LINE Vector equation of a line: Equation of a line through a given point and parallel to the given vector: Let πΜ be the position vector of the given point A. Z πΜ Let π be the line which passes through the point A and is parallel to a given vector πΜ . A P l Let πΜ be the position vector of any point P on the line π πΜ πΜ Μ Μ Μ Μ Μ Then π΄π is parallel to the vector π Y Μ Μ Μ Μ = ππΜ , where π is a scalar. i.e. π΄π Μ Μ Μ Μ β Μ Μ Μ Μ But Μ Μ Μ Μ π΄π = ππ ππ΄ X O Μ β΄ ππ = πΜ β πΜ Hence, the vector equation of the line is given by πΜ = πΜ + π πΜ β¦β¦β¦β¦..(1) This equation is referred as parametric form of the line. Remark: (i) If πΜ = π1 πΜ + π1 πΜ + π1 πΜ, then π1 , π1 , π1 are direction ratios of the line and conversely, if π1 , π1 , π1 are direction ratios of a line, then πΜ = π1 πΜ + π1 πΜ + π1 πΜ will be parallel to the line. (ii) Cartesian form of an equation of a line. Let A β‘ (π₯1 , π¦1 , π§1 ) be a point on the line and π, π, π be direction ratios of the line. Consider any point P(π₯, π¦, π§) on the line. Then πΜ = π₯πΜ + π¦πΜ + π§πΜ πΜ = π₯1 πΜ + π¦1 πΜ + π§1 πΜ and πΜ = π1 πΜ + π1 πΜ + π1 πΜ substituting these values in equation (1) and equating the coefficients of πΜ, πΜ, πΜ, we get π₯ = π₯1 + ππ1 , π¦ = π¦1 + ππ1 , π§ = π§1 + ππ1 β¦β¦β¦ (2) These are the parametric equations of the line. Eliminating the parameter π from (2), we get π₯βπ₯1 π¦βπ¦1 π§βπ§1 = = β¦β¦β¦β¦..(3) π1 (iii) (iv) (v) π1 π1 These are the Cartesian equations of the line. If π, π. π are direction cosines of the line, the equations of the line are π₯βπ₯1 π¦βπ¦1 π§βπ§1 = = β¦β¦β¦β¦..(4) π π π Vector equations of a line passing through the origin and parallel to the vector πΜ is πΜ = π πΜ (since πΜ = 0) Vector equation of a line passing through the point A(πΜ ) and parallel to the given vector πΜ can also be expressed as (πΜ β πΜ ) × πΜ = 0. Page 1 of 11 (vi) The coordinates of any point on the line π₯βπ₯1 π¦βπ¦1 π§βπ§1 = = are (π₯1 + ππ1 , π¦1 + ππ1 , π§1 + ππ1 ), π1 π1 π1 where πππ . Vector equation of the line passing through two gives points: Let A(π₯1 , π¦1 , π§1 ) and B(π₯2 , π¦2 , π§2 ) Z l be any two points on line π. A P B Let πΜ and πΜ be the position vectors of two points A and πΜ . πΜ . πΜ . B respectively. Let πΜ be the position vector of any O Y point P (π₯, π¦, π§) on the line π. Then Μ Μ Μ Μ π΄π = πΜ β πΜ and X Μ Μ Μ Μ = πΜ β πΜ . π΄π΅ The vectors Μ Μ Μ Μ π΄π and Μ Μ Μ Μ π΄π΅ are collinear Therefore Μ Μ Μ Μ Μ Μ Μ Μ ) π΄π = π (π΄π΅ β΄ πΜ β πΜ = π (πΜ β πΜ ) β΄ πΜ = πΜ + π (πΜ -πΜ ) i.e. πΜ = (1 β π)πΜ + π πΜ β¦β¦β¦β¦.