I E A
S T AT I S T I C S
CO2 EMISSIONS
FROM FUEL COMBUSTION
H I G H L I G H T S
2009
E D I T I O N
Please note that this
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CO2 EMISSIONS
FROM FUEL COMBUSTION
In the lead-up to the UN climate negotiations in Copenhagen, the latest information
on the level and growth of CO2 emissions, their source and geographic distribution
will be essential to lay the foundation for a global agreement. To provide input to
and support for the UN process the IEA is making available – both earlier and for
free download – the “Highlights” version of CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion.
This annual publication contains:
• estimates of CO2 emissions by country from 1971 to 2007,
• selected indicators such as CO2/GDP, CO2/capita, CO2/TPES and CO2/kWh,
•CO2 emissions from international marine and aviation bunkers, and other
relevant information.
The fifteenth session of the Conference of the Parties to the Climate Change
Convention (COP 15), in conjunction with the fifth meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto
Protocol (CMP 5), will be meeting in Copenhagen from 7 to 18 December 2009.
This volume of “Highlights”, drawn from the full-scale study, was specially designed
for delegations and observers of the meetings in Copenhagen and the preparatory
meeting in Bangkok.
CO2 EMISSIONS
FROM FUEL COMBUSTION
H I G H L I G H T S
2009
E D I T I O N
IEA member countries:
Australia
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY
Austria
Belgium
The International Energy Agency (IEA) is an autonomous body which was established in
November 1974 within the framework of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation
and Development (OECD) to implement an international energy programme.
Canada
Czech Republic
It carries out a comprehensive programme of energy co-operation among twenty-eight
of the thirty OECD member countries. The basic aims of the IEA are:
Denmark
n To maintain and improve systems for coping with oil supply disruptions.
Finland
n To promote rational energy policies in a global context through co-operative
relations with non-member countries, industry and international organisations.
France
n To operate a permanent information system on international oil markets.
n To provide data on other aspects of international energy markets.
Germany
n To improve the world’s energy supply and demand structure by developing
alternative energy sources and increasing the efficiency of energy use.
Greece
n To promote international collaboration on energy technology.
Hungary
n To assist in the integration of environmental and energy
policies, including relating to climate change.
Ireland
Italy
Japan
Korea (Republic of)
Luxembourg
Netherlands
New Zealand
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Slovak Republic
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Turkey
United Kingdom
United States
The European Commission
also participates in
the work of the IEA.
ORGANISATION FOR
ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION
AND DEVELOPMENT
The OECD is a unique forum where the governments
of thirty democracies work together to address the
economic, social and environmental challenges of
globalisation. The OECD is also at the forefront of
efforts to understand and to help governments
respond to new developments and concerns,
such as corporate governance, the information
economy and the challenges of an ageing
population. The Organisation provides a setting
where governments can compare policy
experiences, seek answers to common
problems, identify good practice and
work to co-ordinate domestic and
international policies.
© OECD/IEA, 2009
International Energy Agency (IEA)
9 rue de la Fédération, 75739 Paris Cedex 15, France
Please note that this publication is subject to specific restrictions
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available online at www.iea.org/about/copyright.asp
CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION Highlights (2009 Edition) - 3
FOREWORD
In the lead-up to the UN climate negotiations in Copenhagen the latest information on the level and growth of
CO2 emissions, their source and geographic distribution will be essential to lay the foundation for a global agreement. To provide input to and support for the UN process, the IEA is making available – both earlier and for free
download – the “Highlights” version of CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion. The PDF publication and an
EXCEL file with the tables can be downloaded for free at http://www.iea.org/co2highlights.
Recent years have witnessed a fundamental change in the way governments approach energy-related environmental issues. Promoting sustainable development and combating climate change have become integral aspects of
energy planning, analysis and policy making in many countries, including all IEA member states.
The purpose of this volume is to put our best and most current information in the hands of those who need it, including in particular the participants in the UNFCCC process. The IEA Secretariat is a contributor to the official
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) methodologies for estimating greenhouse-gas emissions. The
IEA’s basic energy balance data are the figures most often cited in the field. For these reasons, we felt it appropriate to publish this information in a comprehensive form.
These data are only for energy-related CO2, not for any other greenhouse gases. Thus they may differ from countries' official submissions of emissions inventories to the UNFCCC Secretariat.
However, the full-scale study contains data for CO2 from non-energy-related sources and gas flaring, and emissions of CH4, N2O, HFC, PFC and SF6. In addition, the full-scale study also includes information on “Key
Sources” from fuel combustion, as developed in the IPCC Good Practice Guidance and Uncertainty Management
in National Greenhouse Gas Inventories.
This report is published under my responsibility as Executive Director of the IEA and does not necessarily reflect
the views of IEA member countries.
Nobuo Tanaka
Executive Director
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY
4 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION Highlights (2009 Edition)
Important cautionary notes
•
•
•
The estimates of CO2 emissions from fuel combustion presented in this publication are calculated using
the IEA energy balances and the default methods and emission factors from the Revised 1996 IPCC
Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. There are many reasons why the IEA Secretariat
estimates may not be the same as the numbers that a country submits to the UNFCCC, even if a
country has accounted for all of its energy use and correctly applied the IPCC Guidelines.
In this publication, the IEA Secretariat presents CO2 emissions calculated using both the IPCC Reference Approach and the IPCC Tier 1 Sectoral Approach. In some of the OECD non-member countries,
there can be large differences between the two sets of calculations due to various problems in some
energy data. As a consequence, this can lead to different emission trends between 1990 and 2007 for certain countries. Please see Chapter 2, “IEA emissions estimates” for further details.
Information on “key sources” from fuel combustion, as developed in the IPCC Good Practice Guidance
and Uncertainty Management in National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, are only given for combustion
sources and will not include key sources from fugitive emissions, industrial processes, solvents, agriculture and waste. Please see Chapter 2, “IEA emissions estimates” for further information.
Energy data on OECD member and non-member
countries are collected by the Energy Statistics Division
(ESD) of the IEA Secretariat, headed by Jean-Yves
Garnier. Karen Tréanton, with the assistance of Stève
Gervais, is responsible for the estimates of CO2 emissions
from fuel combustion. Desktop publishing support
was provided by Sharon Burghgraeve.
CO2 emission estimates from 1960 to 2007 for the
Annex II countries and from 1971 to 2007 for all
other countries are available on CD-ROM suitable for
use on IBM-compatible personal computers. To order,
please see the information provided at the end of this
publication.
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY
In addition, a data service is available on the Internet.
It includes unlimited access through an annual
subscription as well as the possibility to obtain data
on a pay-per-view basis. Details are available at
http://www.iea.org.
Enquiries about data or methodology should be
addressed to:
Karen Tréanton:
Telephone: (+33-1) 40-57-66-33,
Fax: (+33-1) 40-57-66-49,
E-mail: [email protected].
CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION Highlights (2009 Edition) - 5
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. THE ENERGY - CLIMATE CHALLENGE ................................................................................... 7
2. IEA EMISSIONS ESTIMATES ......................................................................................................27
Inventory quality................................................................................................................................................. 27
Reference Approach vs. Sectoral Approach ....................................................................................................... 27
Differences between IEA estimates and UNFCCC submissions ........................................................................ 28
Key sources......................................................................................................................................................... 30
Notes on tables and graphs ................................................................................................................................. 31
Country notes ...................................................................................................................................................... 33
3. INDICATORS .................................................................................................................................... 35
Population ........................................................................................................................................................... 35
GDP .................................................................................................................................................................... 35
CO2 emissions..................................................................................................................................................... 36
Electricity and heat output .................................................................................................................................. 36
Ratios .................................................................................................................................................................. 36
4. GEOGRAPHICAL COVERAGE ................................................................................................... 39
5. SUMMARY TABLES .......................................................................................................................43
CO2 emissions: Sectoral Approach ..................................................................................................................... 44
CO2 emissions: Reference Approach.................................................................................................................. 56
CO2 emissions from international marine bunkers ............................................................................................. 59
CO2 emissions from international aviation bunkers ........................................................................................... 62
Total primary energy supply ............................................................................................................................... 65
GDP using exchange rates .................................................................................................................................. 71
GDP using purchasing power parities ................................................................................................................ 74
Population ........................................................................................................................................................... 77
CO2 emissions / TPES ........................................................................................................................................ 80
CO2 emissions / GDP using exchange rates ....................................................................................................... 83
CO2 emissions / GDP using purchasing power parities ...................................................................................... 86
CO2 emissions / population ................................................................................................................................ 89
Per capita emissions by sector in 2007 ............................................................................................................... 92
Per capita emissions with electricity and heat allocated to consuming sectors in 2007 ..................................... 95
Electricity and heat output .................................................................................................................................. 98
CO2 emissions per kWh from electricity and heat generation .......................................................................... 101
6. GLOBAL TOTAL ........................................................................................................................... 113
World ................................................................................................................................................................ 114
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY
CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION Highlights (2009 Edition) - 7
1. THE ENERGY - CLIMATE CHALLENGE
Energy and climate change
In its Fourth Assessment Report,1 the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)2 concluded,
“Most of the observed increase in global average temperatures since the mid-20th century is very likely due
to the observed increase in anthropogenic greenhousegas concentrations”. The language “very likely” has
been upgraded from the “likely” that was referred to
six years earlier in the Third Assessment Report, thus
confirming the broad acceptance by scientists of the
link between greenhouse-gas emissions and global
climate change. Energy production and use has various environmental implications: since energy represents about 65% of global anthropogenic greenhousegas emissions, reducing emissions must necessarily
start with actions geared to reduce emissions from
fuel combustion.
Greenhouse gases and global warming
The increased concentrations of key greenhouse gases
(GHG) are a direct consequence of human activities.
Since anthropogenic greenhouse gases accumulate in
the atmosphere, they produce net warming by
strengthening the natural “greenhouse effect”.
1. IPCC Fourth Assessment Report – Climate Change 2007, available
at http://www.ipcc.ch. In the summary for Policymakers, the following
terms have been used to indicate the assessed likelihood, using expert
judgement, of an outcome or a result: Virtually certain > 99% probability
of occurrence, Extremely likely > 95%, Very likely > 90%, Likely > 66%,
More likely than not > 50%, Unlikely < 33%, Very unlikely < 10%,
Extremely unlikely < 5%.
2. The IPCC was created in 1988 by the World Meteorological Organisation and the United Nations Environment Programme to assess
scientific, technical and socio-economic information relevant for the
understanding of climate change, its potential impacts, and options for
adaptation and mitigation.
Carbon dioxide (CO2) has been increasing over the
past century compared to the rather steady level of the
pre-industrial era (about 280 parts per million in volume,
or ppmv). The 2005 concentration of CO2 (379 ppmv)
was about 35% higher than a century and a half ago,
with the fastest growth occurring in the last ten years
(1.9 ppmv/year in the period 1995-2005). Comparable
growth has also occurred in levels of methane (CH4)
and nitrous oxide (N2O).
Some impacts of the increased greenhouse-gas concentrations may be slow to become apparent since
stability is an inherent characteristic of the interacting
climate, ecological and socio-economic systems. Even
after stabilisation of the atmospheric concentration of
CO2, anthropogenic warming and sea level rise would
continue for centuries due to the time scales associated with climate processes and feedbacks. Some
changes in the climate system would be effectively
irreversible.
Given the long lifetime of CO2 in the atmosphere, stabilising concentrations of greenhouse gases at any
level would require large reductions of global CO2
emissions from current levels. The lower the chosen
level for stabilisation, the sooner the decline in global
CO2 emissions would need to begin, or the deeper the
emission reduction would need to be on the longer term.
The 1992 UN Framework Convention on Climate
Change (UNFCCC)3 creates a structure for intergovernmental efforts to tackle the challenge posed by
climate change. The Convention’s ultimate objective
is to stabilise GHG concentrations in the atmosphere
at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic
3. See http://unfccc.int.
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY
8 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION Highlights (2009 Edition)
interference with the climate system. This would require significant reductions in global greenhouse-gas
emissions.
Energy use and greenhouse gases
Among the many human activities that produce
greenhouse gases the use of energy represents by far
the largest source of emissions. As seen in Figure 1,
energy accounts for over 80% of the anthropogenic
greenhouse gases in Annex I countries, with emissions
resulting from the production, transformation, handling and consumption of all kinds of energy commodities. Smaller shares correspond to agriculture,
producing mainly CH4 and N2O from domestic livestock and rice cultivation, and to industrial processes
not related to energy, producing mainly fluorinated
gases and N2O.
Figure 1. Shares of anthropogenic greenhouse-gas
emissions in Annex I countries, 2006*
CO2 from energy represents about 80% of the anthropogenic greenhouse-gas emissions for the Annex I
countries5 and about 60% of global emissions. This
percentage varies greatly by country, due to diverse
national energy structures.
Worldwide economic stability and development require
energy. Global total primary energy supply (TPES)
doubled between 1971 and 2007, mainly relying on
fossil fuels (Figure 2). However, with the current economic crisis, early indicators suggest that growth in
TPES slowed in 2008 and may have declined in 2009.
Figure 2. World primary energy supply*
Gt of oil equivalent
14
12
18%
10
8
6
14%
82%
4
2
0
Waste 3%
Agriculture
7%
86%
1971
Energy 83%
CO2 94%
Industrial
processes
7%
Non fossil
* World primary energy supply includes international bunkers.
CH4 5%
N2O 1%
* Based on Annex I data for 2006; without Land Use, Land-Use
Change and Forestry, and with Solvent Use included in
Industrial Processes.
Source: UNFCCC.
Key point: Accounting for the largest share of global
greenhouse-gas emissions, energy emissions are predominantly CO2.
The energy sector is dominated by the direct combustion of fuels,4 a process leading to large emissions of
CO2. A by-product of fuel combustion, CO2 results
from the oxidation of carbon in fuels (in perfect combustion conditions, the total carbon content of fuels
would be converted to CO2).
4. Energy includes emissions from “fuel combustion” (the large majority) and “fugitive emissions”, which are intentional or unintentional
releases of gases resulting from production, processes, transmission,
storage and use of fuels (e.g. CH4 emissions from coal mining or oil and
gas systems).
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY
2007
Fossil
Key point: Fossil fuels still account for most of the
world energy supply.
Despite the growth of non-fossil energy (such as nuclear and hydropower) considered as non-emitting,6
fossil fuels have maintained their shares of the world
energy supply relatively unchanged over the course of
the past 35 years. In 2007, fossil sources accounted
for 82% of the global TPES.
Still dependent upon fossil fuels, the growing world
energy demand clearly plays a key role in the
5. Based on Annex I countries. The Annex I Parties to the UNFCCC
are: Australia, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Croatia,
Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, European Economic Community,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy,
Japan, Latvia, Lichtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Monaco, the
Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, the Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom and United States.
6. Excluding the life cycle of all non-emitting sources and excluding
combustion of biomass (considered as non-emitting CO2, based on the
assumption that the released carbon will be reabsorbed by biomass regrowth, under balanced conditions).
CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION Highlights (2009 Edition) - 9
observed upward trends in CO2 emissions (Figure 3).
Since the Industrial Revolution, annual CO2 emissions
from fuel combustion dramatically increased from
near zero to 29 Gt CO2 in 2007.
Scrutinising the sources of
CO2 emissions
Trends in CO2 emissions from fuel combustion illustrate the need for the global economy to shape a more
sustainable energy future, with special emphasis first
on the industrialised nations, with the highest per capita
incomes and that are responsible for the bulk of cumulative emissions. However, with the rapidly growing
energy demand of developing countries, it is important that they also strive to use energy in a rational
way. Energy Technology Perspectives 2008 shows
that enhancing energy efficiency and reducing the
carbon intensity of a supply largely reliant on fossil
fuels are fundamental steps towards a global lowcarbon energy system.
Figure 3. Trend in CO2 emissions from
fossil fuel combustion
Gt CO2
32
28
24
20
16
12
8
4
Annual snapshot: 2006-2007
0
1870
1890
1910
1930
1950
1970
1990
2006
Source: Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge
National Laboratory, US Department of Energy, Oak Ridge,
Tenn., United States.
Key point: Since 1870, CO2 emissions from fuel combustion have risen exponentially.
The World Energy Outlook7 projects that world energy
supply will rise by 40% between 2007 and 2030. With
fossil fuels remaining at around 80% of TPES, CO2
emissions from fuel combustion are consequently expected to continue their growth unabated, reaching
40.2 Gt CO2 by 2030. Such an emission-growth trend
would be in line with the worst-case scenario presented in the IPCC report,8 which projects a world
average temperature change between 2.4 and 6.4°C by
2100.
The link between climate change and energy is a part
of the larger challenge of sustainable development.
