SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION Extended Methods Plant materials Selaginella kraussiana was obtained from the Royal Botanic Gardens Kew (UK). S. viticulosa was obtained from the University of Oxford Botanic Gardens (UK). Plants were grown in clay pots at 21oC in a Sanyo MLR350HT growth chamber with 70% humidity, and watered with rainwater. Voucher specimens of S. kraussiana and S. viticulosa have been deposited in the Fielding Druce Herbarium, Oxford University (OXF). Osmunda regalis was obtained from local garden centres (Oxford, UK) and grown in the same conditions. Arabidopsis ecotype Col-1 and as1-1 seeds were obtained from the Nottingham Arabidopsis Stock Centre (NASC, UK). Arabidopsis plants were grown in a greenhouse (16h 180µmolm-2s-1 light/8h dark photoperiod at 20˚C). Scanning electron microscopy Shoot apices were fixed in 3% glutaraldehyde in phosphate buffered saline pH7.5. Fixed apices were dried in a critical point dryer (Tousimis autosamdri 815), dissected, and sputter coated with gold palladium in a Polaron E5000. Apices were visualized using a JEOL JSM 5510 scanning electron microscope. Gene isolation An SkKNOX fragment was isolated by genomic PCR using degenerate primers 5’- CAYWWHAARTGGCCNTAYCC-3’ and 5’CCARTGNCKYTTNCKYTGRTTDATRAACC-3’. Full-length sequences of SkKNOX1, SkKNOX2 and SkKNOX3 were obtained by screening a cDNA library with the PCR amplified fragment. The library was made using whole shoots of Selaginella and a UNI-ZAP cDNA synthesis kit (Stratagene). SkARP1 and SvARP1 sequences were isolated by genomic PCR using the degenerate primers 5’ ATGMRIGARMGICARMGITGG 3’ and 5’ IACYTCCCACCAYTTNCC 3’. Sequences were extended by 3’ RACE, iPCR and 5’ ligation anchored PCR 1. Sequences have been deposited in GenBank as follows: SkKNOX1 (AY667449), SkKNOX2 (AY667450), SkKNOX3 (AY667451), SkARP1 (AY667452), SvARP1 (AY667453). Phylogenetic analyses To maximize sampling in KNOX and MYB phylogenies, conserved homeodomain and MYB sequences from Arabidopsis KNOX and ARP genes were used in tBLASTX searches of the following genome databases: http://blast.genome.jp/, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/, http://www.plantgdb.org/, www.moss.leeds.ac.uk/. Only EST or cDNA sequences were retrieved to avoid alignment problems with introns. We included sequences that informed the position of KNOX and ARP clades within the homeodomain and MYB gene families. For the MYB genes we sampled extensively outside the ARP clade as there is controversy about the relationships between R2R3 and R1R2R3 proteins. Sequence alignment was informed by previous KNOX 2-5 and MYB 6,7 alignments. Verified sequences were aligned by eye and regions of ambiguous alignment were excluded prior to phylogenetic analysis (alignments are available on request). Two tiers of phylogenetic analysis were performed. The position of novel sequences within the KNOX and MYB gene families was determined using sequence data from conserved domains only (black lines in Fig. S2). This also demonstrated the monophyly of the KNOX and ARP clades within their respective gene families, and indicated a suitable root for further analyses. The position of novel sequences within the Class I KNOX and ARP gene clades was determined in a second round of analysis, including additional aligned sequence data from less conserved domains (green lines in Fig. S2). Second round analyses were rooted on a definite outlier determined in round one (AaKNOX1 and AtMYB124), and also included previously determined outgroup placeholders (Class II KNOX and GAMYB sequences respectively). Analyses were carried