(1) This is the vector equation of the line passing through the points A(πΜ ) and B(πΜ ). Remark: (i) If πΜ = π₯πΜ + π¦πΜ + π§πΜ, πΜ = π₯1 πΜ + π¦1 πΜ + π§1 πΜ and πΜ = π₯2 πΜ + π¦2 πΜ + π§2 πΜ from (1), we get π₯πΜ + π¦πΜ + π§πΜ = π₯1 πΜ + π¦1 πΜ + π§1 πΜ + π [(π₯2 β π₯1 )πΜ + (π¦2 β π¦1 )πΜ + (π§2 β π§1 )πΜ] Equating the coefficients of πΜ, πΜ, πΜ we get, π₯ = π₯1 + π(π₯2 β π₯1 ), π¦ = π¦1 + π(π¦2 β π¦1 ), π§ = π§1 + π(π§2 β π§1 ), on eliminating π, we obtain π₯ β π₯1 π¦ β π¦1 π§ β π§1 = = π₯2 β π₯1 π¦2 β π¦1 π§2 β π§1 Which are the equations of the line in Cartesian form passing through two points A (π₯1 , π¦1 , π§1 ) and B(π₯2 , π¦2 , π§2 ). (ii) The equation πΜ = (1 β π)πΜ + π πΜ is called the parametric vector equation of a line passing through two points, where π is parameter. (iii) The vector equation of a line passing through two points A(πΜ ) and B(πΜ ) is also given by (πΜ β πΜ ) × (πΜ β πΜ ) = 0. This equation is also referred as nonparametric equation of the line. (iv) If πΜ = π₯πΜ + π¦πΜ + π§πΜ πΜ = π1 πΜ + π1 πΜ + π1 πΜ and πΜ = π2 πΜ + π2 πΜ + π2 πΜ Page 2 of 11 Then πΜ = (1 β π)πΜ + π πΜ gives π₯βπ1 π2 βπ1 = π¦βπ1 π2 βπ1 = π§βπ1 π2 βπ1 =π This is the symmetric form of equation of a line. Examples 1) Find the vector equation of the line through A(3, 4, -7) and B (6, -1, 1). Also find the Cartesian form. Sol: The line pass through the pt. A(3, 4, -7) and B(6, -1, 1) Let πΜ and πΜ be the position vector of the points A and B. πΜ = 3πΜ + 4πΜ β 7πΜ and πΜ = 6πΜ β πΜ + πΜ πΜ β πΜ = (6πΜ β πΜ + πΜ) β (3πΜ + 4πΜ β 7πΜ) πΜ β πΜ = 3πΜ β 5πΜ + 8πΜ The vector equation of the line passing through the points A(πΜ ) and B(πΜ ) is πΜ = πΜ + π( πΜ β πΜ ) πΜ = (3πΜ + 4πΜ β 7πΜ) + Ξ» (3πΜ β 5πΜ + 8πΜ) The Cartesian form of the equation of the line passing through (π₯1 , π¦1 , π§1 ) and (π₯2 , π¦2 , π§2 ) is π₯ β π₯1 π¦ β π¦1 π§ β π§1 = = π₯2 β π₯1 π¦2 β π¦1 π§2 β π§1 β΄ π₯β3 6β3 i.e. = π₯β3 3 π¦β4 β1β4 = π₯β4 β5 = = π§β(β7) 1β(β7) π§+7 8 2) Find the equation of the line in vector form passing through the point (4, -2, 5) and parallel to the vector 3πΜ β πΜ + 2πΜ. Hence, find the equation in Cartesian form. Sol: Given that the line pass through the point A(4, -2, 5) and parallel to the vector πΜ = 3πΜ β πΜ + 2πΜ. Let a be the position vector of the point A β΄ πΜ = 4πΜ β 2πΜ + 5πΜ β΄ The vector equation of