The socio-economic and technological characteristics
of development paths will strongly affect emissions,
the rate and magnitude of climate change, climate
change impacts, the capability to adapt and the capacity to mitigate the emissions themselves.
Global CO2 emissions increased by 0.9 Gt CO2 between 2006 and 2007, primarily due to an increase in
the coal demand of developing countries (Figure 4,
non-Annex I Parties to the UNFCCC). This represented a growth rate of 3% in CO2 emissions, identical to that of the previous year. However, as with
TPES, early indicators suggest that growth in emissions slowed in 2008 and may have declined in 2009
as a result of the global economic crisis.
Figure 4. Global change in CO2 emissions
(2006-2007)
Mt CO2
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
-100
Coal
Oil
Gas
Annex I
Other
Total
Non-Annex I
Key point: Combustion of coal in developing countries drove the growth in global emissions between
2006 and 2007.
7. Unless otherwise specified, projections from the World Energy
Outlook refer to the Reference Scenario from the IEA information
paper “How the Energy Sector can Deliver on a Climate Agreement in
Copenhagen”, a special early excerpt of the World Energy Outlook
2009 for the Bangkok UNFCCC meeting.
8. IPCC Fourth Assessment Report – Climate Change 2007.
In the future, coal is expected to satisfy much of the
growing energy demand of those developing countries, such as China and India, where energy-intensive
industrial production is growing rapidly and large coal
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY
10 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION Highlights (2009 Edition)
reserves exist with limited reserves of other energy
sources. Energy Technology Perspectives 2008 shows
that intensified use of coal would substantially increase the emissions of CO2 unless there was very
widespread deployment of carbon capture and storage.
Fuel contribution to CO2 emissions
Though coal represented only a quarter of the world
TPES in 2007, as shown in Figure 5, it accounted for
42% of the global CO2 emissions due to its heavy carbon content per unit of energy released. As compared
to gas, coal is on average nearly twice as emission
intensive.9 Without additional measures, the World
Energy Outlook projects that coal supply will grow
from 3 184 million tonnes of oil equivalent (Mtoe) in
2007 to 4 887 Mtoe in 2030.
Figure 5. World primary energy supply and
CO2 emissions: shares by fuel in 2007
Emissions by region
The dramatic increase of non-Annex I emissions
between 2006 and 2007, seen in Figure 4 above,
corroborated the growth already observed over the
last decade. Figure 6 shows trends over the period
1971-2007, highlighting changes in the relative
contributions from major world regions.
Figure 6. Trends in regional CO2 emissions
Gt CO2
30
25
20
15
10
Percent share
5
0
TPES
34%
26%
21%
1971
19%
Annex II
CO2
38%
42%
1990
Annex I EIT
2007
Asia*
Other**
* Asia includes Korea and excludes Japan (which is included in
Annex II).
20%
** Other includes Africa, Latin America, Middle East, non-Annex I
EIT, Turkey, international bunkers, and, for 1971, Annex I EIT.
0%
20%
40%
Oil
Coal
60%
Gas
80%
100%
Other*
* Other includes nuclear, hydro, geothermal, solar, tide, wind,
combustible renewables and waste.
Key point: Coal generates about twice the CO2 emissions of gas, despite having a comparable share in the
world energy supply.
Oil still dominates TPES, with a share of 34% in
2007. However, the share of oil in TPES decreased by
about ten percentage points since 1971, largely counterbalanced by the penetration of gas. The supply of gas
in 2007 was almost three times higher than in 1971
and its share in emissions increased by five percentage points over that period.
Observed and projected trends in TPES and CO2
emissions vary greatly by country, depending on
stages of economic development and related energy
choices, as illustrated in the next section.
9. IPCC default carbon emission factors from the 1996 IPCC Guidelines: 15.3 t C/TJ for gas, 16.8 to 27.5 t C/TJ for oil products, 25.8 to
29.1 t C/TJ for primary coal products.
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY
Key point: Asian emissions will soon rival those of
Annex II.
Between 1971 and 2007, global emissions doubled,
with industrialised countries (Annex II Parties to the
UNFCCC10) dominating historical totals. However, the
share of Annex II progressively shrank (61% in 1971,
47% in 1990 and 39% in 2007), as developing countries, led by Asia, increased at a much faster rate. Between 1990 and 2007, CO2 emissions rose by 108% for
non-Annex I countries as a whole and more than doubled for Asia. This is in contrast to the 15% growth
which occurred in the Annex II countries. The growth
in Asian emissions reflects a striking rate of economic
development, particularly within China and India.
10. The original Annex II Parties to the UNFCCC are Australia,
Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, European Economic Community,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan,
Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Monaco, Netherlands, New Zealand,
Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, United Kingdom
and United States. Turkey was removed from Annex II on 28 June 2002.
CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION Highlights (2009 Edition) - 11
Emissions from the group of countries with economies in transition (Annex I EIT11) followed a peculiar
path due to a rapid decline in industrial productivity
subsequent to the 1989 collapse of their centrally
planned economies. Between 1990 and 2000, the EIT
emissions declined by 36%. Emissions in the Former
Soviet Union alone fell by over 1.4 Gt CO2, or 39%,
between 1990 and 2000. However, this trend was reversed in recent years.
Regional differences in contributions to global
emissions conceal even larger differences among
individual countries (Figure 7). Two-thirds of world
emissions for 2007 originated from just ten countries,
with the shares of China and the United States far
surpassing those of all others. Combined, these two
countries alone produced 11.8 Gt CO2, about 41% of
world CO2 emissions. In 2007, China overtook the
United States to become the world’s largest emitter of
CO2 emissions from fuel combustion.
Figure 7. Top 10 emitting countries in 2007
2
4
6
In 2007, China, the United States, the Russian
Federation, India and Japan, the largest five emitters,
produced together 55% of the global CO2 emissions,
50% of the world GDP and comprised 46% of the
total population. However, for all three variables, the
relative shares of these five countries within the
subtotal of the group were very diverse (Figure 8).
Figure 8. Top 5 emitting countries:
relative shares in 2007
Percent share
100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
Gt CO2
0
Coupling emissions with socio-economic
indicators13
8
0%
CO2
China
China
United States
GDP*
United States
Russian Federation
Population
India
Japan
* GDP using purchasing power parities.
Russian Federation
Note: this is not “world shares”, but “relative shares” within the
Top 5.
India
Key point: Within the Top 5 emitting countries, the
relative share of CO2 emissions does not necessarily
follow those of GDP and population.
Japan
Germany
Canada
United Kingdom
Korea
Iran
Top-10 total: 18.8 Gt CO2
World total: 29.0 Gt CO2
Key point: The Top 10 emitting countries account for
about two-thirds of the world CO2 emissions.
This Top 10 group, which includes countries of very
diverse economic structures, also produced 61% of the
global GDP.12 As detailed in the following section,
economic output and CO2 emissions are generally
strongly linked.
11. Annex I EIT Parties include: Belarus, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech
Republic, Slovak Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland,
Romania, Russia, Slovenia and Ukraine.
12. In this discussion, GDP refers to GDP using purchasing power
parities.
In 2007, the United States alone generated 20% of
world CO2 emissions, despite a population of less than
5% of the global total. Conversely, China, contributing to a comparable share of world emissions (21%),
accounted for 20% of the world population. India,
with 17% of world population contributed less than
5% of the CO2 emissions. Thus, the levels of per capita emissions were very diverse, ranging from one
tonne of CO2 per capita for India and five tonnes for
China to 19 tonnes for the United States.
In the United States, the large share of global
emissions is associated with a commensurate share of
economic output (GDP), the largest in the world.
While the high per capita emissions of the United
States in 2007 were comparable to those of 1971, its
13. No single indicator can provide a complete picture of a country’s
CO2 emissions performance or its relative capacity to reduce emissions.
The indicators discussed here provide some guidance but are certainly
incomplete.
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY
12 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION Highlights (2009 Edition)
emissions intensity in terms of economic output
(CO2/GDP) was about half, due to energy efficiency
improvements and to economic growth in less-CO2intensive sectors over the 36-year period.
With a GDP more than double that of the Russian
Federation, Japan emits 22% less. As illustrated by
major world regions, economies can achieve quite
diverse emission efficiencies (Figure 9).
Figure 9. CO2 emissions per GDP*
by major world regions in 2007
Kg CO2 per US$
The ratio of CO2 emissions per GDP responds to
changes in energy intensity (energy per unit of GDP)
and in the CO2 intensity of the fuel mix (CO2 per unit
of energy).15 For example, industrialised countries
witnessed a rapid reduction in emissions per unit of
GDP between 1973 and 1990, following the oil price
shocks of the 1970s, through a decline in their energy
intensity. On the contrary, even on a global scale, the
CO2 intensity of the fuel mix (as measured for example by the ratio of CO2/TPES) has remained rather
constant between 1971 and 2007 as fossil fuels continued to dominate the global energy supply.
As compared to emissions per unit of GDP, the range
of per capita emissions levels across the world is even
larger (Figure 10), highlighting wide divergences in
the way different regions use energy.
World
Middle East
Annex I EIT
China**
Figure 10. CO2 emissions per population
by major world regions in 2007
Other Non-Annex I
Annex II North America
T CO2 per capita
Annex II Pacific
World
Africa
Asia excluding China
Annex II Europe
Annex II North America
Latin America
Annex II Pacific
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Annex I EIT
Annex II Europe
* GDP in 2000 US$ using purchasing power parities.
** China includes Hong Kong.
Key point: Emissions intensity in economic terms
varies greatly around the world.
Worldwide, the highest levels of emissions per GDP
are observed for the oil and gas exporting region of
the Middle East, for the relatively energy-intensive
EITs and for China. The rapid decoupling of emissions
from economic growth that characterised the Chinese
economy during the 1980s and 1990s has recently
slowed and reversed, as noted in subsequent sections.
Middle East
Other Non-Annex I
China*
Latin America
Asia excluding China
Africa
0
5
10
15
20
* China includes Hong Kong.
Key point: Emissions per capita vary even more
widely across world regions than GDP per capita.
Relatively high values of emissions per GDP indicate
a potential for decoupling CO2 emissions from economic growth. Possible improvements can derive
from fuel switching away from carbon-intensive
sources or from energy efficiency at all stages of the
energy supply chain (from fuel extraction to energy
end-use).14
Industrialised countries emit far larger amounts of
CO2 per capita than the world average. However,
some rapidly expanding economies are significantly
increasing their emissions per capita. For example,
between 1990 and 2007, China more than doubled its
per capita emissions and India increased them by
14. The IEA has developed a database on policies and measures taken
or planned in IEA Member countries, Russia, and five of the world’s
most powerful developing economies. Comprising records collected
over six years, the database provides a comprehensive annual update of
the policy making process in place since 2000. The online database is
available at: http://www.iea.org/textbase/effi/index.asp. Another data-
base on Global Renewable Energy Policies and Measures provides
information on policies and measures taken or planned to encourage
the uptake of renewable energy and can be consulted at
http://renewables.iea.org.
15. See discussion in Energy Technology Perspectives 2008, IEA,
2008, p. 71.
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY
CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION Highlights (2009 Edition) - 13
more than two-thirds. Clearly, these two countries
contributed much to the 10% increase of global per
capita emissions over the period.
Indicators such as those briefly discussed in this section
strongly reflect energy constraints and choices made to
supply the economic activities of each country. They
also reflect the sectors that predominate in different
countries’ economies. The major sectors driving the
observed growth in global emissions are discussed in
the next section.
Emissions by sector
In 2007, two sectors, electricity and heat generation
and transport, produced nearly two-thirds of the
global CO2 emissions (Figure 11). The emissions of
these same sectors also increased at faster rates than
global emissions (60% and 45%, respectively, versus
the average 38%, between 1990 and 2007).
Figure 11. World CO2 emissions by sector
Other*
16%
1971 Total emissions:
14.1 Gt CO2
Electricity
and heat
27%
Residential
10%
Transport
20%
Industry
27%
2007 Total emissions:
29.0 Gt CO2
Residential
6%
Other*
10%
Electricity
and heat
41%
almost twice as high as in 2007, driven by rapid
growth in population and income in developing
countries, by the continuing increase in the number of
electrical devices used in homes and commercial
buildings, and by the growth in electrically-driven
industrial processes.
Worldwide, the generation of electricity and heat
relies heavily on coal, the most carbon-intensive of
fossil fuels, amplifying the sector’s share in global
emissions. Countries such as Australia, China, India,
Poland and South Africa produce between 68% and
95% of their electricity and heat through the
combustion of coal.
Fossil fuels provide over 70% of the world electricity
and heat generation (Figure 12). Coal, the dominant
source, supplied 41% of the generation in 2007. In
non-Annex I countries, the share of coal in electricity
and heat generation increased from 43% in 1992 to
53% in 2007. On the contrary, the share of oil generally decreased across the world (from 12% in 1992 to
6% in 2007 globally). Gas grew significantly in industrialised countries as a result of their fuel switching
efforts: Annex II countries increased the share of gas
in electricity and heat generation from 12% in 1992 to
23% in 2007. The future development of the emissions intensity of this sector depends strongly on the
fuels that are used to generate the electricity and on the
share of non-emitting sources, such as renewables and
nuclear. As an indication, Box 1 presents productspecific implied emission factors per unit of electricity
produced.
Figure 12. Coal, oil and gas:
shares in world electricity and heat generation*
80%
70%
Industry
20%
60%
Transport
23%
* Other includes commercial/public services, agriculture/forestry,
fishing, energy industries other than electricity and heat
generation, and other emissions not specified elsewhere.
Key point: Between 1971 and 2007, the combined
share of electricity and heat generation and transport
jumped from one-half to two-thirds of global emissions.
Generation of electricity and heat was responsible in
2007 for 41% of the world total CO2 emissions, as
compared to 27% in 1971. By 2030, the World Energy
Outlook projects that demand for electricity will be
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
1992**
2007
Coal
Oil
Gas
* Refers to main activity producers and autoproducers of electricity and heat.
**Complete data on heat production for 1990 is not available.
Key point: World electricity and heat generation
increasingly rely on coal.
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY
14 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION Highlights (2009 Edition)
Box 1: Implied emission factors
from electricity and heat generation
Summary tables presenting CO2 emissions per kWh from
electricity and heat generation by country are presented in the
full-scale study. However, these values will vary enormously
depending on the fuel mix of individual countries. Average
implied emission factors by individual product for this sector
are presented below. These values represent the average
grammes of CO2 per kWh of electricity and heat produced in
the OECD member countries between 2005 and 2007. These
figures will reflect any problems that may occur in net calorific
values or in input/output efficiencies. Consequently, these values
are given as an approximation and actual values may vary
considerably.
Fuel
Anthracite *
g CO2 / kWh
870
Coking coal *
710
Other bituminous coal
840
Sub-bituminous coal
930
Lignite/brown coal
950
Patent fuel
860
Coke oven coke *
500
BKB/peat briquettes *
400
Coke oven gas *
370
Blast furnace gas *
2200
Oxygen steel furnace gas *
1900
Natural gas
380
Crude oil *
640
Natural gas liquids *
560
Liquefied petroleum gases *
480
Kerosene *
630
Gas/diesel oil *
750
Residual fuel oil
650
Petroleum coke *
950
570
Industrial waste *
450-1600
Municipal waste (non-renewable) *
450-1900
* These fuels represent less than 1% of electricity and heat
output in the OECD. Values will be less reliable and should be
used with caution.
While electricity and heat generation draws from
various energy sources, the transport sector relies
almost entirely on oil (94% of the energy used for
transport came from oil in 2007). The share of
transport in global oil emissions was close to 60% in
2007, as shown in Figure 13. While CO2 emissions
from oil consumption in most sectors remained nearly
steady in absolute terms since 1971, those of transport
more than doubled. Dominated by road traffic, this
end-use sector is the strongest driver of world
dependence on oil.
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY
12
10
13%
6%
8
14%
8%
17%
10%
6
21%
4
13%
2
59%
39%
0
1971
Transport
Electricity and heat
2007
Residential
Other*
* Other includes commercial/public services, agriculture/forestry,
fishing, energy industries other than electricity and heat generation, and other emissions not specified elsewhere.
Key point: With a share that increased by about 50%
since 1971, transport dominates emissions from oil.
720-1200
Gas works gas *
Peat *
Figure 13. CO2 emissions from oil
Gt CO2
Economic growth contributes to the increasing demand for transport, both for personal mobility and for
shipping goods. For example, the United States has
the highest level of travel per capita in the world
(more than 25 000 kilometres per person per year). In
addition, larger incomes favour the switch to faster
modes: air travel is the most rapidly growing mode of
transport in industrialised countries, while growth in
car travel is first in developing countries. Car ownership
generally grows with increasing income per capita.