out with PAUP (Beta version 4.0b4a) as previously described8. In situ hybridization Selaginella was fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde and embedded in Paraplast Plus. Hybridizations were carried out using 8 m tissue sections and digoxygenin labelled gene-specific probes as previously described 9. Sections were viewed using a Leitz DMRB microscope and photographed with a Nikon Coolpix digital camera. Protein detection Anti-KNOX antibody was raised in rabbits against the KNOTTED1 fusion protein pBVKN1 10. Anti-RS2 antibody was raised in rabbits against a HIStagged fusion protein generated following insertion of the full-length maize rs2 cDNA into pQE30 (Qiagen). Antisera were fractionated with protein A sepharose and affinity purified against the appropriate fusion protein after immobilization of the protein on cyanogen bromide activated sepharose 11. Proteins were isolated from maize tissue as previously reported 12 and from Osmunda tissue using TrizolTM. Immunoblots were reacted with anti-KNOX primary antibody and horseradish peroxidase conjugated secondary antibody 12. Osmunda apices were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde, embedded in Paraplast Plus and reacted with antibodies as previously described 13. Nuclei were subsequently stained with 1 gml-1 4'-6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) and viewed following excitation at 350 nm. DNA and RNA analysis Arabidopsis DNA was extracted, electrophoresed, blotted to Nytran and hybridized according to Fitter et al. 14. RNA was extracted using Trizol and analyzed as previously described 15 Transgenic Arabidopsis The full SkARP1 coding sequence was amplified using PCR with primers SkARP1ATG: 5’- ATGAAGGACAAGCAGCGTT-3’ and SkARP1 STOP: 5’TTATGTTATTTTTCTGAAGATACAT-3’. The PCR product was inserted into the pART27 binary vector using the pART7 shuttle vector 16. Thus SkARP1 was flanked by the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter and a transcriptional terminator. Constructs were introduced into Agrobacterium strain GV3101 by electroporation and then into Arabidopsis as1-1 mutant plants by floral dipping. Transformants were selected on agar plates by resistance to kanamycin at 50 µg/ml. Figure legends Figure S1. Hybridization analysis of KNOX and ARP gene families in S. kraussiana. Genomic DNA was digested with five restriction endonucleases and hybridized to either: a combination of SkKNOX1, SkKNOX2 and SkKNOX3 homeodomain sequences (all KNOX); a combination of SkKNOX1 and SkKNOX2 homeodomain sequences (class I KNOX); SkKNOX1 homeodomain sequence; SkKNOX2 homeodomain sequence; SkKNOX3 homeodomain sequence (class II KNOX); or the MYB domain sequence of SkARP1. Hybridizations to ‘all KNOX’ and to SkKNOX1 and SkKNOX2 homeodomains were carried out at moderate stringency (T m minus 20oC). These conditions should detect any fragments with 80-85% sequence conservation. Hybridizations to ‘class I KNOX’ and ‘class II KNOX’ were carried out at low stringency (Tm minus 40oC and Tm minus 35oC respectively). As sequence divergence within Arabidopsis class I KNOX genes is 37% and divergence within Arabidopsis class II KNOX genes is 30%, these conditions should allow the detection of similarly conserved sequences in S. kraussiana. Notably, all of the fragments that hybridized at low stringency to the class I KNOX genes could be accounted for by high stringency hybridization of SkKNOX1 or SkKNOX2. Thus, there are probably just two class I KNOX genes in S. kraussiana. Faint signals were detected after high stringency hybridization to SkKNOX2 (indicated by asterisks) that were not