of frustration
• It is OKAY to put your baby down in a safe place
and walk away
Glencoe The Developing Child Chapter 7 Physical Development of Infants
34
Chapter 7 Physical Development of Infants
Feeding an Infant
• During the first six months, nutrient needs can be
met with formula or breast milk.
• Feed newborns as often as they want to eat.
Overfeeding is not a problem.
• Babies must be burped after
feeding.
• Some babies have food
allergies.
Glencoe The Developing Child Chapter 7 Physical Development of Infants
35
Chapter 7 Physical Development of Infants
Burping an Infant
• Infants usually need to be burped twice during a
feeding
• Babies can be burped in many positions
• Protect your clothing
• Babies do not always burp each time
Glencoe The Developing Child Chapter 7 Physical Development of Infants
36
Chapter 7 Physical Development of Infants
Breast Milk vs. Formula
• Breast Milk
• Contains all the nutrients a baby needs
• Contains antibodies to fight off germs
– Antibodies are a substance produced by the body that boost’s a baby’s
defenses against infection
• Has colostrum
– The first breast milk, rich in antibodies and nutrients
•
•
•
•
Germ-free and easy to digest
Breast-fed babies get fewer ear infections
Not all mother’s are able to do this
Takes practice and patience
Glencoe The Developing Child Chapter 7 Physical Development of Infants
37
Chapter 7 Physical Development of Infants
Breast Milk vs. Formula
• Formula
• Most often milk-based
• Can cause digestive problems
• Everyone is able to use this method
• Comes in three forms: a concentrated liquid that is
mixed with water, powder that is mixed with water, and
ready to use
• Does not contain antibodies
Glencoe The Developing Child Chapter 7 Physical Development of Infants
38
Chapter 7 Physical Development of Infants
Weaning
• Changing from drinking from the bottle tor breast
to a cup
• By the age of four to six months babies have
usually had solid food for the first time
• Weaning needs to happen gradually
Glencoe The Developing Child Chapter 7 Physical Development of Infants
39
Chapter 7 Physical Development of Infants
Nutrition for Babies
• Babies need:
• Enough calories to provide activity and rapid
growth
• Foods that provide key nutrients, such as
vitamins and minerals
• Adequate amounts of liquid
• Malnutrition: Inadequate nutrition that can cause
poor brain development
Glencoe The Developing Child Chapter 7 Physical Development of Infants
40
Chapter 7 Physical Development of Infants
Dressing a Baby
• Babies are sensitive to overheating.
• Comfort and ease in dressing are important when
choosing baby’s clothing.
• Dressing and undressing a baby quickly and easily
takes practice.
Why is it important to be able to dress
a baby quickly?
Glencoe The Developing Child Chapter 7 Physical Development of Infants
41
Chapter 7 Physical Development of Infants
Section 7.3 Infant Health and Wellness
• Keeping a baby healthy involves bathing,
diapering, and taking care of baby’s teeth.
• A baby needs regular checkups and
scheduled immunizations.
Glencoe The Developing Child Chapter 7 Physical Development of Infants
42
Chapter 7 Physical Development of Infants
Content Vocabulary
Academic Vocabulary
cradle cap
designate
diaper rash
emerge
teething
immunization
vaccine
Glencoe The Developing Child Chapter 7 Physical Development of Infants
43
Chapter 7 Physical Development of Infants
Keeping Baby Clean
• Keeping a baby clean helps maintain overall
wellness.
• Guidelines should be
followed to safely
bathe a baby.
• Babies can be bathed
in a bath or have sponge
baths
Glencoe The Developing Child Chapter 7 Physical Development of Infants
44
Chapter 7 Physical Development of Infants
How to Bathe a Baby
•
•
•
•
•
•
1. Prepare for the baby’s bath.
– Gather everything you need, put two inches of warm water into the
bathtub, use your arm to test the water, and undress the baby
2. Put the baby in the tub
– Support head and neck
3. Wash the baby’s face
4. Wash and rinse the baby’s hair
– Use baby shampoo and avoid getting soap in the baby’s face
5. Wash the baby’s body
6. Dry the babies body
– Wrap baby in a clean, dry towel immediately
Glencoe The Developing Child Chapter 7 Physical Development of Infants
45
Chapter 7 Physical Development of Infants
Diapering
• A baby’s diaper must be changed several times
a day.
• Caregivers can choose between cloth diapers and
disposable diapers.
• A home with a baby should have a designated
diaper-changing area.
• Disposable diapers are more effective at keeping
a baby dry, but cloth diapers are more
environmentally friendly.
Glencoe The Developing Child Chapter 7 Physical Development of Infants
46
Chapter 7 Physical Development of Infants
Diapering
• Diaper Rash: A condition that includes patches of
rough, red, irritated skin in the diaper area.
• Controlling bacteria in diapers helps this condition.
Glencoe The Developing Child Chapter 7 Physical Development of Infants
47
Chapter 7 Physical Development of Infants
Health Care
• Teething begins at about six months of age.
• Caregivers must learn how to keep children
protected from a variety of safety hazards.
teething
The process of the teeth
pushing their way through the
gums.
Glencoe The Developing Child Chapter 7 Physical Development of Infants
48
Chapter 7 Physical Development of Infants
Health Care
• Babies and infants should have regular medical
checkups.
• Immunizations are an important way to protect
children against certain diseases.
• Vaccines can be given to protect from disease.
immunization
A shot of a small amount of a dead or weak
disease-carrying germ given so that the body
can build up resistance to the disease.
Glencoe The Developing Child Chapter 7 Physical Development of Infants
49
Chapter 7 Physical Development of Infants
Infant Safety Hazards
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Choking
Suffocation
Water
Falls
Poison
Burns
Sun
Animals
Clothing
Glencoe The Developing Child Chapter 7 Physical Development of Infants
50