What is utility?
The Utility Function and Random
Neural Networks
Quality assesment and . . .
Real–time multimedia . . .
Real–time multimedia . . .
A first approach to . . .
Martı́n Varela
Discussion
[email protected]
PRIXNC
– T Workshop – March 2003
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What is utility?
• What is utility?
Quality assesment and . . .
Real–time multimedia . . .
• Quality assesment and utility
• Real–time multimedia quality assesment: a quick primer
Real–time multimedia . . .
A first approach to . . .
Discussion
• Real–time multimedia quality assesment: the neural approach
• A first approach to utility evaluation
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• Discussion
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What is utility?
• What is utility?
Quality assesment and . . .
Real–time multimedia . . .
• Quality assesment and utility
• Real–time multimedia quality assesment: a quick primer
Real–time multimedia . . .
A first approach to . . .
Discussion
• Real–time multimedia quality assesment: the neural approach
• A first approach to utility evaluation
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• Discussion
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What is utility?
• What is utility?
Quality assesment and . . .
Real–time multimedia . . .
• Quality assesment and utility
• Real–time multimedia quality assesment: a quick primer
Real–time multimedia . . .
A first approach to . . .
Discussion
• Real–time multimedia quality assesment: the neural approach
• A first approach to utility evaluation
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• Discussion
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What is utility?
• What is utility?
Quality assesment and . . .
Real–time multimedia . . .
• Quality assesment and utility
• Real–time multimedia quality assesment: a quick primer
Real–time multimedia . . .
A first approach to . . .
Discussion
• Real–time multimedia quality assesment: the neural approach
• A first approach to utility evaluation
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What is utility?
• What is utility?
Quality assesment and . . .
Real–time multimedia . . .
• Quality assesment and utility
• Real–time multimedia quality assesment: a quick primer
Real–time multimedia . . .
A first approach to . . .
Discussion
• Real–time multimedia quality assesment: the neural approach
• A first approach to utility evaluation
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What is utility?
• What is utility?
Quality assesment and . . .
Real–time multimedia . . .
• Quality assesment and utility
• Real–time multimedia quality assesment: a quick primer
Real–time multimedia . . .
A first approach to . . .
Discussion
• Real–time multimedia quality assesment: the neural approach
• A first approach to utility evaluation
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1.
What is utility?
We can define it as a monetary evaluation of the perceived service
quality.
What is utility?
Quality assesment and . . .
Real–time multimedia . . .
Real–time multimedia . . .
U : (Q) −→ –C
such that U(q) = xC
–
A first approach to . . .
Discussion
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1.
What is utility?
We can define it as a monetary evaluation of the perceived service
quality.
What is utility?
Quality assesment and . . .
Real–time multimedia . . .
Real–time multimedia . . .
U : (Q) −→ –C
such that U(q) = xC
–
We’ll start with the following premises
A first approach to . . .
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• the potential customer will only buy the service if he feels its
utility to be higher than its price.
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• U is unknown and subjective.
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1.
What is utility?
We can define it as a monetary evaluation of the perceived service
quality.
What is utility?
Quality assesment and . . .
Real–time multimedia . . .
Real–time multimedia . . .
U : (Q) −→ –C
such that U(q) = xC
–
We’ll start with the following premises
A first approach to . . .
Discussion
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• the potential customer will only buy the service if he feels its
utility to be higher than its price.
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• U is unknown and subjective.
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2.
Quality assesment and utility
Very roughly, we could define U like
What is utility?
Quality assesment and . . .
U(Q) = αQβ
Real–time multimedia . . .
Real–time multimedia . . .
A first approach to . . .
Discussion
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2.
Quality assesment and utility
Very roughly, we could define U like
What is utility?
Quality assesment and . . .
U(Q) = αQβ
We could then conduct some tests, and try to fit U to the results.
Real–time multimedia . . .
Real–time multimedia . . .
A first approach to . . .
There are a couple of serious problems with this approach
• we don’t know Q, and we know it depends on several parameters
• we don’t know exactly how to conduct the tests for a general
case
Discussion
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2.
Quality assesment and utility
Very roughly, we could define U like
What is utility?