detected after low stringency hybridization to all class I sequences. It is assumed that these signals represent sequence conservation between the SkKNOX2 homeodomain and other non-KNOX homeobox genes in S. kraussiana. Low stringency hybridization of the class II KNOX gene revealed single fragments in each lane indicating that SkKNOX3 is probably the only class II KNOX gene in S. kraussiana. Hybridization to SkARP1 was carried out at low stringency (Tm minus 40oC). Single fragments were detected in each lane indicating the presence of one ARP gene in S. kraussiana. Figure S2. Sequence alignment and phylogenetic relationships of Selaginella class I KNOX and ARP genes. a) Alignment of amino acid sequences derived from S. kraussiana KNOX genes, class I KNOX genes from maize (kn1 & rs1) and Arabidopsis (STM & KNAT1), and an Arabidopsis class 2 KNOX gene (KNAT7). Regions indicated by black and green lines above the sequence were used for phylogenetic analyses. b) Phylogenetic relationships of class I KNOX genes showing placement of Selaginella (red), moss (dark blue), algal (orange), fern (brown), gymnosperm (light blue), monocot (green) and eudicot (black) sequences. The tree is a strict consensus tree of 9 most parsimonious trees (length = 4644 steps). The Acetabularia KNOX sequence was used to root the tree as it is the most basal KNOX gene (see Figure S3), and representatives of the class II KNOX clade (mkn1 and C.richardii KNOX3) were included to demonstrate the monophyly of the class I KNOX clade. Accession numbers for all sequences are listed in the legend to Figure S3. c) Alignment of amino acid sequences derived from S. kraussiana and S. viticulosa ARP genes and maize (rs2), Arabidopsis (AS1) and Antirrhinum (PHAN1) ARP genes. Regions used for phylogenetic analyses are indicated by black (MYB) and green (C terminal domain) lines above the sequence. d) Phylogenetic relationships of ARP genes showing placement of Selaginella (red), monocot (green) and eudicot (black) sequences. The tree is a strict consensus of 8 most parsimonious trees (length = 981 steps). Trees were rooted on AtMYB124 because it is the closest outlier to the unresolved clade that includes the ARP clade (Fig. S4). Accession numbers for all sequences are listed in the legend to Figure S4. Figure S3. Phylogenetic relationships in the KNOX gene family. The tree is a strict consensus of 510 most parsimonious trees (length = 5952 steps) generated from parsimony analysis of nucleotide sequence from KNOX1A, KNOX2A, ELKB and homeodomain regions (black bars highlighted in Figure S2A). Selaginella (red), moss (dark blue), algal (orange), fern (brown), gymnosperm (light blue), monocot (green) and eudicot (black) sequences are placed. Trees are rooted on a related homeobox gene BELL1 and bootstrap support of ≥ 50% is shown above branches. The KNOX genes form a monophyletic group of which class I and class II KNOX genes are subgroups. The Chlamydomonas sequence was incomplete which may be why it groups with the main monocot clade, and the orchid sequence (DOH1) may group with eudicot sequences due to long branch artefacts. Accession numbers for the sequences are: OSH6 (O. sativa AB028883), OSH71/Oskn2 (Oryza sativa, AB028885/ZAF050180), Zmlg3 (Zea mays AF100455), Zmlg4A (Z. mays AF457121), Chlamydomonas reinhardtii contig (genomic fragment from C. reinhardtii database), OSH15/Oskn3 (O. sativa AB016071/AF050181), Zmrs1 (Z. mays L44133), Zmgnarley1 (Z. mays AY312168), Zmknox8 (E. Vollbrecht, personal communication), OSH43 (O. sativa AB028884), Hordeum vulgare KNOX3 (H. vulgare X83518), Triticum aestivum EST1 (T. aestivum