As for energy intensity and consequent emissions, relatively high fuel prices provide an incentive for more
efficient vehicles. In the United States (until recently),
lower fuel prices have contributed to a trend towards
the use of larger vehicles, while in Europe higher fuel
prices have helped encourage improved fuel economy
(along with the EU voluntary agreement with manufacturers). As a result, there is more than a 50% variation
in the average fuel consumption of new light-duty vehicles across OECD member countries.16
Global demand for transport appears unlikely to
decrease in the foreseeable future; the World Energy
Outlook projects that transport will grow by 45% by
2030. To limit the emissions from this sector, policy
makers first and foremost should consider measures to
encourage or require improved vehicle efficiency, as the
United States has recently done and the European
16. Energy Technology Perspectives 2008, IEA, 2008, p. 435.
CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION Highlights (2009 Edition) - 15
Box 2: Biofuels
Compatible with many conventional engines and blendable with current transport fuels, biofuels have the potential to contribute to
energy security by diversifying supply sources for transport and to reduce greenhouse-gas emissions. However, the economic,
environmental and social benefits of the current generation of biofuels vary enormously.
Though there are important uncertainties about their efficacy in reducing GHG emissions, biofuels can be classified on the
basis of their well-to-wheel performance with respect to conventional fossil fuels. When ethanol is derived from corn, the wellto-wheel greenhouse-gas reduction with respect to conventional gasoline is typically in the range of 10 to 30%. The reduction is
much higher for sugarcane-based ethanol from Brazil, reaching an estimated 90%. Similarly, oilseed-derived biodiesel leads to
greenhouse-gas reductions, on a well-to-wheel basis, of 40% to 60% when compared to conventional petroleum diesel.
“Second generation” biofuels, derived from non-food crops such as trees and perennial grasses, have the potential to
dramatically expand the scope for very low-carbon biofuels production. However these biofuels are still under development.
None of these estimates takes into account the possibility that changes in land use from starting biofuels production can result
in one-time releases of CO2 that could be quite large; more research is needed into the impacts of both direct and indirect landuse change and how to minimise adverse impacts.
For both current and second generation biofuels, production cost is the main barrier to a larger penetration of biofuels in the
transport fuel mix. Without subsidies, only ethanol from sugarcane produced in Brazil has been competitive with petroleum fuels,
although this may change with the higher oil prices occurring recently. The cost barrier is such that market introduction of biofuels
has typically required substantial regulatory intervention and governmental support.
Currently, several countries have mandated or promoted biofuel blending standards to displace oil in domestic transport supply. In
Brazil, gasoline contains 20-25% ethanol. Furthermore, 95% of the cars purchased in Brazil in 2008 can run on either 100%
ethanol or on the gasoline/ethanol blend. With recent high oil prices, most drivers are choosing to operate these vehicles mainly on
ethanol. In 2006, the United States introduced mandatory standards and these were extended in 2007 under the EISA law.
Blending requirements will reach 12.9 billion gallons in 2010 and 36 billion gallons by 2022 (of which more than half will be
required to be advanced biofuels and about one-third cellulosic).
Several years ago the European Union introduced a target for biofuel use equivalent to 2% of the market share of motor fuel by
2005 (although it was not reached) and 5.75% by the end of 2010, while the target for renewable energy sources in transport for
2020 is now set at 10%. The current legislation also requires "sustainability criteria" favouring biofuels derived from waste,
residues, non-food cellulosic material, and lignocellulosic material in order to prevent mass investment in potentially
environmentally harmful biofuels. Australia (New South Wales and Queensland) and Canada are also mandating the use of
biofuels, as are a number of OECD non-member countries.
For the future, it is crucial that policies foster innovation and support the most sustainable biofuels only, through a continuous
monitoring and assessment of their effectiveness in reducing GHG emissions and in providing benefits for rural workers. Suitable
land availability and potential influence of biofuel production on global food prices also need to be carefully monitored, taking into
account all global food, fibre and energy needs for the growing world population out to 2100. However, barriers to the commercial
viability of biofuels shrink as technologies evolve and as prices of conventional fossil fuels remain high. Moreover, if well managed
and coordinated with investments in infrastructures and agriculture, biofuels can provide an opportunity for increasing land productivity and creating economic development, in particular in rural areas.
Union is currently doing as a follow-up to the voluntary
agreements. Policies that encourage a shift from cars to
public transportation and to lower-emission modes of
transportation can also help. Finally, policies can
encourage a shift to new, preferably low-carbon fuels.
These include electricity (e.g. electric and plug-in
hybrid vehicles), hydrogen (e.g. through the
introduction of fuel cell vehicles) and greater use of
biofuels (e.g. as a blend in gasoline and diesel fuel,
Box 2).
These policies would both reduce the environmental
impact of transport and help to secure domestic fuel
supplies sometimes unsettled by the geopolitics of oil
trade. As they will ease demand growth, these policies
are also likely to help reduce oil prices below what
they otherwise might be.
The importance of electricity generation and
transport in shaping global CO2 emissions is
apparent in Figures 14 and 15, which detail the
contributions from individual sectors to trends of the
socio-economic indicators discussed in previous
sections such as CO2 emissions per GDP and CO2
emissions per capita.
The world average per capita carbon intensity
remained fairly constant between 1971 and 2001.
Since then it has been steadily increasing, with 2007
levels 14% above those of 2001. However, this trend
concealed a significant rise in the emissions per capita
of electricity generation and transport. Between 1971
and 2007, the emissions per capita for these two
sectors grew by 82% and 32%, respectively. The
growth in the number of people accessing electricity
and the growth in electricity infrastructure contributed
significantly to this rise.
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY
16 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION Highlights (2009 Edition)
Figure 14. Per capita emissions by sector
Figure 15. Per GDP* emissions by sector
1971=100
1971=100
200
120
175
100
150
80
125
60
100
40
75
50
20
1971
1977
Elec.+ heat
Residential
1983
1989
1995
2001
Transport
Total
2007
Industry
Key point: Relative to the almost-stable average emissions per capita, those of power generation and
transport have grown markedly since 1971.
Overall, the emissions intensity of the world economy, in
terms of CO2 per GDP, declined by 41% between 1971
and 2007. However, the electricity and heat sector
slowed the global decoupling between emissions and
economic growth with a decrease in emissions per
global unit of GDP of only 9% over that period.
Power generation and transport challenge the
sustainability of both the global economy and the
environment. This is particularly pronounced for
developing countries that increased their emissions
from these two sectors, respectively, by three times
and by one and a half times faster than the global
average between 1990 and 2007. Access to modern
energy services is crucial to eradicating poverty and
for economic development of these countries and the
challenge will be to help developing countries use
energy in a rational way.
Strong energy efficiency gains, the increased use of
new technologies for road transport and the
decarbonisation of electricity supply (both through a
shift toward less carbon-intensive fuels such as natural
gas and renewables and through the introduction of
CO2 capture and storage) are some of the potential
means to achieve a more sustainable energy path.17
Investment decisions taken over the next few years
will have a huge long-term impact, since energy systems
could be locked into a fuel mix for about 50 years,
and consequently into a CO2 emissions trajectory, that
may be difficult to change.
17. Energy Technology Perspectives 2008, IEA, 2008.
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY
1971
1977
Elec.+ heat
Residential
1983
1989
1995
Transport
Total
2001
2007
Industry
* GDP using purchasing power parities.
Key point: Generation of electricity and heat and to a
lesser extent transport have slowed down the global
decoupling of emissions from economic growth.
The BRICS countries
One of the most important recent developments in
the world economy is the increasing economic integration of large OECD non-member countries, in
particular Brazil, the Russian Federation, India,
China and South Africa, the so-called BRICS countries. Already, the BRICS represent over one-fourth
of world GDP, up from 18% in 1990. In 2007, these
five countries represented 30% of global energy use
and 33% of CO2 emissions from fuel combustion
(Figure 16). These shares are likely to rise further in
coming years, if the ongoing strong economic performance currently enjoyed by most of these countries continues, as many commentators expect. In
fact, China, the Russian Federation and India are
already three of the four countries that emit the most
CO2 emissions in absolute terms.
This brief discussion focuses on the BRICS countries, of
which only the Russian Federation is a member of
Annex I. Each of these countries has very different
endemic resources, energy supply constraints and sectoral consumption patterns. Consequently, the issues
relating to CO2 emissions that these five countries are
facing are quite different.
CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION Highlights (2009 Edition) - 17
Figure 16. The growing importance
of the BRICS countries
Gt CO2
16
NonAnnex I Annex I
Annex I
14
12
Other
NonAnnex I
10
Other
Annex I NonAnnex I
8
6
Brazil
South Africa
Other
Annex I
India
Other
NonAnnex I
4
India
2
China
Brazil
South Africa
Russian China
Bunkers
Fed.
0
1990
Bunkers
Russian
Fed.
2007
Key point: With the exception of the Russian Federation,
the BRICS countries represent a growing share of
CO2 emissions in the world.
Brazil
Brazil is the fifth largest emitter of GHGs in the world,
with the particularity that the country’s energy system
has a relatively minor impact on GHG emissions
(only 19%). The bulk of Brazilian GHG emissions
(81%) come, instead, from agriculture, land-use and
forestry activities, mainly through the expansion of
agricultural frontiers in the Amazon region.
Compared to the Russian Federation, China and India,
CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in Brazil are
small, representing only 1.2% of global CO2 emissions from fuel combustion. Brazil’s energy matrix is
one of the cleanest in the world with renewables accounting for 45% of TPES. Brazil is also one of the
world’s largest producers of hydropower. Within the
energy sector, the sub-sectors that contribute the most
to total GHG emissions - the transport sector (42% in
2007) and the industrial sector (31%) - are also the
ones that are likely to grow the most over the next
years.
Electricity generation relies heavily on hydropower.
Over the last three decades, the number of major
dams has grown steadily and hydropower accounted
for 84% of the total in 2007. Many of Brazil's
hydropower generating facilities are located far away
from the main demand centres, resulting in high
transmission and distribution losses. Droughts in
recent years have led to a wider diversification in the
electricity production mix, increasing the use of gas.
In 2008, the government announced plans to build
two new hydroelectric plants along Brazil’s borders
with Argentina and Bolivia, representing 12 GW of
new generation capacity. In addition, Suez Energy
won a tender to build a 3.3 GW hydropower plant
near Brasilia. However, unclear regulation of the
power sector remains a source of concern.
Environmental issues have also delayed some of the
large hydropower projects.
Figure 18. Brazil: Electricity generation by fuel
TWh
500
450
Figure 17. Brazil: CO2 emissions by sector
400
Mt CO2
350
400
300
250
350
200
300
150
250
100
200
50
150
0
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004
100
50
Coal/peat
Oil
Gas
Nuclear
Hydro
2007
Other
0
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004
Electricity and heat
Manuf. ind. and construction
Residential
2007
Other energy industries
Transport
Other
Key point: The transport sector produces the largest
share of CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in Brazil.
Key point: Brazilian electricity generation draws
heavily on hydropower.
In 2007, the Brazilian government announced the development of five new nuclear power plants amid
concerns about the risk of power-supply shortages
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY
18 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION Highlights (2009 Edition)
beyond 2012 unless Brazil builds new capacity. The
government's 2030 National Energy Plan anticipates
5.3 GW of additional installed generation capacity
from new nuclear plants (Angra 3 and four other
plants) by 2030. Moreover, electricity produced from
cogeneration, mainly from sugarcane bagasse, is to
make up 11.4% of the country’s electricity supply by
2030.
Biofuels supply a comparatively significant share of the
energy consumed for road transport (Figure 19). As
such, Brazilian transport has a relatively low CO2
emissions intensity.18 CO2 emissions per unit of fuel
consumed in road traffic are 10% lower than the
world average (2.6 versus 2.9 t CO2 per toe).
Figure 19: Share of biofuels energy
in road transport (2007)
18%
15%
12%
9%
6%
3%
0%
United States
European Union
Brazil
Key point: Brazil’s relative consumption of biofuels
far outstrips that of any other country.
Brazil is the world’s largest exporter and consumer of
fuel ethanol from sugarcane.19 In 2007, Brazil produced
390 000 bbl/d of ethanol, up from 306 000 bbl/d in
2006. Currently, cars that can run on either 100%
ethanol or a gasoline-anhydrous ethanol blend represent more than 80% of the new cars purchased in Brazil (an estimated 1.3 million in 2006) and cost the
same as cars that can only run on conventional fuel.
The commercial viability of biofuels in Brazil reflects
both an economy well-suited to large-scale sugarcane
production and several decades of government intervention through the Brazilian Alcohol Programme
(Proalcool) launched in the 1970s. The government
18. Box 2 provides a more complete discussion on the advantages and
limitations of using biofuels to replace oil. Note: CO2 emissions intensity considers the tank-to-wheel emissions and assumes that the CO2
emissions derived from the combustion of biomass are zero.
19. In 2005, the United States displaced Brazil as the largest ethanol
producer, although mainly derived from corn and not sugarcane.
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY
offered a variety of incentives, including low-interest
loans to build distilleries and favourable pricing relative to gasoline. Mandatory ethanol blending targets
were set up for 1977 (4.5% of the gasoline, by volume) and during the 1980s (20-25%). After experiencing severe problems in the 1990s,20 the program
has now become the largest commercial application of
biomass for energy production and use in the world.
Brazil’s profile as an energy producer will be transformed in the medium term, following the discovery
in November 2007 of a major deepwater oilfield in the
Santos Basin. Brazil’s oil and gas reserves are currently estimated at 14 billion barrels.
Russian Federation
The Russian Federation is the only one of the BRICS
countries where CO2 emissions fell between 1990 and
2007, with a 27% drop over the period. The economic
downturn after the break-up of the Former Soviet
Union caused emissions to fall by 34% between 1990
and 1998. CO2 emissions grew in 1999 and 2000 (3% a
year) due to the Russian Federation’s strong economic
recovery, stimulated by the increase in world energy
prices. CO2 emissions remained fairly constant for the
next five years. After a 4% increase in 2006, the CO2
emissions were stable in 2007. The World Energy
Outlook projects the Russian Federation CO2 emissions
will continue to increase steadily, and in 2030 will
represent around 90% of the estimated 1990 level.
CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in the Russian
Federation have stabilised following the collapse of
the Former Soviet Union. However, other sources of
greenhouse gases, in particular CH4 emissions from
leaks in the oil and gas transmission/distribution
system and CO2 emissions from flaring of associated
gas represent an important share of the Russian GHG
20. By the mid-1980s more than three-quarters of the 800 000 cars
could run on ethanol. However, when sugar prices rose sharply in
1989, sugarcane growers diverted crops to the export market, and a
severe shortage of ethanol occurred in the second quarter of 1989. This
shortage resulted in a loss of consumer confidence in the security of
ethanol supply and discredited ProAlcool. In response, the government
authorised ethanol imports and Brazil became the world’s largest
importer of ethanol. Brazilian drivers as well as Brazilian car makers
were left in disarray for lack of fuel and, as a result, ethanol fell into
discredit for some time. By the end of the 1990s, the sales of ethanolfuelled cars amounted to less than 1% of total annual auto sales
because fuel manufacturers could not assure hydrous-ethanol
consumers security of supply. The turning points took place in the late
1990s with the price liberalisation of ethanol and sugar and in 2003
when car manufacturers (beginning with Volkswagen) introduced the
“flex fuel” car, which gave consumers the choice and resilience to buy
any combination of the cheapest fuel while protecting them from any
fuel shortages. Over the whole period, industry was able to achieve
remarkable improvements in productivity and cost reductions.
CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION Highlights (2009 Edition) - 19
emissions. To effectively reduce GHG emissions from
energy, these two problems would also need to be
addressed.21
Mt CO2
Figure 20. Russian Federation:
CO2 emissions by sector
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004
Electricity and heat
Manuf. ind. and construction
Residential
2007
Other energy industries
Transport
Other
Of the BRICS countries, in 2007, the Russian Federation
had the highest CO2 emissions per capita (11.2 t CO2),
which put it close to the average of OECD member
countries (11.0 t CO2). In terms of CO2/GDP, the
Russian Federation’s economy remains CO2 intensive
with 1.0 kg CO2 per unit of GDP, more than 2.5 times
higher than the OECD average. Canada, whose geography and natural resources are comparable to those of
the Russian Federation, has a carbon intensity of
0.5 kg CO2/US$ – half of the Russian Federation’s
level. However, IEA statistics show a reduction of the
Russian Federation’s energy intensity of GDP of
about 5% per year since 1998. It is not clear how
much this can be attributed to energy efficiency improvements as opposed to the dramatic increase in
GDP due to the Russian Federation’s much higher oil
and gas-based export earnings.