Quality assesment and . . .
U(Q) = αQβ
We could then conduct some tests, and try to fit U to the results.
Real–time multimedia . . .
Real–time multimedia . . .
A first approach to . . .
There are a couple of serious problems with this approach
• we don’t know Q, and we know it depends on several parameters
• we don’t know exactly how to conduct the tests for a general
case
Discussion
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2.
Quality assesment and utility
Very roughly, we could define U like
What is utility?
Quality assesment and . . .
U(Q) = αQβ
We could then conduct some tests, and try to fit U to the results.
Real–time multimedia . . .
Real–time multimedia . . .
A first approach to . . .
There are a couple of serious problems with this approach
• we don’t know Q, and we know it depends on several parameters
• we don’t know exactly how to conduct the tests for a general
case
Discussion
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There are two main problems associated with measuring the perceived quality
What is utility?
Quality assesment and . . .
• the perceived quality is, by definition, subjective, and thus it’s
hard to measure
• it depends on the application considered (think bulk transfers
vs. real–time data)
Real–time multimedia . . .
Real–time multimedia . . .
A first approach to . . .
Discussion
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Solution −→ we’ll consider only multimedia applications for the
time being.
Why? −→ because we already know how to measure the perceived quality in this case.
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There are two main problems associated with measuring the perceived quality
What is utility?
Quality assesment and . . .
• the perceived quality is, by definition, subjective, and thus it’s
hard to measure
• it depends on the application considered (think bulk transfers
vs. real–time data)
Real–time multimedia . . .
Real–time multimedia . . .
A first approach to . . .
Discussion
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Solution −→ we’ll consider only multimedia applications for the
time being.
Why? −→ because we already know how to measure the perceived quality in this case.
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There are two main problems associated with measuring the perceived quality
What is utility?
Quality assesment and . . .
• the perceived quality is, by definition, subjective, and thus it’s
hard to measure
• it depends on the application considered (think bulk transfers
vs. real–time data)
Real–time multimedia . . .
Real–time multimedia . . .
A first approach to . . .
Discussion
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Solution −→ we’ll consider only multimedia applications for the
time being.
Why? −→ because we already know how to measure the perceived quality in this case.
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There are two main problems associated with measuring the perceived quality
What is utility?
Quality assesment and . . .
• the perceived quality is, by definition, subjective, and thus it’s
hard to measure
• it depends on the application considered (think bulk transfers
vs. real–time data)
Real–time multimedia . . .
Real–time multimedia . . .
A first approach to . . .
Discussion
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Solution −→ we’ll consider only multimedia applications for the
time being.
Why? −→ because we already know how to measure the perceived quality in this case.
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3.
Real–time multimedia Quality assesment: a quick primer
What is our context?
What is utility?
Quality assesment and . . .
Real–time multimedia . . .
Real–time multimedia . . .
A first approach to . . .
Discussion
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3.
Real–time multimedia Quality assesment: a quick primer
What is our context?
What is utility?
Quality assesment and . . .
Real–time multimedia . . .
Real–time multimedia . . .
A first approach to . . .
Discussion
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Our concept of the one true quality is the Mean Opinion Score
(MOS).
(we might need to modify it for our purposes, though)
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The perceived quality is a subjective concept:
What is utility?
→ subjective tests are needed to measure it.
Quality assesment and . . .
Real–time multimedia . . .
Real–time multimedia . . .
A first approach to . . .
Discussion
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The perceived quality is a subjective concept:
What is utility?
→ subjective tests are needed to measure it.
Quality assesment and . . .
Real–time multimedia . . .
There are standarized methods for measuring it (ITU P.800, P.500, . . . ),
but:
• they are difficult to set up
Real–time multimedia . . .
A first approach to . . .
Discussion
• they are expensive
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• they take a lot of time
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All this makes them practically unusable for our purposes (large–
scale tests)
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The perceived quality is a subjective concept:
What is utility?
→ subjective tests are needed to measure it.
Quality assesment and . . .
Real–time multimedia . . .
There are standarized methods for measuring it (ITU P.800, P.500, . . . ),
but:
• they are difficult to set up
• they are expensive
• they take a lot of time
All this makes them practically unusable for our purposes (large–
scale tests)
Real–time multimedia . . .