line passing through the pt. A(πΜ ) and parallel to vector πΜ is πΜ = πΜ + ππΜ where Ξ» is scalar πΜ = (4πΜ β 2πΜ + 5πΜ) + Ξ» (3πΜ β πΜ + 2πΜ.) If πΜ = π₯πΜ + π¦πΜ + π§πΜ then π₯πΜ + π¦πΜ + π§πΜ = (4πΜ β 2πΜ + 5πΜ) + Ξ» (3πΜ β πΜ + 2πΜ) (π₯ β 4)πΜ + (π¦ + 2)πΜ + (π§ β 5)πΜ = 3ππΜ β ππΜ + 2ππΜ Comparing the coefficients of πΜ, πΜ, πΜ on both sides. π₯ β 4 = 3π, π¦ + 2 = βπ, π§ β 5 = 2π Page 3 of 11 π₯β4 3 = π¦+2 β1 = π§β5 2 =Ξ» β΄ Cartesian form of the equation of line is π₯β4 3 = π¦+2 β1 = π§β5 2 3) Find the equation of line passing through the point (5, 4, 3) and having direction ratios -3, 4, 2. Sol: Given that the line pass through the point A(5, 4, 3) and having direction ratios -3, 4, 2 Let πΜ be the position vector of pt. A πΜ = 5πΜ + 4πΜ + 3πΜ Let πΜ be the vector parallel to the line whose direction ratios are -3, 4, 2 πΜ = β3πΜ + 4πΜ + 2πΜ β΄ The vector equation of the line passing through A(πΜ ) and parallel to πΜ is πΜ = πΜ + ππΜ πΜ = (5πΜ + 4πΜ + 3πΜ) + Ξ» (β3πΜ + 4πΜ + 2πΜ) π₯β6 π¦+4 π§β5 4) The Cartesian equation of line is = = find the vector equation of the 2 7 3 line. (March 14) Sol: The Cartesian equation of line is π₯β6 π¦+4 π§β5 = = 2 7 3 β΄ The line is passing through the point A(6, -4, 5) and having direction ratios 2, 7, 3 Let πΜ be the position vector of the point A and πΜ be the vector parallel to the line. β΄ πΜ = 6πΜ β 4πΜ + 5πΜ, πΜ = 2πΜ + 7πΜ + 3πΜ The vector equation of line is πΜ = πΜ + ππΜ πΜ = (6πΜ β 4πΜ + 5πΜ) + Ξ» (2πΜ + 7πΜ + 3πΜ) 5) Find the vector equation of a line passing through the point (πΜ + 2πΜ + 3πΜ) and perpendicular to the vector (πΜ + πΜ + πΜ) and (2πΜ β πΜ + πΜ). Sol: Let πΜ = πΜ + 2πΜ + 3πΜ, Μ π = πΜ + πΜ + πΜ, Μ π = 2πΜ β πΜ + πΜ The vector perpendicular to the vectors Μ π and Μ π is given by πΜ πΜ πΜ πΜ × πΜ = |1 1 1| = πΜ(1 + 1) β πΜ(1 β 2) + πΜ(β1 β 2) = 2πΜ + πΜ β 3πΜ 2 β1 1 Since line is perpendicular to the vector πΜ and πΜ it is parallel to πΜ × πΜ . Page 4 of 11 The vector equation of the line passing through A(πΜ ) and parallel to πΜ × πΜ is πΜ = πΜ + π (πΜ × πΜ ) β΄ Vector equation of the required line is πΜ = (πΜ + 2πΜ + 3πΜ) + Ξ» (2πΜ + πΜ β 3πΜ ). 