CHAPTER 11 TEST: THE URBAN MOSAIC
1. Which of the following criteria would best be used to define an urban social culture region?
A. language
B. race
C. national origin
D. income
E. ethnic affiliation
2. You have been given an assignment based on a census tract where you live. Using 1950 and
1990 census data, you are to map and analyze changes in population numbers, age structure,
and education and income levels. Which of the following statements are correct concerning
this assignment?
A. You will be mapping formal regions.
B. The stated criteria define social culture regions.
C. Your maps will most likely reveal neighborhoods.
D. Your maps might include ethnic culture neighborhoods.
E. All of the above.
3. Which of the following best represents a "multiple-factor urban social area"?
A. Census Trace 1157.11
B. a 100 percent African-American neighborhood
C. a street of aging real estate and aging residents
D. all houses on the Kingsway Post Office delivery route
E.
a six-block area that is 56 percent Asian, where half of its adults have at least one
year of college, and there is an average household yearly income of $45,000
4. A relatively small unit of social interaction where people link a sense of community to a
particular locale is best defined as a(n)
A. ethnic area.
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CHAPTER 11 TEST: THE URBAN MOSAIC
B. social area.
C. neighborhood.
D. political area.
E. territory.
5. All of the following statements about neighborhoods are correct EXCEPT
A. they are defined by both insiders and outsiders.
B. they can contain both social and ethnic diversity.
C.
cohesion might derive from common interests in light of a temporary issue or
problem.
D. they incorporate territorial identity.
E. they emphasize social homogeneity.
6. Homeless people are deprived of
A. a permanent home.
B. traditional social networks.
C. a permanent neighborhood.
D. all of the above.
E. none of the above.
7. According to Jennifer Wolch and Stacy Rowe, homeless women in Los Angeles established
_____ in order to cope with their needs of physical security and food supply.
A. squatter settlements
B. skid-row residence
C. new social ties
D. economic relations with merchants
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E. themselves with various missions
8. Many–if not most–contemporary urbanites
A. identify with easily defined neighborhoods.
B. live in perpetually undifferentiated residential areas.
C. have no attachment to place at all.
D. come together when threatened with political change.
E. live in areas defined by residence instead of neighborhood.
9. The patterns we see in the city result from thousands of individual decisions regarding
A. monetary expenditure.
B. morphology.
C. residence.
D. neighborhoods.
E. location.
10. Sanyo Bank decides to build a new office structure in downtown Dallas. The decision is a
_____ force.
A. centralizing
B. decentralizing
C. diffusionary
D. agglomeration
E. all of the above
11. Which of the following is NOT normally an economic advantage of the North American
inner city?
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CHAPTER 11 TEST: THE URBAN MOSAIC
A. accessibility
B. agglomeration
C. transportation
D. prestige
E. clustering
12. Newport Beach, California has one of the highest densities of P.O. boxes in North America
because many businesses want this place as their address. Newport must be a
A. community in transition.
B. retirement community.
C. social area.
D. prestigious place.
E. central place.
13. All of the following are related EXCEPT
A. centralization
B. accessibility
C. agglomeration
D. clustering
E. lateralization
14. One of the most important reasons for agglomeration in the CBD today is
A. for bigger profits.
B. the need for face-to-face communication.
C. accessibility to warehouses.
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D. to be near customers.
E. to facilitate deliveries.
15. Decentralization forces encourage
A. relocation diffusion.
B. suburbanization.
C. separation of urban rich and poor.
D. all of the above.
E. none of the above.
16. A major department store closes its downtown store and reopens in a suburban shopping
mall. This relocation diffusion is caused by a need for
A. space for expansion.
B. relatively cheap land in the suburbs.
C. accessibility to potential customers who now live in the suburbs.
D. agglomeration with other stores in the mall.
E. automobile access with plenty of parking.
17. Which of the following is NOT a part of the decentralizing city?
A. office parks
B. industrial parks
C. gentrification
D. new housing tracts
E. suburban malls
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CHAPTER 11 TEST: THE URBAN MOSAIC
18. If railroads converge in a city such as Chicago or St. Louis, why would factories move to
the suburban fringe?
Because trucking is now more important than rail transport and major highways
A.
encircle cities.
B. Because railroad facilities have been decentralized.
C. Since noxious industries are no longer permitted in inner cities, they have relocated.
Air transport is now the most important means of moving freight and airports are
D.
outside the city.