A first approach to . . .
Discussion
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The perceived quality is a subjective concept:
What is utility?
→ subjective tests are needed to measure it.
Quality assesment and . . .
Real–time multimedia . . .
There are standarized methods for measuring it (ITU P.800, P.500, . . . ),
but:
• they are difficult to set up
• they are expensive
• they take a lot of time
All this makes them practically unusable for our purposes (large–
scale tests)
Real–time multimedia . . .
A first approach to . . .
Discussion
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The perceived quality is a subjective concept:
What is utility?
→ subjective tests are needed to measure it.
Quality assesment and . . .
Real–time multimedia . . .
There are standarized methods for measuring it (ITU P.800, P.500, . . . ),
but:
• they are difficult to set up
• they are expensive
• they take a lot of time
All this makes them practically unusable for our purposes (large–
scale tests)
Real–time multimedia . . .
A first approach to . . .
Discussion
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Having more or less discarded subjective tests, we turn to:
What is utility?
→ objective tests, which normally come in the form of:
• an algorithm that measures a distance between the signal sent
and the signal receieved,
• a formula that relates some quality–affecting parameters (such
as the codec used, and the network loss rate) to the perceived
quality.
Quality assesment and . . .
Real–time multimedia . . .
Real–time multimedia . . .
A first approach to . . .
Discussion
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Having more or less discarded subjective tests, we turn to:
What is utility?
→ objective tests, which normally come in the form of:
• an algorithm that measures a distance between the signal sent
and the signal receieved,
• a formula that relates some quality–affecting parameters (such
as the codec used, and the network loss rate) to the perceived
quality.
Quality assesment and . . .
Real–time multimedia . . .
Real–time multimedia . . .
A first approach to . . .
Discussion
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Unfortunately,
• in many cases they don’t give very good results,
• they normally take only encoding impairments into account,
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• in most cases they can’t be used in real–time.
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Having more or less discarded subjective tests, we turn to:
What is utility?
→ objective tests, which normally come in the form of:
• an algorithm that measures a distance between the signal sent
and the signal receieved,
• a formula that relates some quality–affecting parameters (such
as the codec used, and the network loss rate) to the perceived
quality.
Quality assesment and . . .
Real–time multimedia . . .
Real–time multimedia . . .
A first approach to . . .
Discussion
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Unfortunately,
• in many cases they don’t give very good results,
• they normally take only encoding impairments into account,
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• in most cases they can’t be used in real–time.
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Having more or less discarded subjective tests, we turn to:
What is utility?
→ objective tests, which normally come in the form of:
• an algorithm that measures a distance between the signal sent
and the signal receieved,
• a formula that relates some quality–affecting parameters (such
as the codec used, and the network loss rate) to the perceived
quality.
Quality assesment and . . .
Real–time multimedia . . .
Real–time multimedia . . .
A first approach to . . .
Discussion
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Unfortunately,
• in many cases they don’t give very good results,
• they normally take only encoding impairments into account,
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• in most cases they can’t be used in real–time.
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4.
Real–time multimedia Quality assesment: the neural approach
We use a Neural Network to estimate the quality of the streams.
What is utility?
Quality assesment and . . .
Real–time multimedia . . .
Real–time multimedia . . .
A first approach to . . .
Discussion
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→ it estimates quality as perceived by an average human observer
→ as a function of several parameters (both network and encoding),
→ in real–time if necessary
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4.
Real–time multimedia Quality assesment: the neural approach
We use a Neural Network to estimate the quality of the streams.
What is utility?
Quality assesment and . . .
Real–time multimedia . . .
Real–time multimedia . . .
A first approach to . . .
Discussion
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→ it estimates quality as perceived by an average human observer
→ as a function of several parameters (both network and encoding),
→ in real–time if necessary
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4.
Real–time multimedia Quality assesment: the neural approach
We use a Neural Network to estimate the quality of the streams.
What is utility?
Quality assesment and . . .
Real–time multimedia . . .
Real–time multimedia . . .
A first approach to . . .