6) Find the vector equation of the line passing through the point (-1, -1, 2) and parallel to the line 2π₯ β 2 = 3π¦ + 1 = 6π§ β 2 Sol: Let πΜ be the position vector of the point A(-1, -1, 2) β΄ πΜ = βπΜ β πΜ + 2πΜ Given equation of line is 2π₯ β 2 = 3π¦ + 1 = 6π§ β 2 1 1 2(π₯ β 1) = 3 (π¦ + ) = 6(π§ β ) π₯β1 1 2 = π¦+ 1 3 1 3 = 3 1 π§β 1 6 3 3 β΄ Direction ratios are 1 1 1 , , i.e. 3, 2, 1 2 3 6 Let πΜ be the vector parallel to required line πΜ = 3πΜ + 2πΜ + πΜ β΄ The vector equation of the line passing through A(πΜ ) and parallel to πΜ is πΜ = πΜ + ππΜ πΜ = (βπΜ β πΜ + 2πΜ) + Ξ» (3πΜ + 2πΜ + πΜ ) 7) The Cartesian equation of a line is 3π₯ β 1 = 6π¦ + 2 = 1 β π§. Find the direction ratios and write its equation in vector form. Sol: The Cartesian equation of a line is 3π₯ β 1 = 6π¦ + 2 = 1 β π§ 1 1 3 (π₯ β ) = 6 (π¦ + ) = β(π§ β 1) x β1/3 1/3 3 = y+1/3 1/6 = 3 z β1 β1 1 1 3 3 β΄ The line pass through the point A( , β , 1) and having 1 1 Direction ratios , , β1 i.e. 2, 1, β6 3 6 Let πΜ be the position vector of the point A and πΜ be the vector parallel to the line. 1 1 πΜ = πΜ β πΜ + πΜ and πΜ = 2πΜ + πΜ β 6πΜ 3 3 β΄ vector equation is πΜ = πΜ + ππΜ 1 1 r = ( πΜ β πΜ + πΜ) + Ξ» (2πΜ + πΜ β 6πΜ) 3 3 Page 5 of 11 8) Show that the points whose position vectors are 5πΜ + 5πΜ , β4πΜ + 3πΜ β πΜ and 2πΜ + πΜ + 3πΜ are collinear. Sol: Let A, B, C be the points with position vector πΜ , πΜ , πΜ πΜ = 5πΜ + 5πΜ, πΜ = β4πΜ + 3πΜ β πΜ, πΜ = 2πΜ + πΜ + 3πΜ vector equation of line AB is πΜ = πΜ + π(πΜ β πΜ ) πΜ β πΜ = β4πΜ + 3πΜ β πΜ) β (5πΜ + 5πΜ) = β9πΜ + 3πΜ β 6πΜ β΄ πΜ = (5πΜ + 5πΜ) + Ξ» (β9πΜ + 3πΜ β 6πΜ) β¦..(1) Now the points A, B, C are collinear if the point C lies on the line AB i.e. the position vector πΜ of πΆ must satisfy the equation (i) for some scalar Ξ». β΄ Replacing πΜ by πΜ in equation (1) we get 2πΜ + πΜ + 3πΜ = (5πΜ + 5πΜ) + Ξ» (β9πΜ + 3πΜ β 6πΜ) 2πΜ + πΜ + 3πΜ β (5πΜ + 5πΜ) = Ξ» (β9πΜ + 3πΜ β 6πΜ) β3πΜ + πΜ β 2πΜ = Ξ» (β9πΜ + 3πΜ β 6πΜ) 1 (β9πΜ + 3πΜ β 6πΜ) = Ξ» (β9πΜ + 3πΜ β 6πΜ) 3 β΄ 1 Ξ»= 3 Thus the points A,B, C are collinear. 1) 2) 3) 4) Examples for practice Find the vector equation of a line which passes through the point with position vector 4πΜ β πΜ + 2πΜ and is in the direction of β2πΜ + πΜ + πΜ. Also reduce the equation to Cartesian form. Find the vector equation of the line passing through the point with position vector 2πΜ + πΜ β πΜ and parallel to the line joining the points ββπΜ + πΜ + 4πΜ and Μπ + 2πΜ + 2πΜ. Also find the Cartesian form of this equation. Find the Cartesian equation of line passing through the points A(4, 2, 1) and B (2, -1, 3). Also, reduce it to vector form. π₯β1 π¦β3 π§ π₯β2 π¦+1 π§β4 Find the angle between the lines = = and = = . 