India
Key point: CO2 emissions in the Russian Federation
have remained fairly constant over the last ten years.
In 2007, the electricity and heat generation sector represented 55% of Russian CO2 emissions, compared to
a global average of 41%. Within this sector, 48% of
the electricity was generated by natural gas, 17% by
coal and only 2% by oil.
Figure 21. Russian Federation:
Electricity generation by fuel
TWh
1200
India emits nearly 5% of global CO2 emissions, and
emissions continue to grow. As with China, CO2
emissions have more than doubled between 1990 and
2007 and the World Energy Outlook projects that CO2
emissions in India will more than double between
2007 and 2030 (increasing by 4.1% per year). A large
share of these emissions is produced by the electricity
and heat sector, which represented 56% of CO2 in
2007, up from 42% in 1990. The transport sector,
which was only 9% of CO2 emissions in 2007, is
growing relatively slowly compared to other sectors
of the economy.
1000
Figure 22. India: CO2 emissions by sector
Mt CO2
800
1400
600
1200
400
1000
200
800
0
600
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004
Coal/peat
Oil
Gas
Nuclear
Hydro
2007
Other
Key point: A large portion of the Russian Federation’s
electricity and heat generation come from nonemitting (nuclear and hydro) or low-emitting (natural
gas) sources.
21. Optimising Russian Natural Gas: Reform and Climate Policy, IEA, 2006.
400
200
0
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004
Electricity and heat
Manuf. ind. and construction
Residential
2007
Other energy industries
Transport
Other
Key point: The bulk of CO2 emissions in India come
from the electricity and heat generation sector and its
share is continuing to grow.
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY
20 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION Highlights (2009 Edition)
In 2007, 68% of electricity came from coal, another
8% from natural gas and 4% from oil. The share of
fossil fuels in the generation mix grew from 73% in
1990 to 85% in 2002. Since then the share of fossil
fuels has declined steadily, falling to 81% in 2007.
Although electricity produced from hydro has actually
increased during this period, the share fell from 25%
in 1990 to 15% in 2007. India is promoting the installation of other renewable power sources into its generation mix. India had an installed capacity of 13 GW of
renewable energy sources on 31 August 2009. Under
its National Action Plan on Climate Change, India
plans to install 20 GW of solar power by 2020. With
an installed wind capacity of 10 GW in July 2009,22
India has the fifth largest installed capacity of wind
power in the world.
Figure 23. India: Electricity generation by fuel
China
With six billion tonnes of CO2 in 2007 (21% of global
emissions), Chinese emissions surpass by far those of the
other BRICS countries – in fact, China overtook the
United States in 2007 as the world’s largest emitter of
energy-related CO2. Chinese CO2 emissions have almost
tripled between 1990 and 2007. The increase was
especially large in the last five years (16% in 2003, 19%
in 2004, 11% in both 2005 and 2006 and 8% in 2007).
The World Energy Outlook Reference Scenario projects
that the growth in Chinese emissions will slow down to
2.9% per year up to 2030. Even with this slower growth,
emissions in 2030 will be almost twice those in 2007.
Figure 24. China: CO2 emissions by sector
Mt CO2
7000
TWh
6000
900
5000
800
4000
700
3000
600
500
2000
400
1000
300
0
200
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004
100
0
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004
Coal/peat
Oil
Gas
Nuclear
Hydro
2007
Other
Key point: About two-thirds of India’s electricity
comes from coal.
Of the BRICS countries, India has the lowest CO2
emissions per capita (1.2 t CO2 in 2007), about onefourth that of the world average. However, due to the
recent large increases in emissions, the ratio is more
than one and a half times that of 1990 and will
continue to grow. But India’s per capita emissions in
2030 will still be well below those in the OECD
member countries today.
Electricity and heat
Manuf. ind. and construction
Residential
2007
Other energy industries
Transport
Other
Key point: For the last five years, China showed dramatic growth in CO2 emissions from electricity and
heat generation.
Since 1990, the electricity and heat generation sector
grew the most, representing 50% of Chinese CO2
emissions in 2007. The transport sector also grew rapidly, but from a much smaller base. The World Energy
Outlook projects that the transport sector will continue
to grow and will go from 7% of the energy demand in
2007 to 12% in 2030.
In terms of CO2/GDP, India has continuously
improved the efficiency of its economy and reduced
the CO2 emissions per unit of GDP by 21% between
1990 and 2007.
Chinese demand for electricity was the largest driver
of the rise in emissions. The rate of capacity additions
peaked in 2006, but in 2008 China still added over
90 GW of new capacity,23 equivalent to the total
installed capacity of Italy. At the same time, it closed
nearly 17 GW of small, inefficient fossil fuel-fired
22. According to the website of the Ministry of New and Renewable
Energy of the Government of India (http://mnes.nic.in).
23. China Electricity Council, China National Power Industry Statistics Flash Report 2008, January 2009.
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY
CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION Highlights (2009 Edition) - 21
plants,24 about the size of Finland’s power sector.
Figure 20 illustrates the growing demand for
electricity generation and the large role played by
coal. Nearly all (99%) of the 1990-2007 emissions
growth from power generation derived from coal.
Figure 25. China: Electricity generation by fuel
TWh
3500
albeit at a much slower rate than in the past. The increasing share of coal in power generation, however,
means that a small decline in energy intensity may
still be paired with an increase in emissions intensity,
as was the case in 2003 and 2004. Although per capita
emissions in China in 2007 were only about one-third
that of the OECD average, they have more than doubled since 1990, with the largest increases occurring
in the last five years.
3000
South Africa
2500
South Africa currently relies for a large part on fossil
fuels as a primary energy source (88% in 2007); with
coal providing most of that. Although South Africa
accounted for 39% of CO2 emissions from fuel
combustion in Africa in 2007, it represented only 1.2%
of the global total. The electricity and heat sector
produced 64% of South Africa’s CO2 emissions in 2007.
2000
1500
1000
500
0
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004
Coal/peat
Oil
Gas
Nuclear
Hydro
2007
Other
Key point: Coal dominates China’s electricity generation and its very fast growth.
In the past few decades, China had experienced a
rapid decoupling of energy consumption and CO2
emissions from economic growth. During the 1980s,
the central government in China reduced industrial
energy intensity by establishing standards and quotas
for the energy supplied to firms and had the authority
to shut off the power supply when enterprises exceeded their limits.25 However, as the Chinese economy has moved towards an open-market operation,
investment in energy conservation as a percentage of
total energy investment has gradually declined.26 Especially since 2003, rapid expansion of heavy industrial
sectors to serve huge infrastructure investments and
burgeoning demand for Chinese products from domestic and overseas consumers pushed up demand for
fossil fuels, and CO2 emissions per unit of GDP actually rose from 2003 to 2005. Still, the 2007
TPES/GDP is 57% less than in 1990, and a recent
push by the government to reduce energy intensity
has helped to resume the long-term intensity decline,
24. National Development and Reform Commission, National Energy
Administration, State Environmental Protection Administration and
China Electricity Council, Status of Nationwide Closures of Small
Thermal Power Units, March 2009.
25. See the complete discussion in Trends in Energy Efficiency Investments in China and the US, Jiang Lin, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 2005.
26. For a discussion on China’s electricity sector, see also China’s
Power Sector Reforms, IEA, 2006.
Coal dominates the South African energy system,
accounting for 72% of primary energy supply and nearly
a quarter of final energy consumption. In 2007, South
Africa generated 95% of its electricity using coal. It
follows that the major climate change issue facing South
Africa is to reduce its greenhouse-gas emissions,
primarily by reducing its reliance on fossil fuels.
Figure 26. South Africa: CO2 emissions by sector
Mt CO2
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004
Electricity and heat
Manuf. ind. and construction
Residential
2007
Other energy industries
Transport
Other
Key point: The largest share of CO2 emissions in
South Africa comes from the electricity and heat sector, but growth remains moderate compared to some
of the other BRICS countries.
Prices of commercial forms of energy in South Africa
are in general quite low by international standards.
Given the relatively lower rate of electrification
(about 88% in urban areas and only 55% in rural
areas), the direct use of commercial forms of energy
by households is more limited. Biomass, and
especially wood, dominates energy use by rural
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY
22 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION Highlights (2009 Edition)
households, generating health and safety problems as
well as concerns about the sustainability of wood
supplies. Over the last 17 years, per capita CO2
emissions in South Africa have remained fairly
constant while emissions per unit of GDP have
decreased by 15%.
Figure 27. South Africa: Electricity generation by fuel
TWh
300
Despite its possible worldwide influence, the Protocol
is limited in its potential to address global emissions
since not all the major emitters are included. The
United States remains outside of its jurisdiction and
though most of the developing countries (i.e. nonAnnex I countries) signed the Protocol, they committed
to no emissions targets. The Kyoto Protocol implies
action on less than a third of global CO2 emissions as
measured in 2007 (Table 1).
The Protocol’s quantitative emissions reductions further engendered a commoditisation of carbon, as detailed in the following examination of emissions
trading schemes.
250
200
150
Emissions trading schemes
100
Emissions trading schemes (ETS) are developing or
being proposed in several regions and countries
around the world. While some have definite and
defined rules in the short term (e.g. EU ETS, ten
Northeastern and Mid-Atlantic US states, New
Zealand, Norway), others have not yet finalised their
precise rules of functioning (e.g. Australia, Canada,
Japan). Nonetheless, even for those schemes in which
trading has commenced, policy makers have allowed
flexibility in the changing design options over the
longer term. Indeed, lessons from the first years of
existing schemes are helping the elaboration of
others.27
50
0
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004
Coal/peat
Oil
Nuclear
Hydro
2007
Other
Key point: South Africa relies almost solely on coal to
produce its electricity.
Development of a carbonconstrained world
Until now, industrialised countries have emitted the
large majority of anthropogenic greenhouse gases.
However, shares of developing countries are rising
very rapidly and are projected to continue to do so. To
shift towards a carbon-constrained world, mitigation
measures now taking shape within industrialised
countries will need to be refined and complemented
by comprehensive efforts worldwide.
International mitigation measures
Complementing various national policies and
measures, the Kyoto Protocol of the UNFCCC is by far
the most comprehensive multinational effort to
mitigate climate change, both politically and
geographically. Having entered into force in February
2005, the Protocol commits industrialised countries to
curb domestic emissions by about 5% as a group
relative to 1990 by the 2008-2012 first commitment
period. The Protocol also creates “flexible mechanisms”
by which industrialised countries can transfer emission
allowances among themselves and earn emission credits
from emissions reductions of developing countries
and countries with economies in transition.
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY
In the European Union, the largest scheme in
operation is the EU ETS. The lessons from its first
phase helped to shape the scheme’s post-2012
design.28 In December 2008, the European Council
and the European Parliament endorsed an agreement
on the climate change and energy package, which
translates into details a political commitment by the
European Union to reduce its GHG emissions by 20%
by 2020 compared to 1990 levels.29 The ETS will play
a key role in achieving this target, as the 2020 cap for
ETS installations is 21% below the actual level of
2005 emissions.30
27. Reinaud, J. and C. Philibert, 2007. Emissions Trading: Trends and
Prospects, IEA information paper.
28. Convery, F., Ellerman, A.D. and C. de Perthuis. 2008. The European Carbon Market in Action: Lessons from the First Trading Period,
APREC research program on the ex-post evaluation of the European
CO2 market, Paris. Downloadable at www.aprec.net.
29. A 30% reduction target is proposed if other Parties were to take
equally ambitious mitigation objectives.
30. Annual cap: 1 974 Mt in 2013, falling in linear fashion to 1 720 Mt
by 2020; average annual cap over 2013-20: 1 846 Mt (compared to an
annual cap of 2 083 Mt in phase 2).
CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION Highlights (2009 Edition) - 23
Mt CO2
Table 1. World CO2 emissions from fuel combustion and Kyoto targets
% change Kyoto
90-07 Target (1)
1990
2007
8 792.2
8 162.1
432.3
572.9
32.5%
432.3
572.9
32.5%
3 158.7
3 281.3
3.9%
Austria
Belgium
Denmark
56.2
107.9
50.4
69.7
106.0
50.5
24.0%
-1.8%
0.2%
-13%
-7.5%
-21%
Finland
France (2)
Germany
Greece
54.4
352.1
950.4
70.1
64.4
369.3
798.4
97.8
18.5%
4.9%
-16.0%
39.5%
0%
0%
-21%
+25%
Africa
Middle East
Non-OECD Europe (3)
Other FSU (3)
Iceland
Ireland
Italy
1.9
30.6
397.8
2.3
44.1
437.6
24.6%
44.1%
10.0%
+10%
+13%
-6.5%
Latin America (3)
Asia (excl. China) (3)
China
Luxembourg
Netherlands
Norway
Portugal
10.5
156.6
28.3
39.3
10.7
182.2
36.9
55.2
2.5%
16.4%
30.6%
40.5%
-28%
-6%
+1%
+27%
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
205.8
52.8
40.7
344.7
46.2
42.2
67.5%
-12.4%
3.6%
+15%
+4%
-8%
United Kingdom
553.0
523.0
-5.4%
-12.5%
1 346.5
259.8
1 065.3
21.3
1 668.1
396.3
1 236.3
35.5
23.9%
52.5%
16.1%
66.4%
+8%
-6%
0%
Economies in Transition 3 854.7
Bulgaria
74.9
Croatia
21.6
Czech Republic
155.4
Estonia
36.2
Hungary
66.7
Latvia
18.4
Lithuania
33.1
Poland
343.7
Romania
167.1
Russian Federation
2 179.9
Slovak Republic
56.7
Slovenia
13.1
Ukraine
687.9
2 639.8
50.2
22.0
122.1
18.0
53.9
8.3
14.4
304.7
91.9
1 587.4
36.8
15.9
314.0
-31.5%
-33.0%
2.1%
-21.4%
-50.1%
-19.1%
-54.6%
-56.4%
-11.4%
-45.0%
-27.2%
-35.1%
21.2%
-54.4%
-8%
-5%
-8%
-8%
-6%
-8%
-8%
-6%
-8%
0%
-8%
-8%
0%
KYOTO PARTIES
North America
Canada
Europe
Pacific
Australia
Japan
New Zealand
-7.2%
2007
11 577.8
19 778.3
70.8%
Non-participating
Annex I Parties
Belarus
Turkey
5 106.3
116.1
126.9
6 097.0
62.7
265.0
19.4%
-46.0%
108.8%
none
none
United States
4 863.3
5 769.3
18.6%
-7%
6 471.5
13 681.3
111.4%
546.2
588.2
106.1
581.6
882.0
1 389.0
91.4
406.7
61.5%
136.1%
-13.9%
-30.1%
none
none
none
none
897.0
1 508.4
2 244.0
1 453.9
3 387.1
6 071.2
62.1%
124.6%
170.6%
none
none
none
356.9
253.6
610.4
411.6
71.1%
62.3%
20 980.5
28 962.4
38.0%
-4.7% e NON-KYOTO PARTIES
-6%
% change Kyoto
90-07 Target (1)
1990
Other Regions
INTL. MARINE BUNKERS
INTL. AVIATION BUNKERS
WORLD
Gt CO2
30
25
International Bunkers
20
Non-Annex I Parties
15
Kyoto target(4)
Non-Participating Annex I Parties
10
5
Kyoto Parties
0
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2007
(1) The targets apply to a basket of six greenhouse gases and take sinks into account. The overall EU target under the Protocol is 8%,
but the member countries have agreed on a burden-sharing arrangement as listed. Because of lack of data and information on base
years and gases, an overall "Kyoto target" cannot be precisely calculated for total Kyoto Parties: estimates applying the targets to IEA
energy data suggest the target is equivalent to about 4.7% on an aggregate basis for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion.
(2) Emissions from Monaco are included with France.
(3) Composition of regions differs from elsewhere in this publication to take into account countries that are not Kyoto Parties.
(4) The Kyoto target is calculated as percentage of the 1990 CO2 emissions from fuel combustion only, therefore it does not represent
the total target for the six-gas basket. This assumes that the reduction targets are spread equally across all gases.
Key point: Existing climate goals have not always led to reductions in CO2 emissions from fuel combustion.
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY
24 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION Highlights (2009 Edition)
The trajectory of the ETS cap proposed by the
Commission in January 2008 is retained, but there
will be less auctioning and more imports of credits
from the Kyoto flexible mechanisms CDM and Joint
Implementation (JI) than the Commission had
proposed. Although this will make the ETS less
effective in terms of emission reductions in the
European Union than it would have been under the
Commission’s proposals, overall this agreement is
still an achievement, establishing an aggressive
trajectory for ETS emissions reductions over 2013-20
and meaningful scarcity. At present, the lower energy
demand is expected to have created a surplus in the
system.