AF224500), Zmkn1 (Z. mays X61308), OSH1 (O. sativa D16507), Zmknox3 (Z. mays BQ486722), OSH3 (O. sativa AB028882), Zmknox10-like EST (Z. mays AI438889), Picea abies EST2 (P. abies AF063248), Picea mariana EST (P. mariana U90092), Pinus taeda EST1 (P. taeda BF778312), Picea mariana SKN1 (P. mariana U90091), Picea abies EST1 (P. abies AF483277), Helianthus annuus EST1 (H. annuus AY096804), Ceratopteris richardii KNOX2 (C. richardii AB043956), Nicotiana tabacum TobH1 (N. tabacum AY169493), Nicotiana tabacum NTH15 (N. tabacum AB004785), Lycopersicon esculentum Tkn2 (L. esculentum U76407), Petunia hybrida STM (P. hybrida AY112704), Helianthus annuus EST2 (H. annuus AY096802), Glycine max EST1 (G. max BU549683), Glycine max SBH1 (G. max L13663), Medicago trunculata KNOX (M. trunculata AF308454), Pisum sativum kn1 (P. sativum AF063307), Brassica oleracea STM1 (B. oleracea AF193813), AtSTM (Arabidopsis thaliana U32344), Streptocarpus rexii STM (S. rexii AY655753), Streptocarpus dunnii STM (S. dunnii AY655752), Streptocarpus saxorum STM (S. saxorum AY655754), Antirrhinum majus invaginata (A. majus AY072736), Antirrhinum majus hirzina (A. majus AY072735), AtKNAT1 (A. thaliana U14174), Helianthus annuus EST3 (H. annuus AY096803), Pisum sativum kn2 (P. sativum AF080105), Nicotiana tabacum NTH20 (N. tabacum AB025714), Lycopersicon esculentum Tkn1 (L. esculentum U32247), Malus domestica KNAP1 (M. domestica Z71978), Malus domestica KNAP2 (M. domestica Z71979), Populus hybrid EST1 (BU895024), Antirrhinum majus SNAP1 (A. majus, A. Hudson personal communication), Populus hybrid EST2 (BU813292), Solanum tuberosum POTH1 (S. tuberosum U65648), Lycopersicon esculentum Tkn3 (L. esculentum U76408), Nicotiana tabacum NTH22 (N. tabacum AB025715), AtKNAT2 (A. thaliana U14175), AtKNAT6 (A. thaliana AB072361), Ipomoea nil Pkn2 (Ipomoea nil AB016000), Populus hybrid EST3 (BI129145), Nicotiana tabacum NTH9 (N. tabacum AB025713), Dendrobium grex DOH1 (D. grex AJ276389), Glycine max EST2 (G. max BU548090), Nicotiana tabacum NTH1(N. tabacum AB025573), Lycopersicon esculentum Tkn4 (L. esculentum AF533597), Ipomoea nil Pkn3 (I. nil AB016002), Ceratopteris richardii KNOX1 (C. richardii AB043955), Selaginella kraussiana KNOX1 (S. kraussiana AY667449), Selaginella kraussiana KNOX2 (S. kraussiana AY667450), Physcomitrella patens mkn2 (Physcomitrella patens AF285147), Physcomitrella patens mkn4 (P. patens AF28417), Physcomitrella patens mkn1 (P. patens AF285148), Ceraptopteris richardii KNOX3 (C. richardii AB043957), AtKNAT5 (A. thaliana X92394), OSH45 (O. sativa D49703), OSH59 (O. sativa AB061818), OSH58 (O. sativa AB00727), Hordeum vulgare EST1 (H. vulgare BE213693), Zm EST1 (Z. mays BG836547), Hordeum vulgare EST2 (H. vulgare CA007784), Hordeum vulgare EST3 (H. vulgare AJ47681), Hordeum vulgare EST4 (H. vulgare BF267210), Hordeum vulgare EST6 (H. vulgare BQ466082), Hordeum vulgare EST5 (H. vulgare AV917655), Hordeum vulgare EST7 (H. vulgare AV920879), OSH66 (O. sativa AB061819), Zmknox1 (Z. mays BM380734), Lotus japonicus EST2 (L. japonicus AV422245), Lotus japonicus EST3 (L. japonicus 7776900), Glycine max EST4 (G. max BE822248), Gossypium hirsutum EST1 (G. hirsutum AI727272), Antirrhinum majus SNAP3 (A. majus, A. Hudson personal communication), KNAT7 (A. thaliana AF308451), Brassica napus hd1 (B. napus Z29073), Lycopersicon esculentum THox2 (L. esculentum U76410), Pinus taeda EST2 (P. taeda BG040899), Lotus japonicus EST1 (L. japonicus 22790617), Lotus japonicus KN1-like3 (L. japonicus BU494359), Glycine max EST3 (G. max AW349512), Glycine max KN1-like4 (G. max AI496486), Gossypium arboreum EST1 (G. arboreum