E. Agglomeration is no longer significant.
19. Residents of suburbia and occupants of industrial parks can share the costs of utilities and
maintenance. This means that they are taking advantage of
A. clustering.
B. codependency.
C. central location.
D. cheap land costs.
E. relocation.
20. The first suburbs served as "bedroom communities"
A. where the rich built residential villas away from the turmoil of the inner city.
B. where blocks of sleeping apartments were built for the lower classes.
C. from which people commuted to work in other suburbs.
D. from which people commuted to their work in the central city.
E. where the middle class both lived and worked.
21. You live in Tustin, a suburban community in the greater Los Angeles region. You drive to
work in an industrial park in Irvine, another suburban community. You are a(n) _____
commuter.
A. inverse
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B. literal
C. lateral
D. flyway
E. bedroom
22. Which of the following was NOT a national public policy effecting urban decentralization?
A. Federal Highway Act of 1956
B. FHA long-term loans for new housing
C.
"unbiased professional" rating of neighborhoods prior to granting FHA-insured
loans
D. redevelopment projects
E. restrictive covenants
23. Property deeds restricting the sale of property to certain "undesirable" groups contained
A. red-lining clauses
B. restrictive laws
C. retroactive rules
D. restrictive covenants
E. rent and cover clauses
24. Maps indicating the location and potential spread of African-American families often
served as the basis for what has been called _____ to demarcate areas considered as high
risk for loans.
A. crab-grassing
B. penciling
C. red-lining
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D. black marking
E. red-outing
25. The United States Housing Act of 1937
A. led to the construction of many low-income housing units in the suburbs.
B. led to the construction of many low-income housing units in the inner city.
C.
required municipalities to build low-income housing at a ration of one-to-one with
new, single family homes.
D.
required that public housing be built on vacant lots and that older housing be
renovated at the same time.
E. offered low-income families guaranteed loans to build housing in the suburbs.
26. According to Kenneth Jackson, in his book The Crabgrass Frontier, the result of the public
housing policy of the United States was all of the following EXCEPT
A. racial segregation.
B. decentralization of crime and poverty.
C. concentration of the disadvantaged in inner cities.
D. reinforcement of the image of suburbia as a place of refuge.
E. encouragement of white flight to the suburbs.
27. When you drive home from work, you pass a mixture of farmland, industrial parks, and
suburban tract-home construction. You are witnessing _____ development.
A. lateral
B. land use
C. red-line
D. checkerboard
E. relocation
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CHAPTER 11 TEST: THE URBAN MOSAIC
28. Low-density, checkerboard development areas exact high social, economic, and
environmental costs because of the
A. need for public transportation.
B. increased use of cars.
C. expense of buying the remaining farmland.
D. lack of access to services.
E. difficulties incurred with in-filling.
29. Which of the following is NOT a cost of decentralization?
A. loss of farmland
B. inner-city poverty
C. leap-frog development
D. increased air pollution
E. gentrification
30. In-filling takes place when a city
A. redevelops its decaying inner city.
B. develops empty areas of its checkerboard sprawl.
C. brings services to outlying suburbs.
D. builds tract homes on farmlands.
E. decentralizes industries and offices.
31. Which of the following statements about gentrification is NOT correct?
A. Commercial gentrification usually follows residential gentrification.
B. New consumption patterns are introduced into the inner city.
C. In the 1970s, declining inner city land values attracted middle-class capital
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investment.
D.
The infusion of new capital into the inner city housing market triggers a rise in
property values, thereby benefitting the poor.
E. Middle-class people move into deteriorated areas of city centers.
32. While gentrification might result in an attractive landscape, there are costs to be considered.
All of the following are potential costs EXCEPT
A. displacement of lower-income people into peripheral areas.
B. racial and ethnic tensions.
C. visible reminder of uneven distribution of wealth.
D. separation of commercial and residential districts.
E. elimination of diversity and heterogeneity.
33. Gentrification of the post-war period has provided the opportunity for _____ to reshape
entire communities including housing, businesses, and cultural institutions.
A. retirees
B. public-sector investment
C. gays and lesbians
D. historic preservationists
E. young families with children
34. Inner-city gentrified locations are most attractive to
A. widows and widowers.
B. young urban professionals without children.
C. young urban professionals with children.
D. retired couples.
E. single-parent families.
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CHAPTER 11 TEST: THE URBAN MOSAIC
35. All of the following are important concepts related to the ecosystem approach EXCEPT
A. input.
B. storage.
C. feedback.
D. consequence.
E. output.
36. When the concept of feedback is considered we are recognizing _____ in the urban
ecosystem.
A. interconnectivity
B. interrelationships
C. change
D. all of the above
E. none of the above
37. Spatial patterns frequently express the close link between urban development and
A. site preparation.
B. energy and capital.
C. transportation.
D. level terrain.
E. water quality.
38. An urban heat island is produced because
1. a city generates heat.