Discussion
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→ it estimates quality as perceived by an average human observer
→ as a function of several parameters (both network and encoding),
→ in real–time if necessary
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4.
Real–time multimedia Quality assesment: the neural approach
We use a Neural Network to estimate the quality of the streams.
What is utility?
Quality assesment and . . .
Real–time multimedia . . .
Real–time multimedia . . .
A first approach to . . .
Discussion
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→ it estimates quality as perceived by an average human observer
→ as a function of several parameters (both network and encoding),
→ in real–time if necessary
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We do some subjective evaluations.
What is utility?
Quality assesment and . . .
Real–time multimedia . . .
Real–time multimedia . . .
A first approach to . . .
Discussion
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Normally, we consider the MOS as the quality measure, but we
could use other measures as well.
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The Neural Net is trained to estimate the quality.
What is utility?
Quality assesment and . . .
Real–time multimedia . . .
Real–time multimedia . . .
A first approach to . . .
Discussion
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What is utility?
Quality assesment and . . .
Real–time multimedia . . .
Real–time multimedia . . .
A first approach to . . .
Discussion
Where:
λ+
l +
+
%h wh,l
P
• %l =
−
rl + λ−
l +
h %h wh,l
P
h
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is the probability of neuron l being excited.
Title Page
• λ+
and λ−
l
l are the excitatory and inhibitory signals arriving to neuron l
from the environment.
• rl is the output rate of neuron l
• dl is the probability of neuron l emiting a signal to the environment (in FF
RNNs, it’s usually 1 for the output neurons, 0 otherwise)
X
+
−
• the following holds: (1 − dl )rl =
wl,m
+ wl,m
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m
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What is utility?
Quality assesment and . . .
Real–time multimedia . . .
Real–time multimedia . . .
A first approach to . . .
Discussion
Where:
λ+
l +
+
%h wh,l
P
• %l =
−
rl + λ−
l +
h %h wh,l
•
λ+
l
P
h
is the probability of neuron l being excited.
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λ−
l
and
are the excitatory and inhibitory signals arriving to neuron l
from the environment.
• rl is the output rate of neuron l
• dl is the probability of neuron l emiting a signal to the environment (in FF
RNNs, it’s usually 1 for the output neurons, 0 otherwise)
X
+
−
• the following holds: (1 − dl )rl =
wl,m
+ wl,m
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What is utility?
Quality assesment and . . .
Real–time multimedia . . .
Real–time multimedia . . .
A first approach to . . .
Discussion
Where:
λ+
l +
+
%h wh,l
P
• %l =
−
rl + λ−
l +
h %h wh,l
•
λ+
l
P
h
is the probability of neuron l being excited.
Home Page
Title Page
λ−
l
and
are the excitatory and inhibitory signals arriving to neuron l
from the environment.
• rl is the output rate of neuron l
• dl is the probability of neuron l emiting a signal to the environment (in FF
RNNs, it’s usually 1 for the output neurons, 0 otherwise)
X
+
−
• the following holds: (1 − dl )rl =
wl,m
+ wl,m
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What is utility?
Quality assesment and . . .
Real–time multimedia . . .
Real–time multimedia . . .
A first approach to . . .
Discussion
Where:
λ+
l +
+
%h wh,l
P
• %l =
−
rl + λ−
l +
h %h wh,l
•
λ+
l
P
h
is the probability of neuron l being excited.
Home Page
Title Page
λ−
l
and
are the excitatory and inhibitory signals arriving to neuron l
from the environment.
• rl is the output rate of neuron l
• dl is the probability of neuron l emiting a signal to the environment (in FF
RNNs, it’s usually 1 for the output neurons, 0 otherwise)
X
+
−
• the following holds: (1 − dl )rl =
wl,m
+ wl,m
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What is utility?
Quality assesment and . . .
Real–time multimedia . . .
Real–time multimedia . . .
A first approach to . . .
Discussion
Where:
λ+
l +
+
%h wh,l
P
• %l =
−
r l + λ−
l +
h %h wh,l
•
λ+
l
P
h
is the probability of neuron l being excited.
Home Page
Title Page
λ−
l
and
are the excitatory and inhibitory signals arriving to neuron l
from the environment.