4 1 8 2 2 1 P(πΌΜ )) Distance of a point from a line: Let P (πΌΜ ) be a point and Let πΜ = πΜ + ππΜ be the vector equation of a line. A(πΜ ) The line passes through a point A(πΜ ). Let M be the foot of the perpendicular drawn from the point P (πΌΜ ) on the line πΜ = πΜ + ππΜ . Μ Μ Μ Μ Μ β₯ πΜ Now π΄π Μ Μ Μ Μ Μ = ππΜ β΄ π΄π Page 6 of 11 M πΜ . and π(AM) = Μ Μ Μ Μ .π΄π Μ Μ Μ Μ Μ π΄π Μ Μ Μ Μ Μ |π΄π | = Μ Μ Μ Μ Μ (πΌ Μ βπΜ ).π΄π Μ Μ Μ Μ Μ |π΄π| = (πΌ Μ βπΜ ).πΜ |πΜ | β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦..(1) Now, βAMP is right angled triangle. β΄ Μ (πΌ Μ Μ Μ Μ )2 β (π΄π Μ Μ Μ Μ Μ )2 = |πΌΜ β πΜ |2 β [ Μ βπΜ ).π]2 Μ Μ Μ Μ Μ )2 = (π΄π (ππ |πΜ | β΄ Μ βπ Μ ).π (πΌ Μ βπ Μ |2 β [ Μ ] ππ = β|πΌ Μ 2 |π| Hence, distance of a point P (πΌ) from a line is πΜ = πΜ + ππΜ . Μ βπ Μ |2 β [ is β|πΌ Μ 2 Μ βπ Μ ).π (πΌ Μ | |π ] Cartesian form: Let P (π₯ β² , π¦ β² , π§β²) be a given point and P (π₯ β² , π¦ β² , π§β²) π₯βπ₯1 π¦βπ¦1 π§βπ§1 Let = = be given line. π π π Let M be the foot of the perpendicular drawn from P(π₯ β² , π¦ β² , π§β²) A B π₯βπ₯1 π¦βπ¦1 π§βπ§1 On the line = = π π π Let coordinates of M be (π₯1 + ππ, π¦1 + ππ, π§1 + ππ) then direction ratios of PM are (π₯1 + ππ β π₯ β² , π¦1 + ππ β π¦ β² , π§1 + ππ β π§β²) The direction ratios of AB are a,b,c. PM is perpendicular to AB π(π₯β²βπ₯ )+π(π¦β²βπ¦ )+π(π§β²βπ§ ) 1 1 1 β΄π= π2 +π2 +π 2 Putting this value of π in (π₯1 + ππ, π¦1 + ππ, π§1 + ππ) we obtain coordinate of M, and using distance formula we get the length PM. Skew Lines: If two lines in space interest at a point, then the shortest distance between them is zero. Also, if two lines in space are parallel, then the shortest distance between them is the perpendicular distance between them. Further, in space, there are lines which are neither intersecting nor parallel. In fact, such pair of lines are called non-coplanar or skew lines. Page 7 of 11 Distance between skew lines: π 1 and π 2 are two skew lines therefore there is only one line perpendicular to each of lines π1 and π 2 which is known as the line of shortest distance. Here distance PQ is called to be shortest distance. Let π 1 and π 2 be two lines whose equations are πΜ = πΜ 1 + ππΜ 1 and πΜ = πΜ 2 + ππΜ 2 respectively. β΄ π 1 passes through A(πΜ 1 ) and π 2 passes through B (πΜ 2 )). Also, π 1 and π 2 are parallel to πΜ 1 and πΜ 1 respectively. Μ Μ Μ Μ is perpendicular to both π 1 and π 2 ππ Μ Μ Μ Μ is parallel to πΜ 1 × πΜ 2 . β΄ ππ Μ Μ Μ Μ Μ Μ , then πΜ = ± π1×π2 Let πΜ be a unit vector along ππ |πΜ 1 ×πΜ 2 | Μ Μ Μ Μ = Projection of π΄π΅ Μ Μ Μ Μ on PQ β΄ ππ Μ Μ Μ Μ = Μ Μ Μ Μ β΄ ππ π΄π΅. πΜ (πΜ 2 βπΜ 1 ).