2. runoff reduces water available for evaporation.
3. concrete areas tend to store heat longer.
4. the evaporative process releases heat which is then trapped between buildings.
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CHAPTER 11 TEST: THE URBAN MOSAIC
5. in the summer, more heat is generated from the ground than is solar-produced.
A. 1 only
B. 1, 2, and 3
C. 1 and 3
D. 1, 2, 3, and 4
E. 1, 2, 3, and 5
39. It rains more in cities than in the countryside because there are more available _____ in
urban areas.
A. heat particles.
B. dust particles.
C. heat islands.
D. cloud formations.
E. pollutants.
40. Within the city _____ are usually the greatest consumers of water.
A. public parks
B. industries
C. downtowns
D. residential areas
E. fire departments
41. An examination of urban spatial patterns in the United States shows that development has
avoided certain areas such as
A. floodplains.
B. earthquake faults.
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C. creep zones.
D. all of the above.
E. none of the above.
42. Recent studies demonstrate that about two-thirds of North American cities are comprised of
A. asphalt and concrete.
B. trees and plants.
C. plastic and glass.
D. aluminum and steel.
E. wood and stucco.
43. Urban vegetation is very important because it plays a role in
A. noise control.
B. regulating available light.
C. modifying temperature.
D. terrain stability.
E. all of the above.
44. The street where you grew up is no longer residential. All the houses have been replaced by
a shopping mall on one side of the street and a car dealership on the other. Your street has
experienced the process of
A. segregation.
B. specialization.
C. succession.
D. invasion.
E. all of the above.
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CHAPTER 11 TEST: THE URBAN MOSAIC
45. The concentric zone model of urban development most closely resembles the city of
A. New York.
B. Cincinnati.
C. Chicago.
D. San Francisco.
E. Washington, D.C.
46. Match the urban development model (1-3) with the spatial concept (4-6) it best represents.
1. concentric
2. sector
3. multiple nuclei
4. economic rent
5. specialization
6. decentralization
A. 1 and 5/ 2 and 4/ 3 and 6
B. 1 and 6/ 2 and 4/ 3 and 5
C. 1 and 4/ 2 and 5/ 3 and 6
D. 1 and 6/ 2 and 5/ 3 and 4
E. 1 and 4/ 2 and 6/ 3 and 5
47. According to the concentric zone model, Chicago's "Gold Coast" should be part of the (zone
of)
A. CBD.
B. high-income residential.
C. blue-collar residential.
D. transition.
E. better housing.
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CHAPTER 11 TEST: THE URBAN MOSAIC
48. Transportation plays its most important role in the _____ model of urban development.
A. sector
B. concentric ring
C. multiple nuclei
D. Burgess
E. Harris
49. In the sector model of urban development, high rents would be associated with all of the
following EXCEPT
A. accessibility to CBD.
B. high ground.
C. waterfronts.
D. open space.
E. level land.
50. Freeways often rip through ethnic ghettos and low-income areas because
A. they were built on the cheapest land.
B. there were superimposed on existing urban landscapes.
C. poor people did not have political power to mount effective opposition.
D. all of the above.
E. none of the above.
51. The three traditional models of urban development can be rightly criticized for
A. ignoring dual-income families and single-woman headed households.
B. focusing on the single factor of residential differentiation.
C. stressing only economic trade-offs for land use.
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D. all of the above.
E. none of the above.
52. Why would a middle-class woman with one child choose to live in a gentrified
neighborhood?
A. to find suburban-type amenities.
B. to have access to a wider array of employment opportunities.
C. to be able to combine domestic and wage labor.
D. all of the above.
E. none of the above.
53. Women were studying urban problems in the early decades of the twentieth century, yet
their research has been largely ignored until recently. For example, Abbott, Breckinridge,
and Rankin Jeter _____ in Chicago.
A. showed the roles of landlords and racism in housing allocation
B. demonstrated the limited applicability of the concentric zone model
C. revealed the role of public policy in infrastructure development
D. all of the above
E. none of the above
54. Which of the following is NOT a component of the apartheid city?
A. group areas
B. colored areas
C. townships
D. segregated areas
E. hostile areas
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55. The Soviet city was focused on
A. market demands.
B. privacy.
C. segregation of activities.
D. equitability.
E. amenities.
56. In the CIS, centralized planning has fallen to
A. Chechnya.
B. Troika.
C. Perestroyka.
D. Petersburg.
E. master planning.
57. A major difference between Latin American and North American cities is that, in Latin
American cities,
A. the zone of transition houses the elite.
B. CBDs are dynamic and increasingly specialized.
C. amenities cluster in the CBD.
D. new industry is confined to the zone of accretion.
E. the most recent migrants locate in the zone of accretion.
58. In Latin American cities, the elite
A. cluster in residential compounds on the city periphery.
B. confine themselves in the zone of accretion.
C. live primarily in old colonial homes in the inner-city zone of maturity.
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D. are concentrated in a sector next to the commercial spine.