In addition, since December 2006, the Commission
has adopted legislation to broaden the scheme to the
aviation sector. In July 2008, the European Parliament
backed the proposal to include aviation in the EU ETS
from January 2012, based on a deal struck by
negotiators from the European Council and the
European Parliament in June 2008.
are currently translated into amendments to the
existing legislation, and a revised law is expected to
be passed by December 2009.
In Australia, the federal government published its
revised climate change policy in July 2007,
announcing a plan to establish an emission trading
scheme (the so-called “Carbon Pollution Reduction
Scheme (CPRS)”) as part of an effective framework
for meeting the climate change challenge. The
proposal includes broad coverage of GHG emissions
and sectors, covering around 75% of Australian GHG
emissions, a mix of direct and upstream point of
obligation and assistance to help households and
business adjust. The draft bill to enact the scheme was
introduced in May 2009 into parliament. The CPRS
bill will be considered in the parliament before the
end of 2009.
Several other ETS are being developed, including in
countries that are not Parties to the Kyoto Protocol. In
the United States, the first regional scheme (i.e. in the
Northeastern States) began on January 1, 2009. Others
may follow. Further, on June 26, the House of
Representatives passed the American Clean Energy
and Security Act of 2009 (ACES), a comprehensive
draft climate change and energy legislation introduced
by the House Energy and Commerce Committee
Chairman Rep. Henry Waxman and Global Warming
Subcommittee Chairman Ed Markley. The bill calls
for a cap-and-trade programme covering 85% of US
GHG emissions, including power, industry, transport,
commercial and residential sectors. The targets are set
against 2005 emission levels, at 3% reduction by
2012, 17% by 2020, 42% by 2030 and 83% by 2050.
ACES is currently under consideration in the Senate.
The government of Canada is committed to reducing
Canada’s total GHG emissions by 20% from 2006
levels by 2020 and by 60 to 70 % by 2050. The
creation of a carbon market is part of the government's
commitment to reduce total GHG emissions. In June
2009, the Canadian government published new
guidelines for Canada's Offset System for Greenhouse
Gases. The domestic offset system is an important
step in the creation of a carbon market in Canada,
establishing tradable credits for GHG reductions and
encouraging cost-effective domestic emission
reductions in areas that will not be covered by planned
federal regulations (e.g., forestry and agriculture).
Under the proposed regulations, firms will have
several options to meet their compliance obligations
including domestic offset credits and emissions
trading as an important component of the
government’s market-driven approach to reducing
GHG emissions. The government has indicated that it
will continue to monitor and consider US
developments to ensure harmonised rules.
In New Zealand, the government announced an
emission trading system (NZ ETS) in September
2007, proposing a staged introduction with the aim of
having all the major sectors included in the scheme by
2013. In addition, unlimited use of Kyoto Protocol
project credits is foreseen. The ETS, which currently
only covers the forestry sector, started on 1 January
2008 and was approved by parliament in September
2008. However, the new government that came into
place in 2008 established in December 2008 a
committee to review the ETS. Its recommendations
In September 2008, Japan unveiled an outline of a
GHG emissions trading scheme, which was launched
on a trial basis in October 2008. Initially, the system
is voluntary and Japanese companies are allowed to
set their own emission reduction targets. In addition to
allowance trading, companies will be able to use
CDM credits, national offset credits and credits from
Japan’s voluntary emissions trading scheme. Only
recently, the new Japanese Prime Minister announced
plans to introduce a mandatory domestic emissions
trading system, tentatively scheduled for 2011.
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY
CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION Highlights (2009 Edition) - 25
Steps for future action
Held in late 2005, the first Meeting of the Parties to
the Kyoto Protocol (COP/MOP1) witnessed the official opening of talks on post-2012 climate change
policy. Parties organised two official fora: the Ad Hoc
Working Group (AWG) on Further Commitments for
Annex I Parties and the UNFCCC “Dialogue on longterm cooperative action to address climate change by
enhancing implementation of the Convention”
(UNFCCC Dialogue).
The AWG focuses on the design of post-2012 commitments for Annex I Parties under the Protocol. Ideally, it would also provide some certainty to carbonconstrained investments in infrastructure and to the
carbon market itself. However, the AWG has no
mandate to encourage participation from non-Annex I
Parties or from non-participating Annex I Parties.
The broader UNFCCC Dialogue was instead designed
to explore worldwide climate change mitigation and
adaptation through an “open and non-binding exchange
of views, information and ideas”. Participants in its
first meeting discussed strategic adaptation to climate
change, sustainable development, and the mitigation
potential of technology and market mechanisms. The
Bali Road Map adopted at COP/MOP3 in Bali
established a two-track process, i.e. both for the
Convention and Kyoto Protocol strands, aiming at the
identification of a post-2012 global climate regime to
be adopted by COP15 and COP/MOP5 in Copenhagen
in 2009. While the Bali Action Plan, adopted under
the Convention track, did not introduce binding
commitments to reduce GHG emissions, it included the
request for developed countries to contribute to the
mitigation of global warming in the context of
sustainable development. In addition, the plan
envisaged enhanced actions on adaptation, technology
development and on the provision of financial
resources, as well as measures against deforestation.
The challenge of post-2012 discussions is the need to
engage developing countries with approaches, possibly including the carbon market, that suit their capacity and their legitimate aspiration for economic and
social development. The Asia Pacific Partnership for
Clean Development and Climate (APP or AP6), the
G8 2005 Gleneagles Plan of Action, and the Major
Economies Forum on Energy and Climate (MEF) seek
to involve developed and developing nations in common measures to address climate change.
The AP6, which groups Australia, China, India, Japan,
Korea and the United States, is one of many initiatives. AP6 focuses on the emissions of specific sectors: iron and steel, cement, aluminium, mining,
buildings and appliances; and the methods of clean
fossil energy use, renewable energy generation and
more efficient power generation and transmission.
Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the Russian
Federation, the United Kingdom and the United States
launched the July 2005 G8 Gleneagles Plan of Action
to, in part, promote clean energy and sustainable
development while mitigating climate change.
Through the Plan of Action the G8 members
committed to: 1) transform the way they use energy,
namely through means of energy efficiency; 2) foster
research and development of lower-emission
technology; 3) finance the economic transition to
cleaner energy and 4) manage the effects of climate
change. The IEA was tasked under the Plan of Action
to develop concrete recommendations to help the G8
achieve these four objectives. Additionally, the G8
sought to engage South Africa, India, Brazil, China
and Mexico in an official Dialogue to address climate
change, clean energy, and sustainable development
worldwide. This commitment by the G8 was
reiterated at the St. Petersburg summit in July 2006
and subsequently at the 2007 summit in
Heiligendamm, the 2008 summit in Hokkaido and the
2009 summit in L’Aquila.
In L’Aquila, Italy on 9 July 2009, 17 heads of industrialised and non-industrialised countries participating
in the MEF set a clear goal for international climate
policy: the increase in global climate temperature
above pre-industrial levels ought not to exceed 2°C.
In all these efforts, timely and accurate CO2 and other
GHG statistics will prove essential to ascertain compliance to international agreements and to inform carbon
market participants. The ability of countries to monitor
and review emissions from their sources is essential in
their engagement towards global GHG mitigation.
Conclusion
Fossil fuel combustion is the single largest human
influence on climate. Over the past two decades, the
global community has recognised the pressing need to
address and reduce CO2 emissions from fuel combustion that enter the atmosphere.
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY
26 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION Highlights (2009 Edition)
Two sectors, both growing rapidly, represent the
bulk of CO2 emissions from fuel combustion: the
electricity and heat generation sector and the transport sector. Improving the energy efficiency and reducing the carbon intensity of both sectors could
significantly diminish their contribution to global
climate change.
Since the
emissions
countries.
lived due
Industrial Revolution, most of the CO2
have originated from the industrialised
However, this dominance appears shortto the size of some of the developing
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY
economies and the growth in their energy needs. Effective emissions mitigation will require all countries,
regardless of energy demand and infrastructure, to use
energy in a sustainable manner.
This analysis is based on energy statistics collected
from various sources. Although quality and completeness of these statistics have increased over the last
years, up-to-date and accurate information on energy
use and GHG emissions will be more and more essential for monitoring progress towards addressing the
energy-climate challenge..
CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION Highlights (2009 Edition) - 27
2. IEA EMISSIONS ESTIMATES
The estimates of CO2 emissions from fuel combustion
presented in this publication are calculated using the
IEA energy data31 and the default methods and emission factors from the Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines
for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, IPCC/
OECD/IEA, Paris, 1997 (1996 IPCC Guidelines).
Although the IPCC approved the 2006 Guidelines at
the 25th session of the IPCC in April 2006 in Mauritius, most countries (as well as the IEA Secretariat)
are still calculating their inventories using the 1996
IPCC Guidelines.
The IEA Secretariat reviews its energy databases each
year. In the light of new assessments, important revisions
may be made to the time series of individual countries. Therefore, certain data in this publication may
have been revised with respect to previous editions.
Inventory quality
The IPCC Guidelines allow Parties under the
UNFCCC to prepare and periodically update national
inventories that are accurate, complete, comparable
and transparent. Inventory quality is an important issue since countries are now implementing legallybinding commitments.
One way to assess inventory quality is to do comparisons among inventories, methodologies and input
data. The IPCC Guidelines recommend that countries
which have used a detailed Sectoral Approach for
CO2 emissions from energy combustion also use the
Reference Approach for verification purposes. This
will identify areas where a full accounting of emissions may not have been made (see Chapter 5 of the
full-scale study).
31. Published in Energy Statistics of OECD Countries, Energy Balances
of OECD Countries, Energy Statistics of Non-OECD Countries and
Energy Balances of Non-OECD Countries, IEA, Paris, 2009.
Reference Approach vs.
Sectoral Approach
The Reference Approach and the Sectoral Approach
often give different results because the Reference Approach is a top-down approach using a country’s energy supply data and has no detailed information on
how the individual fuels are used in each sector.
The Reference Approach provides estimates of CO2 to
compare with estimates derived using a Sectoral Approach. Theoretically, it indicates an upper bound to
the Sectoral Approach “1A fuel combustion”, because
some of the carbon in the fuel is not combusted but
will be emitted as fugitive emissions (as leakage or
evaporation in the production and/or transformation
stage).
Calculating CO2 emissions inventories with the two
approaches can lead to different results for some
countries. In general the gap between the two approaches is relatively small (5 per cent or less) when
compared to the total carbon flows involved. In cases
where 1) fugitive emissions are proportional to the
mass flows entering production and/or transformation
processes, 2) stock changes at the level of the final consumer are not significant and 3) statistical differences
in the energy data are limited, the Reference Approach and the Sectoral Approach should lead to similar evaluations of the CO2 emissions trends.
When significant discrepancies and/or large timeseries deviations do occur, they may be due to various
reasons such as:
Large statistical differences between the energy supply and the energy consumption in the basic energy
data. Statistical differences arise from the collection
of data from different parts of the fuel flow from its
supply origins to the various stages of downstream
conversion and use. They are a normal part of a fuel
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY
28 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION Highlights (2009 Edition)
balance. Large random statistical differences must
always be examined to determine the reason for the
difference, but equally importantly smaller statistical
differences which systematically show an excess of
supply over demand (or vice versa) should be pursued.
Significant mass imbalances between crude oil and
other feedstock entering refineries and the (gross) petroleum products manufactured.
The use of aggregate net calorific and carbon content values for primary fuels which are converted
rather than combusted. For example, it may appear
that there is not conservation of energy or carbon depending on the calorific value and/or the carbon content chosen for the crude oil entering refineries and for
the mix of products produced from the refinery for a
particular year. This may cause an overestimation or
underestimation of the emissions associated with the
Reference Approach.
The misallocation of the quantities of fuels used for
conversion into derived products (other than power or
heat) or quantities combusted in the energy sector.
When reconciling differences between the Reference
Approach and a Sectoral Approach it is important to
ensure that the quantities reported in the transformation and energy sectors (e.g. for coke ovens) reflect
correctly the quantities used for conversion and for
fuel use, respectively, and that no misallocation has
occurred. Note that the quantities of fuels converted to
derived products should have been reported in the
transformation sector of the energy balance. If any
derived products are used to fuel the conversion process, the amounts involved should have been reported
in the energy sector of the energy balance. In a Sectoral Approach the inputs to the transformation sector
should not be included in the activity data used to estimate emissions.
Missing information on certain transformation outputs. Emissions from combustion of secondary fuels
produced in integrated processes (for example, coke
oven gas) may be overlooked in a Tier 1 Sectoral Approach if data are poor or unavailable. The use of secondary fuels (the output from the transformation
process) should be included in the Sectoral Approach.
Failure to do so will result in an underestimation of
the Sectoral Approach.
Simplifications in the Reference Approach. Certain
quantities of carbon should be included in the Reference Approach because their emissions fall under fuel
combustion. These quantities have been excluded
where the flows are small or not represented by a major statistic available within energy data. Examples of
quantities not accounted for in the Reference
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY
Approach include lubricants used in two-stroke engines, blast furnace and other by-product gases which
are used for fuel combustion outside their source
category of production and combustion of waxed
products in waste plants with heat recovery. On the
other hand, certain flows of carbon should be excluded from the Reference Approach, but for reasons
similar to the above no practical means can be found
to exclude them without over complicating the calculations. These include coals and other hydrocarbons
injected into blast furnaces as well as cokes used as
reductants in the manufacture of inorganic chemicals.
These simplifications will determine discrepancies
between the Reference Approach and a Sectoral Approach. If data are available, the magnitudes of these
effects can be estimated.
Missing information on stock changes that may
occur at the final consumer level. The relevance of
consumer stocks depends on the method used for the
Sectoral Approach. If delivery figures are used (this
is often the case) then changes in consumers’ stocks
are irrelevant. If, however, the Sectoral Approach is
using actual consumption of the fuel, then this could
cause either an overestimation or an underestimation
of the Reference Approach.
High distribution losses or unrecorded consumption
for gas may mean that the emissions are overestimated by the Reference Approach or underestimated
by the Sectoral Approach.
The treatment of transfers and reclassifications of
energy products may cause a difference in the Sectoral Approach estimation since different net calorific
values and emission factors may be used depending
on how the fuel is classified.
Differences between IEA
estimates and UNFCCC
submissions
It is possible to use the IEA CO2 estimates for comparison with the greenhouse-gas inventories reported
by countries to the UNFCCC Secretariat. In this way,
problems in methods, input data or emission factors
may become apparent. However, care should be used
in interpreting the results of any comparison since the
IEA estimates may differ from a country’s official
submission for many reasons.
A recent comparison of the IEA estimates with the
inventories submitted to the UNFCCC showed that for
most Annex II countries, the two calculations were
CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION Highlights (2009 Edition) - 29
within 5%. For some EIT and non-Annex I countries,
differences between the IEA estimates and national
inventories were larger. In some of the countries the
underlying energy data were different; suggesting that
more work is needed on the collecting and reporting
of energy statistics for those countries.
Some countries have incorrectly defined bunkers as
fuel used abroad by their own ships and planes. Still
other countries have made calculation errors for carbon oxidation or have included international bunkers
in their totals. Since all of the above will affect the
national totals of CO2 emissions from fuel combustion, a systematic comparison with the IEA estimates
would allow countries to verify their calculations and
produce more internationally comparable inventories.
In addition, the main bias in the energy data and emission factors will probably be systematic and not random. This means that the emission trends will usually
be more reliable than the absolute emission levels. By
comparing trends in the IEA estimates with trends in
emissions as reported to the UNFCCC, it should be
possible to identify definition problems or changes in
the calculations, which were not reflected in the base
year.
For many reasons the IEA estimates may differ from
the numbers that a country submits to the UNFCCC,
even if a country has accounted for all of its energy
use and correctly applied the IPCC Guidelines. No
attempt has been made to quantify the effects of these
differences. In most cases these differences will be
relatively small. Some of the reasons for these
differences are:
• The IEA uses a Tier 1 method.
The IEA uses a Tier 1 Sectoral Approach based on the
1996 IPCC Guidelines. Countries may be using a
Tier 2 or Tier 3 method that takes into account different technologies.
• The IEA is using the 1996 IPCC Guidelines.
The IEA is still using the 1996 IPCC Guidelines.
Some countries may have already started using the
2006 IPCC Guidelines.
• Energy activity data are extracted from the
IEA energy balances and may differ from those
used for the UNFCCC calculations.