(π1 ×πΜ 2 ) πΜ 1 ×πΜ 2 = |πΜ 1 ×πΜ 2 | |πΜ 1 ×πΜ 2 | (πΜ βπΜ ).(π ×πΜ ) PQ = | 2 Μ 1 Μ 1 2 | |π1 ×π2 | = (πΜ 2 β πΜ 1 ). Hence, distance Cartesian form: The shortest distance between two skew lines π₯βπ₯1 π¦βπ¦1 π§βπ§1 π₯βπ₯2 π¦βπ¦2 π§βπ§2 = = and = = is π1 | π1 π1 π₯2 β π₯1 | π1 π2 π2 π¦2 β π¦1 π1 π2 π2 π§2 β π§1 π1 | π2 π2 | |β(π1 π2 β π2 π1 )2 + (π1 π2 β π2 π1 )2 +(π1 π2 β π2 π1 )2 | Distance between parallel lines: If two lines π1 and π2 are parallel, then they are coplanar. Let the lines be given by πΜ = πΜ 1 + ππΜ and β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦(1) Μ πΜ = πΜ 2 + ππ β¦β¦β¦β¦..(2) where πΜ 1 is the position vector of a πΜ B(πΜ 2 ) point A on π1 and πΜ 2 be the position vector π2 of a point B on π2 As π1 , π2 are coplanar, if the foot of the perpendicular from B on the line π1 is M, Figure 9.7 then the distance between the lines π1 and π2 is |BM|. π1 Let π be the angle between A(πΜ 1 ) M Μ Μ Μ Μ and πΜ The vectors π΄π΅ Μ Μ Μ Μ | sin π)πΜ Thus, πΜ × Μ Μ Μ Μ π΄π΅ = (|πΜ | |π΄π΅ β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦.(3) Page 8 of 11 Where πΜ is unit vector perpendicular to the plane of πΜ and Μ Μ Μ Μ π΄π΅ π΅π π΅π Μ Μ Μ Μ | sin π = BM From triangle AMB, sin π = = Μ Μ Μ Μ β΄ |π΄π΅ π΄π΅ |π΄π΅ | Now, Μ Μ Μ Μ π΄π΅ = πΜ 2 β πΜ 1 Therefore, from (3), we get πΜ × (πΜ 2 β πΜ 1 ) = |πΜ | BM πΜ i.e. |πΜ x (πΜ 2 β πΜ 1 )| = |πΜ | BM Hence, the distance between the parallel lines is d where d = BM = | πΜ × (πΜ 2 βπΜ 1 ) | |πΜ | = |(πΜ 2 β πΜ 1 ) × πΜ| Remark: The lines are intersecting, if shortest distance is zero. π₯2 β π₯1 π¦2 β π¦1 π§2 β π§1 π1 π1 | = 0 i.e. | π1 π2 π2 π2 Examples 1) Find the length of the perpendicular from (2, β3, 1) to the line π₯+1 π¦β3 π§+2 = = . 2 3 β1 Sol: Let M be the foot of perpendicular drawn from the point P(2, β3, 1) to the given line The co-ordinate of any point on the line π₯+1 π¦β3 π§+2 = = are 2Ξ» β 1, 3Ξ» +3, βΞ» β2 2 3 β1 Let M β‘ (2Ξ» β1, 3Ξ»+3, βΞ» β2) β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦ (i) Direction ratios PM are 2Ξ» β1β2, 3Ξ» +3+3, βΞ» β2β1 i.e. 2Ξ» β3, 3Ξ» +6, βΞ» β3 Direction ratios of the given line are 2, 3, β1. Since PM is perpendicular to the given line. 2(2Ξ»β3) + 3 (3Ξ»+6) β 1 (βΞ»β3) = 0 4Ξ»β6 + 9Ξ»+18 + Ξ»+3 = 0 14Ξ»+15 = 0 β15 Ξ»= 14 β15 Putting Ξ» = Mβ‘( in (i) we get 