E. live in CBD luxury apartments.
59. Squatter settlements
A. have city services such as sewage disposal and electricity.
B. locate in the zone of transition.
C. are close to factories for employment access.
D. are built from poor quality materials donated by the government.
E. are temporary neighborhoods.
60. When viewing the city as landscape, we are focusing on
A. static landscapes.
B. contemporary land use patterns.
C. landscape change over time.
D. the impact of public policy.
E. historic preservation.
61. Which of the following is NOT one of Donald Meinig's symbolic townscapes of the United
States?
A. Main Street of middle America
B. California suburbia
C. New England village
D. the string street of a small Midwestern town
E. gentrified San Francisco
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62. Elite landscapes are controlled and managed to
A. symbolize status through conspicuous consumption.
B. reinforce class and status categories.
C. maintain differentiation from lower-status landscapes.
D. all of the above.
E. none of the above.
63. Which of the following is NOT an important element in Kevin Lynch's mental maps of
cities?
A. pathways
B. nodes
C. districts
D. symbols
E. edges
64. Kevin Lynch found that _____ is a city of low legibility.
A. Los Angeles
B. Jersey City
C. New York City
D. Chicago
E. Miami
65. Which of the following features characterize shopping malls?
1. dramatic exterior signage
2. near major freeway or beltway
3. in low-income areas
4. extensive parking
5. tertiary activities
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A. 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5
B. 2, 3, 4, and 5
C. 2, 3, 4, and 5
D. 2, 4, and 5
E. 1, 2, and 4
66. Large department stores that occupy the ends of mall wings are called _____ stores.
A. keystone
B. mega
C. anchor
D. chain
E. high-function
67. After the workplace and home, most Americans spend their time
A. camping in the wilderness.
B. in shopping malls.
C. window shopping on main streets.
D. in sporting activities.
E. visiting friends in their homes.
68. When considering shopping malls as "theaters of consumption" we are focusing on
A. consumers making irrational purchases in spending frenzies.
B. features of physical design and atmosphere influencing customer behavior.
C. the popularity of "mallingering."
D. the role of the mall as social center.
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E. the relationship between consumers and mall management.
69. Unlike the marketplaces of earlier times, shopping malls are _____ spaces.
A. private
B. public
C. consumer
D. commercial
E. social
70. When people "mallinger" in a shopping mall, they are there for _____ purposes.
A. purely leisure
B. economic interchange
C. economic and noneconomic
D. consumerism
E. retail and service
71. Which of the following urban phenomena is NOT closely related to the other four?
A. office park
B. edge city
C. high-tech corridor
D. central-city
E. master-planned community
72. High-tech corridors
A. are located along limited-access highways.
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B. are linear.
C. contain many high rises.
D. are characterized by small-scale in-filling.
E. none of the above.
73. A key feature of master-planned communities is
A. that they are built and controlled by residents themselves.
B. the incorporation of a mega-mall for mallingering.
C. a festival setting.
individual control over architectural style, color of paint, and orientation of house
D.
on the lot.
E. land use restrictions and zoning controls.
74. Festival settings frequently
A. focus on historic waterfronts.
B. center on multi-use redevelopment schemes.
C. involve gentrification.
D. all of the above.
E. none of the above
75. Festival settings
A. are carefully designed to avoid conspicuous consumption of wealth.
B. are designed to blend well architecturally with surrounding communities.
C. provide social and economic benefits to neighboring portions of the inner city.
D. all of the above.
E. none of the above.
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76. You are riding a bicycle in a residential neighborhood. This is a boring place. You can
barely see the houses because of walls and gates. Endless sidewalks are unmarked with
street furniture, not a bench or even a post box. You are riding through what urbanist Mike
Davis calls _____ space.
A. undesirable
B. militarized
C. megamized
D. master-planned
E. homogeneous
77. Militarized and malled landscapes reduce the amount of _____ space.
A. homogeneous
B. urban
C. social
D. public
E. pedestrian
78. Public space is declining because of the development of
A. festival market places.
B. enclosed, overhead walkways.
C. communication phenomena.
D. all of the above.
E. none of the above.
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