Countries often have several “official” sources of data
such as a Ministry, a Central Bureau of Statistics, a
nationalised electricity company, etc. Data can also be
collected from the energy suppliers, the energy consumers or customs statistics. The IEA Secretariat tries to
collect the most accurate data, but does not necessarily
have access to the complete data set that may be
available to national experts calculating emission inventories for the UNFCCC. In addition to different
sources, the methodology used by the national bodies
providing the data to the IEA and to the UNFCCC
may differ. For example, general surveys, specific
surveys, questionnaires, estimations, combined methods and classifications of data used in national statistics and in their subsequent reclassification according
to international standards may result in different series.
• The IEA uses average net calorific values.
The IEA uses an average net calorific value (NCV) for
each secondary oil product. These NCVs are regionspecific and constant over time. Country-specific
NCVs that can vary over time are used for NGL, refinery feedstocks and additives. Crude oil NCVs are further split into production, imports, exports and average.
Different coal types have specific NCVs for production, imports, exports, inputs to main activity power
plants and coal used in coke ovens, blast furnaces and
industry, and can vary over time for each country.
Country experts may have the possibility of going into
much more detail when calculating the heat content of
the fuels. This in turn could produce different values
than the IEA.
• The IEA uses average emission factors.
The IEA uses the default emission factors which are
given in the 1996 IPCC Guidelines. Country experts
may have better information available.
• The IEA does not have detailed information for
the stored carbon calculation.
The IEA does not have complete information on the
non-energy use of fuels. The amount of carbon stored
is estimated using the default values given in the 1996
IPCC Guidelines. For “other products” in the stored
carbon calculation, the IEA assumes that 100% of
kerosene, white spirit and petroleum coke that is reported as non-energy use in the energy balance is also
stored. Country experts calculating the inventories
may have more detailed information.
• The IEA cannot allocate emissions from autoproducers into the end-use sectors.
The 1996 IPCC Guidelines recommend that emissions
from autoproduction should be included with emissions from other fuel use by end-consumers. At the
same time, the emissions from the autoproduction of
electricity and heat should be excluded from the energy transformation source category to avoid double
counting. The IEA is not able to allocate the fuel use
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30 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION Highlights (2009 Edition)
from autoproducers between the industrial and “other”
sectors. Therefore, this publication shows a category
called “Unallocated autoproducers”. However, this
should not affect the total emissions for a country.
double count these emissions in both energy and
industrial processes. The IEA estimates of emissions
from fuel combustion in this publication include the
coke inputs to blast furnaces.
• Military emissions may be treated differently.
• The units may be different.
According to the 1996 IPCC Guidelines, military
emissions should be reported in Source/Sink Category 1 A 5, Other (not elsewhere specified). Previously, the IEA questionnaires requested that warships
be included in international marine bunkers and that
the military use of aviation fuels be included in domestic air. All other military use should have been
reported in non-specified other sector.
The 1996 IPCC Guidelines and the UNFCCC Reporting
Guidelines on Annual Inventories both ask that CO2
emissions be reported in Gg of CO2. A million tonnes
of CO2 is equal to 1 000 Gg of CO2, so to compare the
numbers in this publication with national inventories
expressed in Gg, the IEA emissions must be multiplied by 1 000.
At the IEA/Eurostat/UNECE Energy Statistics Working Group meeting (Paris, November 2004), participants decided to harmonise the definitions used to
collect energy data on the joint IEA/Eurostat/UNECE
questionnaires with those used by the IPCC to report
greenhouse-gas inventories. As a result, starting in the
2006 edition of this publication, all military consumption should be reported in non-specified other sectors.
Sea-going versus coastal is no longer a criterion for
splitting international and domestic navigation. For
more information on the changes, please consult the
Energy Statistics Working Group meeting report on
our website at http://www.iea.org/Textbase/stats/
questionnaire/index.asp.
However, it is not clear whether countries are reporting on the new basis, and if they are, whether they
will be able to revise their historical data. The IEA has
found that in practice most countries consider information on military consumption as confidential and
therefore either combine it with other information or
do not include it at all.
• The IEA estimates include emissions from coke
inputs into blast furnaces. Countries may have included these emissions in the IPCC category
industrial processes.
National greenhouse-gas inventories submitted to the
UNFCCC divide emissions according to source categories. Two of these IPCC Source/Sink Categories are
energy and industrial processes. The IPCC Reference
Approach estimates national emissions from fuel
combustion based on the supply of fuel to a country
and by implication includes emissions from coke inputs to blast furnaces in the energy sector. However,
within detailed sectoral calculations certain nonenergy processes can be distinguished. In the reduction of iron in a blast furnace through the combustion
of coke, the primary purpose of coke oxidation is to
produce pig iron and the emissions can be considered
as an industrial process. Care must be taken not to
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY
Key sources
In May 2000, the IPCC Plenary accepted the report on
Good Practice Guidance and Uncertainty Management
in National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. The report
provides good practice guidance to assist countries in
determining their key source categories. By identifying these key sources in the national inventory, inventory agencies can prioritise their efforts and improve
their overall estimates.
The Good Practice Guidance identifies a key source
category as one that is prioritised within the national inventory system because its estimate has a
significant influence on a country’s total inventory
of direct greenhouse gases in terms of the absolute
level of emissions, the trend in emissions, or both.
For a more complete description of the IPCC methodology for determining key sources, see Chapter 5 of
the full-scale study.
In the Good Practice Guidance, the recommendation
for choosing the level of the key source analysis is to
“disaggregate to the level where emission factors are
distinguished. In most inventories, this will be the
main fuel types. If emission factors are determined
independently for some sub-source categories, these
should be distinguished in the analysis.”
Since the emission estimates in this publication were
produced using the default emission factors from the
1996 IPCC Guidelines, this means that the fuel combustion categories would have been divided into:
stationary combustion – coal
stationary combustion – oil
stationary combustion – gas
mobile combustion – coal
mobile combustion – oil
mobile combustion – gas
CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION Highlights (2009 Edition) - 31
Clearly this level of aggregation is not particularly
useful in identifying where additional work is needed
in refining the inventory. It does not take into account
the possibility of improving data collection methods,
improving emission factors or using a higher tier calculation for certain key sectors within the energy from
fuel combustion source category. For this reason the
IEA has disaggregated the key source analysis to the
same level of detail presented in the country tables of
this publication. For each country, the 11 largest
sources, split by coal, oil, gas and other, are shown in
the key sources table.
To calculate the level assessment, the IEA has started
with the CO2 emissions from fuel combustion as calculated by the IEA. To supplement this, where possible, the IEA has used the emissions that were
submitted by the Annex I Parties to the UNFCCC in
the 2009 submission of the Common Reporting Format
for CO2 (only fugitive), CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and
SF6, not taking into account CO2 emissions/removals
from land use, land use change and forestry.32
For the non-Annex I Parties, CO2 emissions from fuel
combustion were from the IEA and the rest of the
2007 emissions were estimated by PBL.
The cumulative contribution only includes the 11 largest key sources of CO2 from fuel combustion. As a
result, in most cases the cumulative contribution will
not be 95% as recommended in the Good Practice
Guidance and key sources from fugitive emissions,
industrial processes, solvents, agriculture and waste
will not be shown. The percentage of CO2 emissions
from fuel combustion in total greenhouse-gas emissions has been included as a memo item at the bottom
of the table.
Notes on tables and graphs
Table of CO2 emissions by sector
Row 1: Sectoral Approach contains total CO2 emissions from fuel combustion as calculated using the
IPCC Tier 1 Sectoral Approach and corresponds to
IPCC Source/Sink Category 1 A. Emissions calculated using a Sectoral Approach include emissions
only when the fuel is actually combusted.
32. As recommended in the Good Practice Guidance.
Row 2: Main activity producer electricity and heat
contains the sum of emissions from main activity producer electricity generation, combined heat and power
generation and heat plants. Main activity producers
(formerly known as public utilities) are defined as
those undertakings whose primary activity is to supply
the public. They may be publicly or privately owned.
Emissions from own on-site use of fuel are included.
This corresponds to IPCC Source/Sink Category 1 A 1 a.
Row 3: Unallocated autoproducers contains the
emissions from the generation of electricity and/or
heat by autoproducers. Autoproducers are defined as
undertakings that generate electricity and/or heat,
wholly or partly for their own use as an activity which
supports their primary activity. They may be privately
or publicly owned. In the 1996 IPCC Guidelines,
these emissions would normally be distributed between industry, transport and “other” sectors.
Row 4: Other energy industries contains emissions
from fuel combusted in petroleum refineries, for the
manufacture of solid fuels, coal mining, oil and gas
extraction and other energy-producing industries. This
corresponds to the IPCC Source/Sink Categories 1 A 1 b
and 1 A 1 c. According to the 1996 IPCC Guidelines,
emissions from coke inputs to blast furnaces can either be counted here or in the industrial processes
source/sink category. Within detailed sectoral calculations, certain non-energy processes can be distinguished. In the reduction of iron in a blast furnace
through the combustion of coke, the primary purpose
of the coke oxidation is to produce pig iron and the
emissions can be considered as an industrial process.
Care must be taken not to double count these emissions in both energy and industrial processes. In the
IEA estimations, these emissions have been included
in this category.
Row 5: Manufacturing industries and construction
contains the emissions from combustion of fuels in
industry. The IPCC Source/Sink Category 1 A 2 includes these emissions. However, in the 1996 IPCC
Guidelines, the IPCC category also includes emissions
from industry autoproducers that generate electricity
and/or heat. The IEA data are not collected in a way
that allows the energy consumption to be split by specific end-use and therefore, this publication shows
autoproducers as a separate item. See Row 3, Unallocated autoproducers. Manufacturing industries and
construction also includes emissions from coke inputs
into blast furnaces, which may be reported either in
the transformation sector, the industry sector or the
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32 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION Highlights (2009 Edition)
separate IPCC Source/Sink Category 2, industrial
processes.
includes statistical differences, product transfers,
transformation losses and distribution losses.
Row 6: Transport contains emissions from the combustion of fuel for all transport activity, regardless of
the sector, except for international marine bunkers and
international aviation. This includes domestic aviation,
domestic navigation, road, rail and pipeline transport,
and corresponds to IPCC Source/Sink Category 1 A 3.
In addition, the IEA data are not collected in a way
that allows the autoproducer consumption to be split
by specific end-use and therefore, this publication
shows autoproducers as a separate item. See Row 3,
Unallocated autoproducers.
Row 11: Differences due to losses and/or transformation contains emissions that result from the transformation of energy from a primary fuel to a secondary
or tertiary fuel. Included here are solid fuel transformation, oil refineries, gas works and other fuel transformation industries. These emissions are normally
reported as fugitive emissions in the IPCC
Source/Sink Category 1 B, but will be included in 1 A
in inventories that are calculated using the IPCC Reference Approach. Theoretically, this category should
show relatively small emissions representing the loss
of carbon by other ways than combustion, such as
evaporation or leakage.
Note: Starting in the 2006 edition, military consumption previously included in domestic aviation and in
road should be in non-specified other sectors. See the
section on Differences between IEA estimates and
UNFCCC submissions, for further details.
Row 7: Road contains the emissions arising from fuel
use in road vehicles, including the use of agricultural
vehicles on highways. This corresponds to the IPCC
Source/Sink Category 1 A 3 b.
Row 8: Other Sectors contains the emissions from
commercial/institutional activities, agriculture/forestry,
fishing, residential and other emissions not specified
elsewhere that are included in the IPCC Source/Sink
Categories 1 A 4 and 1 A 5. In the 1996 IPCC Guidelines, the category also includes emissions from autoproducers in the commercial/residential/agricultural
sectors that generate electricity and/or heat. The IEA
data are not collected in a way that allows the energy
consumption to be split by specific end-use and therefore, this publication shows autoproducers as a separate item. See Row 3, Unallocated autoproducers.
Row 9: Residential contains all emissions from fuel
combustion in households. This corresponds to IPCC
Source/Sink Category 1 A 4 b.
Row 10: Reference Approach contains total CO2
emissions from fuel combustion as calculated using
the IPCC Reference Approach. The Reference Approach
is based on the supply of energy in a country and as a
result, all inventories calculated using this method
include fugitive emissions from energy transformation
(e.g. from oil refineries) which are normally included
in Category 1 B. For this reason, Reference Approach
estimates are likely to overestimate national CO2
emissions. In these tables, the difference between the
Sectoral Approach and the Reference Approach
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY
Negative emissions for one product and positive emissions for another product would imply a change in the
classification of the emission source as a result of an
energy transformation between coal and gas, between
coal and oil, etc. In practice, however, it often proves
difficult to correctly account for all inputs and outputs
in energy transformation industries, and to separate
energy that is transformed from energy that is combusted. Therefore, the row Differences due to losses
and/or transformation sometimes shows quite large
positive emissions or even negative ones due to problems in the underlying energy data.
Row 12: Statistical differences can be due to unexplained discrepancies in the underlying energy data.
They can also be caused by differences between emissions calculated using the Reference Approach and
the Sectoral Approach.
Row 13: International marine bunkers contains emissions from fuels burned by ships of all flags that are
engaged in international navigation. The international
navigation may take place at sea, on inland lakes and
waterways, and in coastal waters. Consumption by
ships engaged in domestic navigation is excluded. The
domestic/international split is determined on the basis
of port of departure and port of arrival, and not by the
flag or nationality of the ship. Consumption by fishing
vessels and by military forces is also excluded. Emissions from international marine bunkers should be
excluded from the national totals. This corresponds to
IPCC Source/Sink Category 1 A 3 d i.
Row 14: International aviation contains emissions
from fuels used by aircraft for international aviation.
Fuels used by airlines for their road vehicles are
excluded. The domestic/international split should be
CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION Highlights (2009 Edition) - 33
determined on the basis of departure and landing locations and not by the nationality of the airline. Emissions from international aviation should be excluded
from the national totals. This corresponds to IPCC
Source/Sink Category 1 A 3 a i.
Figures 2 and 3: Emissions by sector
The sector Other includes emissions from commercial
and public services, agriculture/forestry and fishing.
Emissions from unallocated autoproducers are included in Electricity and heat.
France
The methodology for calculating main activity electricity and heat production from gas changed in 2000.
Italy
Prior to 1990, gas use in commercial/public services
was included in residential.
Japan
The Republic of Cyprus is recognised by all members
of the United Nations with the exception of Turkey.
The information in this report relates to the area under
the effective control of the Government of the
Republic of Cyprus.
For four consecutive years, the IEA received revisions
from the Japanese Administration. The first set of revisions received in 2004 increased the 1990 supply by
5% for coal, 2% for natural gas and 0.7% for oil compared to the previous data. This led to an increase of
2.5% in 1990 CO2 emissions calculated using the
Reference Approach while the Sectoral Approach
remained fairly constant. For the 2006 edition, the
IEA received revisions to the coal and oil data which
had a significant impact on both the energy data and
the CO2 emissions. The most significant revisions
occurred for coke oven coke, naphtha, blast furnace
gas and petroleum coke. These revisions affected consumption rather than supply in the years concerned.
As a result, the sectoral approach CO2 emissions increased for all the years, however at different rates. For
example, the sectoral approach CO2 emissions for
1990 were 4.6% higher than those calculated for the
2005 edition while the 2003 emissions were 1.1%
higher than those of the previous edition. Due to the
impact these successive revisions have had on the
final energy balance as well as on CO2 emissions, the
IEA was in close contact with the Japanese Administration to better understand the reasons be-hind these
changes. These changes are mainly due to the Government of Japan's efforts to improve the inputoutput balances in the production of oil products and
coal products in response to inquiries from the
UNFCCC Secretariat. To cope with this issue, the
Japanese Administration established a working group
in March 2004. The working group completed its
work in April 2006. Many of its conclusions were
incorporated in the 2006 edition but some further revisions to the time series (especially in industry and
other sectors) were submitted for the 2007 edition.
Estonia
Netherlands Antilles
The data reported as lignite in the energy balance have
been considered as oil shale for the calculation of CO2
emissions.
Prior to 1992, the Reference Approach overstates
emissions since data for lubricants and bitumen
(which store carbon) are not available.
Figure 5: Electricity generation by fuel
The product Other includes geothermal, solar, wind,
combustible renewables and waste, etc. Electricity
generation includes both main activity producer and
autoproducer electricity.
Country notes
Cuba
International marine bunkers for residual fuel oil in
the period 1971-1983 were estimated on the basis of
1984 figures and the data reported as domestic navigation in the energy balance.
Cyprus
Note by Turkey:
With respect to Cyprus, Turkey reserves its position
as stated in its declaration of 1 May 2004. The information in the report under the heading Cyprus relates
to the southern part of the Island. There is no single
authority representing both Turkish and Greek
Cypriot people on the Island. Turkey recognises the
Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC).