• rl is the output rate of neuron l
• dl is the probability of neuron l emiting a signal to the environment (in FF
RNNs, it’s usually 1 for the output neurons, 0 otherwise)
X
+
−
• the following holds: (1 − dl )rl =
wl,m
+ wl,m
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II
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I
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5.
A first approach to utility evaluation
Back to our notion of utility. . .
What is utility?
Quality assesment and . . .
• U : Q −→ –C
Real–time multimedia . . .
• U > P must hold for the customer to buy the service
Real–time multimedia . . .
A first approach to . . .
Discussion
We are interested in knowing what price–quality combinations
will keep U above P . Thus, we may redefine our utility as a random variable
U = Pr(U > P )
Then, we may use the neural approach to find out the distribution
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for U
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5.
A first approach to utility evaluation
Back to our notion of utility. . .
What is utility?
Quality assesment and . . .
• U : Q −→ –C
Real–time multimedia . . .
• U > P must hold for the customer to buy the service
Real–time multimedia . . .
A first approach to . . .
Discussion
We are interested in knowing what price–quality combinations
will keep U above P . Thus, we may redefine our utility as a random variable
U = Pr(U > P )
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JJ
II
J
I
Then, we may use the neural approach to find out the distribution
Page 13 of 16
for U
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5.
A first approach to utility evaluation
Back to our notion of utility. . .
What is utility?
Quality assesment and . . .
• U : Q −→ –C
Real–time multimedia . . .
• U > P must hold for the customer to buy the service
Real–time multimedia . . .
A first approach to . . .
Discussion
We are interested in knowing what price–quality combinations
will keep U above P . Thus, we may redefine our utility as a random variable
U = Pr(U > P )
Home Page
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JJ
II
J
I
Then, we may use the neural approach to find out the distribution
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for U
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5.
A first approach to utility evaluation
Back to our notion of utility. . .
What is utility?
Quality assesment and . . .
• U : Q −→ –C
Real–time multimedia . . .
• U > P must hold for the customer to buy the service
Real–time multimedia . . .
A first approach to . . .
Discussion
We are interested in knowing what price–quality combinations will
keep U above P . Thus, we may redefine our utility as a random
variable
U = Pr(U > P )
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JJ
II
J
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Then, we may use the neural approach to find out the distribution
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We are still working on how to conduct the tests, but the main
idea is to provide the subjects with
• samples of varying quality
• a pricing context
What is utility?
Quality assesment and . . .
Real–time multimedia . . .
Real–time multimedia . . .
A first approach to . . .
And ask them to assign each combination a probability of acceptance from a predefined discrete scale, e.g.
Discussion
• Certain
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• Very likely
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• Likely
• Not likely
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• Certainly not
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We are still working on how to conduct the tests, but the main
idea is to provide the subjects with
• samples of varying quality
• a pricing context
What is utility?
Quality assesment and . . .
Real–time multimedia . . .
Real–time multimedia . . .
A first approach to . . .
And ask them to assign each combination a probability of acceptance from a predefined discrete scale, e.g.
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We are still working on how to conduct the tests, but the main
idea is to provide the subjects with
• samples of varying quality
• a pricing context
What is utility?
Quality assesment and . . .
Real–time multimedia . . .
Real–time multimedia . . .
A first approach to . . .
And ask them to assign each combination a probability of acceptance from a predefined discrete scale, e.g.
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We are still working on how to conduct the tests, but the main
idea is to provide the subjects with
• samples of varying quality
• a pricing context
What is utility?
Quality assesment and . . .
Real–time multimedia . . .
Real–time multimedia . . .
A first approach to . . .
And ask them to assign each combination a probability of acceptance from a predefined discrete scale, e.g.
Discussion
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• Likely
• Not likely
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The neural network would then be trained to output, for each
price–quality combination, a histogram of U .
What is utility?
Quality assesment and . . .
Real–time multimedia . . .
Real–time multimedia . . .
A first approach to . . .
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6.
Discussion
What is utility?
Quality assesment and . . .
Real–time multimedia . . .
Real–time multimedia . . .
A first approach to . . .
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