14 β44 β3 β13 14 , 14 , 14 β44 β΄ PM = β( 14 ) β72 2 = β( 2 β3 β 2) + ( 14 39 2 2 β13 + 3) + ( 14 β27 2 ) + (14) + ( 14 ) 14 Page 9 of 11 2 β 1) (|πΜ|=1) β5184+1521+729 14 β7334 = PM = 14 units 2) Find the shortest distance between the lines πΜ = (4πΜ β πΜ) +Ξ» (πΜ + 2πΜ β 3πΜ ) and πΜ = (πΜ β πΜ + 2πΜ) ) + π (πΜ + 4πΜ β 5πΜ)). Sol: We know that the shortest distance between the lines Μ π = πΜ 1 + ππΜ 1 and β¦β¦β¦β¦β¦(1) Μ Μ Μ πΜ = πΜ 2 + ππ2 is π=| Μ ×π Μ ).(π Μ 1) (π 1 2 Μ 2 βπ | Μ Μ |π1 ×π2 | Here Μ Μ Μ π1 = 4πΜ β πΜ , Μ Μ Μ π2 = πΜ β πΜ + 2πΜ πΜ 1 = πΜ + 2πΜ β 3πΜ , Μ Μ Μ π2 = πΜ + 4πΜ β 5πΜ πΜ πΜ 1 × πΜ 2 = |1 1 πΜ β3| = πΜ(β10 + 12) β πΜ (β5 + 3) + πΜ (4 β 2) β5 πΜ 2 4 = 2πΜ + 2πΜ + 2πΜ πΜ 2 β πΜ 1 = (πΜ β πΜ + 2πΜ ) β (4πΜ β πΜ) = β3πΜ + 2πΜ Μ 1 × πΜ 2 ). (πΜ 2 β πΜ 1 ) = (2πΜ + 2πΜ + 2πΜ). (β3πΜ + 2πΜ) (π = 2(β3) + 2(0) + 2(2) = β6 + 4 = β2 2 |πΜ 1 × πΜ 2 | = β(2) + (2)2 + (2)2 = β4 + 4 + 4 = 2 β3 β2 1 β΄ shortest distance = | | = units. 2β3 β3 3) Find the shortest distance between the lines π₯+1 π¦+1 π§+1 π₯β3 π¦β5 π§β7 = = and = = .(Oct.13) 7 β6 1 1 β2 1 Sol: shortest distance between the lines π₯βπ₯1 π¦βπ¦1 π§βπ§1 π₯βπ₯2 π¦βπ¦2 π§βπ§2 = = and = = is π1 | π1 π1 π2 π₯2 β π₯1 | π1 π2 π2 π¦2 β π¦1 π1 π2 π2 π§2 β π§1 π1 | π2 | |β(π1 π2 β π2 π1 )2 + (π1 π2 β π2 π1 )2 +(π1 π2 β π2 π1 )2 | Given equations are π₯+1 7 = π¦+1 β6 = π§+1 1 and π₯β3 1 = π¦β5 Page 10 of 11 β2 = π§β7 1 β΄ π₯1 = β1, π¦1 = β1, π§1 = β1, π₯2 = 3, π¦2 = 5, π§2 = 7, π1 = 7, π1 = β6, π1 = 1, π2 = 1, π2 = β2, π2 = 1 π₯2 β π₯1 | π1 π2 π¦2 β π¦1 π§2 β π§1 4 6 8 π1 π1 | = |7 β6 1| π2 π2 1 β2 1 = 4(β6 + 2) β 6(7 β 1) + 8(β14 + 6) = β16 β 36 β 64 = β116 (π1 π2 β π2 π1 )2 + (π1 π2 β π2 π1 )2 +(π1 π2 β π2 π1 )2 = (β6 + 2)2 + (1 β 7)2 + (β14 + 6)2 = 16 + 36 + 64 = 116 β116 Shortest distance = | | = β116 units. β116 4) If the lines Sol: The lines π₯β1 = 2 π₯βπ₯1 π1 Given equations are β΄ π₯1 = 1, π¦+1 = = π§β1 and π₯β3 3 4 π¦βπ¦1 π§βπ§1 π¦βπ π§ = interest then find the value of k. 2 π₯βπ₯2 1 π¦βπ¦2 = π¦+1 3 = π§β1 4 and π₯β3 1 = π¦βπ 2 = π§ 1 π¦1 = β1, π§1 = 1, π₯2 = 3, π¦2 = π, π§2 = 0, π1 = 2, π1 = 3, π1 = 4, π2 = 1, π2 = 2, π2 = 1 Since the line intersect 2 π + 1 β1 |2 3 4 |=0 1 2 1 2(3 β 8) β (π + 1)(2 β 4) β 1(4 β 3) = 0 β10 β (π + 1)(β2) β 1 = 0 2π β 9 = 0 π= π§βπ§ 2 = and = = intersect if π1 π1 π2 π2 π2 π₯2 β π₯1 π¦2 β π¦1 π§2 β π§1 π1 π1 | = 0 | π1 π2 π2 π2 π₯β1 2 1 = 9 2 Page 11 of 11
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