Note by all the European Union Member States of
the OECD and the European Commission:
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34 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION Highlights (2009 Edition)
Norway
basis of commercial and residential consumption in
1978 and the data reported as commercial consumption in the energy balance in previous years.
Discrepancies between Reference and Sectoral
Approach estimates and the difference in the resulting
growth rates arise from statistical differences between
supply and consumption data for oil and natural gas.
For Norway, supply of these fuels is the residual of two
very large and opposite terms, production and exports.
United Kingdom
Switzerland
Vietnam
The sectoral breakdown for gas/diesel oil used in the
residential sector before 1978 was estimated on the
A detailed sectoral breakdown is available starting in
1980.
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY
For reasons of confidentiality, gas for main activity
electricity is included in autoproducers for 1990.
CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION Highlights (2009 Edition) - 35
3. INDICATORS
Population
The main source of the 1970 to 2007 population data
for the OECD member countries is National Accounts
of OECD Countries, Volume 1, OECD, Paris, 2009.
Data for 1960 to 1969 have been estimated using the
growth rates from the population series published in
the OECD Economic Outlook No. 76. For the Czech
Republic, Hungary and Poland (1960 to 1969) and
Mexico (1960 to 1962), the data are estimated using
the growth rates from the population series from the
World Bank published in the World Development
Indicators CD-ROM. For the Slovak Republic, population data for 1960 to 1989 are from the Demographic Research Centre, Infostat, Slovak Republic.
The main source of the population data for the OECD
non-member countries is World Development Indicators, World Bank, Washington D.C., 2009. Population
data for Chinese Taipei, Gibraltar, Iraq and a few
countries within the regions Other Africa, Other
Latin America and Other Asia are based on the
CHELEM-CEPII online database, 2009.
GDP
The main source of the 1970 to 2007 GDP series for
the OECD member countries is National Accounts of
OECD Countries, Volume 1, 2009. GDP data for 1960
to 1969 have been estimated using the growth rates
from the series in the OECD Economic Outlook No 76
and data previously published by the OECD Secretariat. Data prior to 1990 for the Czech Republic and
Poland, prior to 1991 for Hungary, and prior to 1992
for the Slovak Republic are IEA Secretariat estimates
based on GDP growth rates from the World Bank.
The main source of the GDP series for the non-OECD
member countries is World Development Indicators,
World Bank, Washington D.C., 2009. GDP figures for
Bosnia and Herzegovina, Brunei Darussalam,
Chinese Taipei, Cuba, Gibraltar, Iraq, Democratic
People’s Republic of Korea, Libyan Arab
Jamahiriya, Myanmar, Namibia (1971-1979),
Netherlands Antilles (available from 1980), Qatar,
Turkmenistan, Former Soviet Union (before 1990),
Former Yugoslavia (before 1990) and a few
countries within the regions33 Other Africa, Other
Latin America and Other Asia are from the
CHELEM-CEPII online databases 2008, 2009. GDP
figures for Albania (1971-1979), Angola (19711984), Bahrain (1971-1979, 2006-2007), Bulgaria
(1971-1979), Ethiopia (1971-1980), Jordan (19711974), Kuwait (1990-1991, 2006-2007), Lebanon
(1971-1987), Malta (2007), Mozambique (19711979), Oman (2006-2007), Romania (1971-1979),
Serbia34 (1990-1998), United Republic of Tanzania
(1971-1987), the United Arab Emirates (1971-1972
and 2006-2007), Vietnam (1971-1983), Yemen
(1971-1989) and Zimbabwe (2006-2007) have been
estimated based on the growth rates of the CHELEMCEPII online database, 2009.
The GDP data have been compiled for individual
countries at market prices in local currency and annual
rates. These data have been scaled up/down to the
price levels of 2000 and then converted to US dollars
using the yearly average 2000 exchange rates or purchasing power parities (PPPs).35
33. Due to lack of complete time series, figures for population and for
GDP of Other Latin America do not include British Virgin Islands,
Cayman Islands, Falkland Islands, Martinique, Montserrat, Saint Pierre
and Miquelon, and Turks and Caicos Islands; and figures for population and GDP of Other Asia do not include Cook Islands.
34. Data for GDP for Serbia include Montenegro until 2004.
35. Purchasing power parities are the rates of currency conversion that
equalise the purchasing power of different currencies. A given sum of
money, when converted into different currencies at the PPP rates, buys
the same basket of goods and services in all countries. In other words,
PPPs are the rates of currency conversion which eliminate the differences in price levels between different countries.
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36 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION Highlights (2009 Edition)
For the OECD member countries, the PPPs selected to
convert the GDP from national currencies to US dollars come from the OECD Secretariat and were aggregated using the Geary-Khamis (GK) method and
rebased on the United States. For a more detailed description of the methodology please see Purchasing
Power Parities and Real Expenditures, GK Results,
Volume II, 1990, OECD, 1993. The PPPs for the other
countries come from the World Bank and CHELEMCEPII.
For the OECD non-member countries, while both the
World Bank and CHELEM-CEPII rebased this year
their GDP PPP time series on 2005, this publication
shows GDP data on a 2000 basis. Therefore, only for
this edition, time series of GDP PPP 2000 US$ were
obtained by applying the ratio GDP 2000 US$ to GDP
PPP 2000 US$ of last year’s edition to the new GDP
2000 US$ figures.
CO2 emissions
The estimates of CO2 emissions in this publication are
based on the 1996 IPCC Guidelines and represent the
total emissions from fuel combustion. Emissions have
been calculated using both the IPCC Reference
Approach and the IPCC Sectoral Approach (which
corresponds to IPCC Source/Sink Category 1 A).
Reference Approach totals may include certain fugitive emissions from energy transformation which
should normally be included in Category 1 B. National totals do not include emissions from international marine bunkers and international aviation. See
Chapter 2, IEA emissions estimates for further details.
Total primary energy supply
Total primary energy supply (TPES) is made up of
production + imports - exports - international marine
bunkers - international aviation bunkers ± stock
changes.
Note: In October 2008 the IEA hosted the third meeting of InterEnerStat. This group is made up of 24 international organisations that collect or use energy
statistics. One of the objectives of the group is to improve the quality of energy data by harmonising definitions for energy sources and flows. As a result of
this meeting, the IEA has decided to align its energy
statistics and balances with most other international
organisations and to treat international aviation bunkers in the same way as international marine bunkers.
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY
Starting with this edition, international aviation bunkers will no longer be included in the transport sector
at the country level. It will be subtracted out of supply
in the same way as international marine bunkers.
Electricity and heat output
Total output (shown in the summary tables section)
includes electricity and heat generated in the transformation sector using fossil fuels, nuclear, hydro (excluding pumped storage), geothermal, solar, biomass, etc.
Both main activity36 producer (formerly known as
public) and autoproducer37 plants have been included where available.
For electricity, data include the total number of TWh
generated by both electricity plants and CHP plants.
For heat, data include the total amount of TJ generated by both CHP plants and heat plants.
To calculate the total electricity and heat output, the
heat generated in TJ has been converted to TWh using
the relationship 1 TWh = 3 600 TJ and added to electricity generated.
Ratios
CO2 / TPES: This ratio is expressed in tonnes of CO2
per terajoule. It has been calculated using the Sectoral
Approach CO2 emissions and total primary energy
supply (including biomass and other non-fossil forms
of energy).
CO2 / GDP: This ratio is expressed in kilogrammes
of CO2 per 2000 US dollar. It has been calculated using the Sectoral Approach CO2 emissions and is
shown with both GDP calculated using exchange rates
and GDP calculated using purchasing power parities.
CO2 / population: This ratio is expressed in tonnes of
CO2 per capita. It has been calculated using the
Sectoral Approach CO2 emissions.
36. Main activity producers (formerly known as public supply undertakings) generate electricity and/or heat for sale to third parties, as their
primary activity. They may be privately or publicly owned. Note that
the sale need not take place through the public grid.
37. Autoproducer undertakings generate electricity and/or heat, wholly
or partly for their own use as an activity which supports their primary
activity. They may be privately or publicly owned.
CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION Highlights (2009 Edition) - 37
Per capita CO2 emissions by sector: These ratios are
expressed in kilogrammes of CO2 per capita. They
have been calculated in two different ways. In the first
ratio, the emissions from electricity and heat production
are shown separately. In the second ratio, the emissions from electricity and heat have been allocated to
final consuming sectors in proportion to the electricity
and heat consumed by those sectors.
are consumed for electricity and heat generation in the
transformation sector and output includes electricity
and heat generated from fossil fuels, nuclear, hydro
(excluding pumped storage), geothermal, solar, biomass, etc. As a result, the emissions per kWh can vary
from year to year depending on the generation mix.
In the ratios of CO2 emissions per kWh by fuel:
• Coal/peat includes primary and secondary coal,
peat and manufactured gases (excluding gas works
gas).
• Oil includes petroleum products (and small
amounts of crude oil for some countries).
CO2 emissions per kWh: These ratios are expressed in
grammes of CO2 per kWh. They have been calculated
using CO2 emissions from electricity and heat as shown
in the country tables in the rows “main activity producer
electricity and heat” and “unallocated autoproducers”,
and electricity and heat output as described above.
• Gas includes natural gas and gas works gas.
In the first table on CO2 emissions per kWh, the CO2
emissions include emissions from fossil fuels, industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste that
Note: Emissions per kWh should be used with
caution due to data quality problems relating to
electricity efficiencies for some countries.
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY
CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION Highlights (2009 Edition) - 39
4. GEOGRAPHICAL COVERAGE
Africa includes Algeria, Angola, Benin, Botswana
(from 1981), Cameroon, Congo, Democratic Republic
of Congo, Côte d’Ivoire, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia,
Gabon, Ghana, Kenya, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya,
Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia (from 1991),
Nigeria, Senegal, South Africa, Sudan, United
Republic of Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, Zambia,
Zimbabwe and Other Africa.
Other Africa includes Botswana (until 1980),
Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cape Verde, Central African
Republic, Chad, Comoros, Djibouti, Equatorial
Guinea, Gambia, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Lesotho,
Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania,
Mauritius, Namibia (until 1990), Niger, Reunion,
Rwanda, Sao Tome and Principe, Seychelles, Sierra
Leone, Somalia, Swaziland and Uganda.
Middle East includes Bahrain, Islamic Republic of
Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman,
Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syrian Arab Republic, United
Arab Emirates and Yemen.
Non-OECD Europe includes Albania, Bosnia and
Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus,38 Gibraltar,
Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYROM),
Malta, Romania, Serbia,39 and Slovenia.
Former Soviet Union includes Armenia, Azerbaijan,
Belarus, Estonia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan,
Latvia, Lithuania, Republic of Moldova, Russian
Federation, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine and
Uzbekistan.
Latin America includes Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil,
Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican
Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Haiti,
38. See the note concerning Cyprus in Chapter 2.
39. Serbia includes Montenegro until 2004 and Kosovo until 1999.
Honduras, Jamaica, Netherlands Antilles, Nicaragua,
Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Trinidad and Tobago,
Uruguay, Venezuela and Other Latin America.
Other Latin America includes Antigua and Barbuda,
Aruba, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Bermuda, British
Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, Dominica, Falkland
Islands, French Guyana, Grenada, Guadeloupe,
Guyana, Martinique, Montserrat, Puerto Rico40 (for
natural gas), St. Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint
Pierre et Miquelon, St. Vincent and the Grenadines,
Suriname and Turks/Caicos Islands.
China includes the People’s Republic of China and
Hong Kong (China).
Asia includes Bangladesh, Brunei Darussalam,
Cambodia (from 1995), Chinese Taipei, India,
Indonesia, DPR of Korea, Malaysia, Mongolia (from
1985), Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines,
Singapore, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam and Other
Asia.
Other Asia includes Afghanistan, Bhutan, Cambodia
(until 1994), Cook Islands, East Timor, Fiji, French
Polynesia, Kiribati, Laos, Macau, Maldives, Mongolia
(until 1984), New Caledonia, Papua New Guinea,
Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tonga and Vanuatu.
The Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and
Development (OECD) includes Australia, Austria,
Belgium, Canada, the Czech Republic, Denmark,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland,
Ireland, Italy, Japan, Korea, Luxembourg, Mexico, the
Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal,
the Slovak Republic, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland,
Turkey, the United Kingdom and the United States.
40. Oil statistics as well as coal trade statistics for Puerto Rico are
included under the United States.
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY
40 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION Highlights (2009 Edition)
Within OECD:
Australia excludes the overseas territories.
Denmark excludes Greenland and the Danish Faroes,
except prior to 1990, where data on oil for Greenland
were included with the Danish statistics. The Administration is planning to revise the series back to 1974 to
exclude these amounts.
France includes Monaco, and excludes the following
overseas departments and territories (Guadeloupe,
Guyana, Martinique, New Caledonia, French
Polynesia, Reunion and St.-Pierre and Miquelon).
Germany includes the new federal states of Germany
from 1970 onwards.
Italy includes San Marino and the Vatican.
Japan includes Okinawa.
The Netherlands excludes
Netherlands Antilles.
Suriname
and
the
Portugal includes the Azores and Madeira.
Spain includes the Canary Islands.
Switzerland includes Liechtenstein for the oil data.
Data for other fuels do not include Liechtenstein.
United States includes the 50 states and the District of
Columbia. Oil statistics as well as coal trade statistics
also include Puerto Rico, Guam, the Virgin Islands,
American Samoa, Johnston Atoll, Midway Islands,
Wake Island and the Northern Mariana Islands.
The European Union - 27 (EU-27) includes Austria,
Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, the Czech Republic,
Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece,
Hungary,
Ireland,
Italy,
Latvia,
Lithuania,
Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal,
Romania, the Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Spain,
Sweden and the United Kingdom.
The International Energy Agency (IEA) includes
Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, the Czech
Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany,
Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Korea,
Luxembourg, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway,
Poland, Portugal, the Slovak Republic, Spain,
Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, the United Kingdom
and the United States.
Annex I Parties include Australia, Austria, Belarus,
Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Croatia, the Czech
Republic,41 Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France,
41. Czechoslovakia was in the original list of Annex I countries.
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY
Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy,
Japan, Latvia, Liechtenstein (not available in this
publication),
Lithuania, Luxembourg, Monaco
(included with France), the Netherlands, New Zealand,
Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russian
Federation, the Slovak Republic,41 Slovenia, Spain,
Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, the United
Kingdom and the United States.
The countries that are listed above are included in
Annex I of the United Nations Framework Convention
on Climate Change as amended on 11 December 1997
by the 12th Plenary meeting of the Third Conference
of the Parties in Decision 4/CP.3. This includes the
countries that were members of the OECD at the time
of the signing of the Convention, the EEC, and fourteen countries in Central and Eastern Europe and the
Former Soviet Union that are undergoing the process
of transition to market economies.
Annex II Parties include Australia, Austria, Belgium,
Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece,
Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Liechtenstein (not available in this publication), Luxembourg, Monaco (included with France), the Netherlands, New Zealand,
Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, the
United Kingdom and the United States.
According to Decision 26/CP.7 in document
FCCC/CP/2001/13/Add.4, Turkey has been deleted
from the list of Annex II countries to the Convention.
This amendment entered into force on 28 June 2002.
Economies in Transition (EITs) are those countries
in Annex I that are undergoing the process of transition
to a market economy. This includes Belarus, Bulgaria,
Croatia, the Czech Republic,41 Estonia, Hungary,
Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, Russian
Federation, the Slovak Republic,41 Slovenia and
Ukraine.
Annex I Kyoto Parties include Australia, Austria,
Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Croatia, the Czech
Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France,
Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy,
Japan, Latvia, Liechtenstein (not available in this
publication), Lithuania, Luxembourg, Monaco
(included with France), the Netherlands, New Zealand,
Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russian
Federation, the Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Spain,
Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine and the United
Kingdom.
Membership in the Kyoto Protocol is almost identical
to that of Annex I, except for Turkey and Belarus
which did not agree to a target under the Protocol
CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION Highlights (2009 Edition) - 41
and the United States which has expressed the intention
not to ratify the Protocol. Australia ratified the Protocol on 12 December 2007 and has been included in
the Kyoto aggregate in this edition.
Please note that the following countries have not been
considered due to lack of data:
Africa: Saint Helena and Western Sahara.
America: Anguilla.
Asia and Oceania: Christmas Island, Nauru, Niue
and Palau.
Non-OECD Europe: Montenegro42 (after 2004).
