Nucleophile
Electrophile
Alkanes to Haloalkanes
Alkanes to Alkenes
Nucleus seeker
Negatively charges ions, e.g. carbanions and hydroxide ions.
Electron seeker
Positively charged ions, e.g. carbocations; hydrogen ions.
Free Radical Substitution
1. Initiation
2. Propagation
3. Termination
Dehydrogenation
Alkenes to Haloalkanes
Alkenes to di-Haloalkanes
Haloalkanes to Ethers
Haloalkanes to Amines
Electrophilic Addition
Markovnivov’s Rule
Electrophilic Addition
Nucleophilic Substitution
Alcohol in dry Sodium
NucleophilicSubsitution
Haloalkanes to Nitriles
Haloalkanes to Alcohols
Alcohols to Acid Chlorides
Acid Chlorides to Esters
NucleophilicSubsitution
Potassium cyanide in alcohol
‘Chain lengthening’
Nucleophilic substitution
KOH in water
Alkanes to Aromatics
Benzene to Halobenzene
‘Halogenation’
Benzene to Benzene Sulphonic Acid
‘Sulphonation’
Benzene to Nitrobenzene
‘Nitration’
Reforming
Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution
Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution
Nitrating Mixture – concentrated H2SO4 and HNO3
Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution
Benzene to Alkylbenzene
‘Alkylation’
Initiation
Propagation
Termination
Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution
Primary Alcohol to Aldehyde
Aldehyde to Carboxylic Acid
Secondary Alcohol to Ketone
Alcohol to Ester
Oxidation
Acidified potassium dichromate
Oxidation
Acidified potassium dichromate
Oxidation
Acidified potassium dichromate
Condensation
Concentrated H2SO4 as catalyst
Carboxylic Acid to Ester
Carboxylic Acid to Salts
SN1
Condensation
Concentrated H2SO4 as catalyst
Neutralisation
Homolytic Fission
Heterolytic Fission
SN2
The bonded electrons separate equally – one to each of the
bonded atoms.
e.g. H : Cl → H •
+
Cl •
The bonded electrons do not separate equally – both of the
shared electrons go to one of the atoms.
H : Br → H+
+ : Br -
Haloalkanes to Alkenes
Alkenes to Alcohols
Alcohols to Alkenes
Carboxylic Acid to Alcohol
Elimination
Electrophilic Addition
‘Acid catalysed addition of water’
‘Catalytic Hydration’
‘Dehydration’
Concentrated H2SO4
H3PO4
Reduction
LiAlH4 in ether