BE053494), Gossypium arboreum EST2 (G. arboreum BQ413708), Populus hybrid EST3 (BI071131), Mesembryanthemum crystallinum EST (M. crystallinum 26563065), Malus domestica KNAP3 (Malus domestica Z71980), Antirrhinum majus SNAP2 (A. majus, A. Hudson personal communication), Lycopersicon esculentum Let12 (L. esculentum AF000142), Lycopersicon esculentum THox1 (L. esculentum U76409), Lycopersicon esculentum EST1 (L. esculentum AI899275), Nicotiana tabacum NTH23 (N. tabacum AB004797), Lycopersicon esculentum EST2 (L. esculentum AW217470), AtKNAT3 (A. thaliana AY086091), AtKNAT4 (A. thaliana X92393), Selaginella kraussiana KNOX3 (S. kraussiana AY667451), Acetabularia acetabulum KNOX1 (A. acetabulum AF170172), AtBELL1 (A. thaliana NM123506). Figure S4. Phylogenetic relationships within the MYB gene super-family. The tree is a strict consensus of 82 most parsimonious trees (length = 6917 steps) generated from parsimony analysis of nucleotide sequence data from the conserved R2R3 MYB domain (black bars highlighted in Figure S2c). Selaginella (red), moss (dark blue), algal (orange), fern (brown), gymnosperm (light blue), monocot (green), eudicot (black), animal (purple) and fungal (pink) sequences are placed. Evolution of the MYB super-family, and relationships between repeats remains obscure 17. To date, rooting strategies have included inferences of a ‘probable’ root 6, use of an animal c-MYB, 18 and use of an ancient MYB gene paralog 17. Here, we selected a suitable root from outside the MYB super-family. We rooted the tree with a distantly related ‘MYB-like’ TEA gene from Saccharomyces cerevisiae which has a single MYB repeat 19 and included members of the GARP gene family as outgroups 14. The results show that the MYB superfamily forms a monophyletic group within which the monophyletic ARP clade is nested. Accession numbers for the sequences are: Antirrhinum majus PHAN1 (A. majus AJ005586), Antirrhinum majus PHAN2 (A. majus, A. Hudson personal communication), Medicago trunculata PHAN (M. trunculata AF308453), Pisum sativum CRISPA (P. sativum AF299140), Beta vulgaris PHAN (B. vulgaris BQ489818), Mesembryanthemum crystallinum PHAN (M. crystallinum BE036414), Populus hybrid ARP (Populus hybrid, contig from ESTs BU826851, BU832721 and BU831398), Lycopersicon esculentum PHAN (L. esculentum AF148934), Solanum tuberosum PHAN (S. tuberosum TC49978), Nicotiana tabacum PHAN (N. tabacum AY559043), Glycine max PHAN (G. max EST contig GMtuc02-10-21.11903), Lotus japonicus PHAN (L. japonicus genomic fragment AP004490), AtAS1 (A. thaliana AF175996), Selaginella kraussiana ARP1 (S. kraussiana AY667452), Selaginella viticulosa ARP1 (S. viticulosa AY667453), Hordeum vulgare PHAN (H. vulgare EST contig HVtuc02-1110.7912), Osrs2 (O. sativa AB064519), Zmrs2 (Z. mays AF126489), AtMYB97 (A. thaliana AF176002), Lolium temulentum GAMYB (L. temulentum AF114162), Avena sativa GAMYB (A. sativa ASA133638), OsGAMYB (O. sativa X98355), Hordeum vulgare GAMYB (H. vulgare X87690), OsMYB (O. sativa AP004260), ZmMYB (Z. mays AY107969), AtMYB68 (A. thaliana AF062901), AtMYB87 (A. thaliana AF062914), Physcomitrella patens MYB1 (P. patens BJ188342), Physcomitrella patens MYB7 (P. patens BJ158662), Physcomitrella patens MYB4 (P. patens BJ196837), Physcomitrella patens MYB-Pp2 (P. patens X67050), Pinus taeda MYB1(P. taeda EST contig PTtuc03-04-25.5301), ZmMYBIF35 (Z. mays AF521880), Picea mariana MBF1 (P. mariana U39448), Pinus taeda MYB3 (P. taeda EST contig PTtuc02-10-21.1937), AtMYB12 (A. thaliana AC002535), AtMYB79 (A. thaliana AY133705), AtMYB48 (A. thaliana AF272733), AtMYB59 (A. thaliana AF062894), AtMYB112 (A. thaliana AY008377), Craterostigma plantagineum CPM10 (C. plantagineum U33915), Craterostigma plantagineum CPM7 (C. plantagineum U33917), Craterostigma plantagineum CPM5 (C. plantagineum U33916), Populus hybrid MYB5 (Populus hybrid, BU828641), Beta vulgaris MYB2 (B. vulgaris BQ583496), Pisum sativum MYB26 (P. sativum Y11105), AtMYB21 (A. thaliana AK118439), Beta vulgaris MYB3 (B. vulgaris BQ584246), Physcomitrella patens MYB2 (P. patens BJ185183), Lotus japonicus MYB1 (L. japonicus EST contig LJtuc02-10-21.2112), Hordeum vulgare MYB1 (H. vulgare X70879), Pinus taeda MYB4 (P. taeda BQ701670), Pinus taeda MYB2 (P. taeda AW011253), AtMYB5 (A. thaliana X90380), AtWER (A. thaliana AF126399), Populus hybrid MYB3 (Populus hybrid BU837990), Populus hybrid MYB2 (Populus hybrid BU830456), AtGL1 (A. thaliana M79448), Solanum tuberosum TSF (S. tuberosum AF122054), AtMYB82 (A. thaliana AF048841), AtMYB114 (A. thaliana AY008379), Petunia hybrida AN2 (Petunia x hybrida AF146702), Lycopersicon esculentum THM27 (L. esculentum X95296), AtMYB3 (A. thaliana AY072543), AtMYB103 (A. thaliana AF214116), Lycopersicon esculentum THM1 (L. esculentum X95297), Lotus japonicus MYB3 (L. japonicus AV421932), Nicotiana tabacum LBM1 (N. tabacum AB028649), Lycopersicon esculentum MYB1 (L. esculentum EST contig LEtuc02-10-21.1457), AtMYB15 (A. thaliana X90384), AtMYB58 (A. thaliana AF062893), AtMYB10 (A. thaliana AF062862), AtMYB102 (A. thaliana AY087252), Mesembryanthemum crystallinum MYB2 (M. crystallinum BG269414), AtMYB30 (A. thaliana AF250339), Beta vulgaris MYB1 (B. vulgaris EST contig BVSVtuc03-04-08.2130), AtMYB96 (A. thaliana AB015469), AtMYB94 (A. thaliana BT002802), Lycopersicon esculentum THM6 (L. esculentum X99134), Antirrhinum majus MIXTA (A. majus AJ006292), Nicotiana tabacum MYBAS1 (N. tabacum AF198499), Nicotiana tabacum MYBAS2 (N. tabacum AF198498), Petunia hybrida MYBPH3 (Petunia x hybrida Z13998), ZmC1 (Z. mays M37153), AtMYB105 (A. thaliana AF249308), AtMYB89 (A. thaliana AF175995), AtMYB100 (A. thaliana AF176004), AtMYB119 (A. thaliana AF371978), AtMYB98 (A. thaliana AF176003), AtMYB1 (A. thaliana D10936), AtMYB70 (A. thaliana AF062903), Beta vulgaris MYB4 (B. vulgaris EST contig BVSVtuc03-04-08.3011), Drosophila melanogaster DMYB (D. melanogaster X05939), Mus musculus cMYB (M. musculus X02774), Xenopus laevis MYB (X. laevis L22741), AtMYB3R5 (A. thaliana AF371976), Adiantum raddianum MYB3R-1 (A. raddianum AF190304), Physcomitrella patens MYB3R-1 (P. patens AF189786), Hordeum vulgare MYB3R-1 (H. vulgare AF189788), AtMYB3R1 (A. thaliana AF151646), AtMYB3R1 (A. thaliana AF151647), Homo sapiens cMYB (H. sapiens AF104863), OsMYB1 (O. sativa D88617), Lotus japonicus MYB2 (L. japonicus AV408163), Populus hybrid MYB1 (Populus hybrid EST contig PTPTtuc-03-04-25.4490), AtMYB4 (A. thaliana BT006302), Populus hybrid MYB4 (Populus hybrid BU836215), AtMYB65 (A. thaliana BT003940), AtMYB104 (A. thaliana AC005623), Chlamydomonas reinhardtii MYBa, MYBb and MYBc (genomic fragments from C. reinhardtii database), Neurospora crassa MYB-1 (N. crassa AF006202), Emericella nidulans FlbD (E. nidulans U19882), Chlamydomonas reinhardtii MYBd (C. reinhardtii AV396320), AtMYB124 (A. thaliana AF371982), Schizosaccharomyces pombe REB1-like (S. pombe NP_594730), Guillardia theta REB1 (G. theta nucleomorph NC_002751), Mus musculus DMP1 (M. musculus U70017), AtMybST1 (A. thaliana AL16154), Mesembryanthemum crystallinum CSP1 (M. crystallinum AF219972), AtARR2 (A. thaliana AB016472), AtGLK2 (A. thaliana AY028368), ZmG2 (Z. mays AF298118), Saccharomyces cerevisiae TEC1 (S. cerevisiae M32797). 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