42. Data for Montenegro are included under Serbia until 2004.
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY
CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION Highlights (2009 Edition) - 43
5. SUMMARY TABLES
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY
44 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION Highlights (2009 Edition)
CO2 emissions: Sectoral Approach
million tonnes of CO 2
2007
% change
90-07
14 095.0 15 690.6 18 054.8 18 627.7 20 980.5 21 810.4 23 497.3 26 336.1 27 147.0 28 028.0 28 962.4
38.0%
1971
World *
Annex I Parties
Annex II Parties
North America
Europe
Pacific
Annex I EIT
Non-Annex I Parties
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2004
2005
2006
..
8 607.3
4 630.7
3 059.9
916.7
..
..
..
8 884.2
4 738.0
3 092.8
1 053.4
..
..
..
9 530.9
5 088.5
3 337.3
1 105.1
..
..
..
..
..
..
8 792.2
7 829.0
7 808.7
8 098.4
8 096.8
8 146.5
8 162.1
-7.2%
344.5
168.4
328.6
172.6
344.0
200.6
291.7
223.8
356.9
253.6
402.0
284.5
466.0
344.0
521.7
368.1
549.7
391.1
580.6
400.2
610.4
411.6
71.1%
62.3%
Non-OECD Total
4 245.5
5 423.6
6 853.2
7 724.6
9 297.5
9 549.5 10 195.0 12 559.7 13 284.0 14 181.6 14 939.6
60.7%
OECD Total
9 336.7
9 765.9 10 657.1 10 387.6 11 072.6 11 574.5 12 492.2 12 886.6 12 922.2 12 865.6 13 000.8
17.4%
Canada
Mexico
United States
OECD N. America
339.4
97.1
4 291.3
4 727.8
377.1
138.8
4 360.8
4 876.8
426.9
212.1
4 661.6
5 300.5
402.2
251.6
4 545.7
5 199.6
432.3
292.9
4 863.3
5 588.6
465.2
309.6
5 133.3
5 908.1
532.8
356.8
5 693.0
6 582.6
550.6
375.8
5 772.4
6 698.8
556.4
403.8
5 784.5
6 744.7
537.7
417.7
5 698.3
6 653.7
572.9
437.9
5 769.3
6 780.2
32.5%
49.5%
18.6%
21.3%
144.1
758.8
52.1
13.7
968.7
180.0
856.3
76.8
17.1
1 130.1
208.0
880.7
124.4
16.4
1 229.5
221.0
876.0
153.3
19.6
1 269.8
259.8
1 065.3
229.3
21.3
1 575.8
285.2
1 146.3
364.8
24.3
1 820.6
338.7
1 181.4
431.3
32.3
1 983.6
368.2
1 210.6
478.8
35.5
2 093.1
385.8
1 217.8
469.1
36.3
2 108.9
391.0
1 201.9
476.5
37.2
2 106.7
396.3
1 236.3
488.7
35.5
2 156.8
52.5%
16.1%
113.1%
66.4%
36.9%
48.7
116.8
151.0
55.0
39.8
431.9
978.6
25.2
62.2
1.4
21.7
292.9
15.4
129.6
23.5
286.7
14.4
39.1
120.0
82.4
38.9
41.4
623.5
3 640.2
50.2
115.6
152.6
52.5
44.4
430.6
975.5
34.5
72.3
1.6
21.1
319.6
12.1
140.8
24.1
338.2
18.1
43.8
156.6
79.4
36.7
59.2
579.5
3 759.0
55.7
125.7
165.1
62.5
55.2
461.4
1 055.6
45.3
85.4
1.7
25.9
359.8
11.9
153.2
28.0
413.1
23.8
55.3
187.9
73.4
39.2
70.9
571.1
4 127.1
54.3
101.9
168.6
60.5
48.6
360.3
1 014.6
54.6
82.2
1.6
26.4
347.5
9.9
146.7
27.2
419.5
24.6
54.4
175.5
58.8
41.4
94.6
544.5
3 918.3
56.2
107.9
155.4
50.4
54.4
352.1
950.4
70.1
66.7
1.9
30.6
397.8
10.5
156.6
28.3
343.7
39.3
56.7
205.8
52.8
40.7
126.9
553.0
3 908.2
58.8
115.1
123.9
57.6
56.0
353.7
869.3
72.7
57.3
1.9
33.0
409.7
8.2
171.3
32.8
331.3
48.3
40.8
233.7
57.5
41.0
152.7
519.1
3 845.8
61.4
118.6
122.1
49.9
53.9
376.7
827.1
87.2
54.2
2.1
41.2
423.7
8.0
173.1
33.7
291.8
59.5
37.4
283.9
52.8
41.7
200.6
525.6
3 926.0
73.5
116.5
122.0
50.7
66.8
385.5
843.4
93.3
55.9
2.2
42.1
450.0
11.0
185.1
36.7
295.0
59.8
37.3
327.4
53.6
44.0
207.2
535.6
4 094.7
74.0
112.6
119.7
47.3
55.0
388.5
811.3
95.0
56.1
2.2
43.7
453.8
11.2
182.6
35.5
294.0
62.7
38.1
339.7
50.3
44.5
216.4
534.3
4 068.6
73.9
109.6
120.8
55.1
66.7
378.3
823.5
94.1
55.7
2.2
45.2
455.4
11.2
178.3
36.0
305.7
56.3
37.5
332.3
48.0
44.1
239.7
535.8
4 105.2
69.7
106.0
122.1
50.5
64.4
369.3
798.4
97.8
53.9
2.3
44.1
437.6
10.7
182.2
36.9
304.7
55.2
36.8
344.7
46.2
42.2
265.0
523.0
4 063.9
24.0%
-1.8%
-21.4%
0.2%
18.5%
4.9%
-16.0%
39.5%
-19.1%
24.6%
44.1%
10.0%
2.5%
16.4%
30.6%
-11.4%
40.5%
-35.1%
67.5%
-12.4%
3.6%
108.8%
-5.4%
4.0%
..
..
..
..
4 059.4
3 848.2
3 831.1
4 002.9
3 970.2
3 987.7
3 926.4
-3.3%
Annex I Kyoto Parties
Intl. marine bunkers
Intl. aviation bunkers
Australia
Japan
Korea
New Zealand
OECD Pacific
Austria
Belgium
Czech Republic
Denmark
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
Ireland
Italy
Luxembourg
Netherlands
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Slovak Republic
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Turkey
United Kingdom
OECD Europe
European Union - 27
.. 13 898.6 13 175.5 13 758.4 14 138.4 14 158.4 14 148.6 14 259.1
9 163.5 9 800.8 10 194.2 10 998.1 11 314.6 11 324.9 11 212.2 11 291.6
4 948.0 5 295.6 5 598.6 6 225.8 6 323.0 6 340.8 6 236.1 6 342.3
3 099.0 3 158.7 3 139.9 3 220.0 3 377.3 3 344.3 3 345.9 3 281.3
1 116.5 1 346.5 1 455.8 1 552.3 1 614.3 1 639.8 1 630.2 1 668.1
.. 3 970.8 2 828.6 2 559.7 2 616.5 2 617.1 2 696.7 2 702.5
.. 6 471.5 7 948.5 8 928.8 11 307.9 12 047.8 12 898.7 13 681.3
* Total world includes non-OECD total, OECD total as well as international marine bunkers and international aviation bunkers.
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY
2.6%
15.2%
19.8%
3.9%
23.9%
-31.9%
111.4%
CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION Highlights (2009 Edition) - 45
CO2 emissions: Sectoral Approach
million tonnes of CO 2
2007
% change
90-07
9 549.5 10 195.0 12 559.7 13 284.0 14 181.6 14 939.6
60.7%
1971
1975
1980
1985
1990
4 245.5
5 423.6
6 853.2
7 724.6
9 297.5
Algeria
Angola
Benin
Botswana
Cameroon
Congo
Dem. Rep. of Congo
Côte d'Ivoire
Egypt
Eritrea
Ethiopia
Gabon
Ghana
Kenya
Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
Morocco
Mozambique
Namibia
Nigeria
Senegal
South Africa
Sudan
United Rep. of Tanzania
Togo
Tunisia
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Other Africa
Africa
8.7
1.7
0.3
..
0.7
0.6
2.5
2.4
20.4
..
1.3
0.5
1.9
3.8
3.7
6.8
2.9
..
5.9
1.2
173.8
3.3
1.5
0.3
3.7
3.4
7.2
7.6
266.2
14.0
2.0
0.5
..
1.0
0.7
2.6
3.0
25.9
..
1.2
0.7
2.3
4.4
9.2
9.9
2.3
..
11.7
1.6
209.2
3.3
1.5
0.3
4.8
4.4
7.2
9.2
333.0
28.4
2.7
0.4
..
1.7
0.8
3.1
3.4
42.3
..
1.4
1.3
2.3
5.6
18.6
14.0
2.3
..
26.7
2.0
214.5
3.7
1.6
0.4
7.8
3.4
8.0
13.0
409.1
43.2
2.9
0.5
1.6
2.4
0.8
3.2
3.0
65.5
..
1.4
1.7
2.2
5.5
22.5
16.5
1.5
..
32.4
2.1
229.1
4.2
1.5
0.3
9.6
2.8
9.6
11.8
477.7
51.7
4.0
0.3
2.9
2.7
0.7
3.0
2.6
79.2
..
2.2
0.9
2.7
6.3
27.4
19.6
1.1
..
29.2
2.0
254.7
5.5
1.7
0.6
12.1
2.6
16.0
14.6
546.2
55.7
4.0
0.2
3.3
2.5
0.5
2.1
3.2
84.0
0.8
2.3
1.3
3.3
7.3
35.1
25.4
1.1
1.8
30.4
2.5
276.9
4.6
2.5
0.6
14.3
2.0
14.8
16.8
599.5
62.4
5.1
1.4
4.2
2.8
0.6
2.0
6.1
110.2
0.6
3.2
1.4
5.1
8.9
39.7
28.3
1.3
1.9
41.1
3.6
298.5
5.5
2.6
1.0
18.0
1.7
12.7
18.4
688.3
73.9
8.7
2.4
4.1
3.0
0.9
2.2
5.5
138.0
0.7
4.7
1.7
6.2
8.8
43.7
34.7
1.7
2.7
49.2
4.5
337.6
9.5
3.8
1.0
19.7
2.0
9.7
22.7
803.2
78.6
7.0
2.5
4.3
2.9
1.0
2.3
5.8
151.9
0.6
4.8
2.1
6.6
10.0
42.5
39.2
1.5
2.8
55.6
4.6
330.5
9.7
5.1
1.0
19.3
2.1
10.4
23.0
828.0
81.7
8.7
3.0
4.5
3.1
1.2
2.3
5.8
160.1
0.5
5.3
2.1
8.5
11.3
42.5
39.6
1.6
3.0
51.4
4.5
331.6
11.0
5.7
0.9
19.8
2.2
9.9
25.0
847.0
85.7
10.7
3.1
4.8
4.6
1.3
2.4
5.1
168.7
0.5
6.0
2.6
9.0
11.4
43.1
40.8
2.0
3.2
51.4
4.2
345.8
10.9
5.4
0.9
20.4
2.4
9.3
26.3
882.0
65.8%
165.9%
+
62.0%
73.8%
80.9%
-17.7%
92.0%
113.0%
..
169.9%
183.5%
232.0%
80.3%
57.7%
107.9%
81.7%
..
76.2%
110.9%
35.8%
97.4%
217.8%
57.2%
69.2%
-9.0%
-41.7%
80.5%
61.5%
Bahrain
Islamic Rep. of Iran
Iraq
Israel
Jordan
Kuwait
Lebanon
Oman
Qatar
Saudi Arabia
Syrian Arab Republic
United Arab Emirates
Yemen
Middle East
3.0
41.4
12.3
14.4
1.3
23.2
4.6
0.3
2.2
13.3
6.8
2.4
1.2
126.5
5.3
74.9
15.6
17.1
2.1
22.9
5.7
0.7
4.9
23.7
10.3
4.9
1.7
189.6
7.4
92.3
32.3
19.6
4.2
30.8
6.6
2.2
7.8
101.3
15.1
19.1
3.4
342.1
10.4
146.3
43.8
24.5
7.4
37.8
7.7
5.5
12.5
129.0
23.6
35.4
4.8
488.6
11.7
175.3
52.8
33.6
9.2
24.3
6.4
9.9
14.5
161.4
31.0
51.6
6.4
588.2
11.6
249.4
71.8
46.3
12.1
41.0
12.6
14.4
19.1
204.5
38.6
70.0
9.3
800.7
14.1
304.8
81.8
55.5
14.3
50.2
14.2
19.8
24.3
251.1
45.8
86.1
13.2
975.1
16.8
380.6
84.8
60.9
16.7
67.0
15.3
25.0
34.8
303.6
47.7
107.5
17.2
1 178.0
18.1
399.9
85.4
61.1
17.9
74.3
15.8
28.0
37.3
321.9
47.7
110.0
18.8
1 236.2
20.2
440.0
88.8
62.6
18.3
66.7
13.3
30.6
42.0
340.0
50.8
115.7
19.7
1 308.7
21.3
465.9
91.4
65.9
19.2
66.8
11.4
35.9
48.5
357.9
53.7
130.6
20.5
1 389.0
81.7%
165.8%
73.0%
96.3%
108.3%
174.4%
77.7%
261.2%
235.2%
121.7%
73.4%
153.0%
219.6%
136.1%
Albania
Bosnia and Herzegovina *
Bulgaria
Croatia *
Cyprus
Gibraltar
FYR of Macedonia *
Malta
Romania
Serbia *
Slovenia *
Former Yugoslavia *
Non-OECD Europe
3.9
..
62.8
..
1.8
0.1
..
0.6
114.9
..
..
63.2
247.3
4.5
..
72.2
..
1.7
0.1
..
0.6
140.6
..
..
75.2
294.8
7.6
..
83.8
..
2.6
0.1
..
1.0
176.1
..
..
87.6
358.8
7.2
..
81.1
..
2.8
0.1
..
1.1
173.3
..
..
121.7
387.3
6.2
23.6
74.9
21.6
3.8
0.2
8.5
2.3
167.1
61.4
13.1
382.9
1.9
3.3
53.4
15.8
5.2
0.3
8.2
2.4
117.1
44.0
13.8
265.4
3.2
13.7
42.0
17.7
6.3
0.4
8.4
2.1
86.3
42.5
14.0
236.5
3.5
14.9
45.3
20.4
6.9
0.4
8.5
2.6
91.5
55.1
15.4
264.5
4.6
15.7
45.8
20.7
7.0
0.4
8.8
2.7
91.7
45.2
15.6
258.2
4.1
17.2
47.1
20.7
7.1
0.5
8.8
2.6
94.9
48.0
15.9
266.9
4.0
18.0
50.2
22.0
7.4
0.5
9.1
2.7
91.9
49.7
15.9
271.5
-35.6%
-23.9%
-33.0%
2.1%
91.4%
164.3%
7.1%
19.1%
-45.0%
-19.1%
21.2%
-29.1%
Non-OECD Total
1995
2000
2004
2005
2006
* Data for individual countries of the Former Yugoslavia are not available prior to 1990.
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY
46 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION Highlights (2009 Edition)
CO2 emissions: Sectoral Approach
million tonnes of CO 2
1971
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2004
2005
2006
2007
% change
90-07
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
1 995.8
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
2 567.9
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
3 056.0
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
3 197.5
20.5
65.0
116.1
36.2
28.7
236.4
22.7
18.4
33.1
30.2
2 179.9
11.7
46.6
687.9
119.8
3 653.1
3.4
31.5
60.5
16.0
7.1
167.0
4.6
8.8
14.2
10.9
1 582.9
4.7
34.4
392.8
101.6
2 440.4
3.4
29.4
56.1
14.5
4.4
123.3
4.6
6.8
11.2
6.5
1 513.8
4.2
36.2
292.0
116.5
2 222.7
3.5
30.0
60.3
16.5
3.3
154.5
5.6
7.5
12.7
7.5
1 524.1
5.4
39.3
312.6
115.7
2 298.7
4.1
32.0
60.8
16.2
3.9
165.2
5.4
7.6
13.5
7.9
1 531.2
5.7
41.4
306.0
109.8
2 310.6
4.1
30.2
64.0
15.3
4.4
185.7
5.2
8.0
13.7
7.4
1 587.2
6.3
41.3
310.3
112.9
2 396.1
4.8
27.6
62.7
18.0
5.1
190.5
5.7
8.3
14.4
7.5
1 587.4
6.9
45.3
314.0
113.4
2 411.6
-76.6%
-57.6%
-46.0%
-50.1%
-82.1%
-19.4%
-74.9%
-54.6%
-56.4%
-75.1%
-27.2%
-40.9%
-2.8%
-54.4%
-5.4%
-34.0%
Argentina
Bolivia
Brazil
Chile
Colombia
Costa Rica
Cuba
Dominican Republic
Ecuador
El Salvador
Guatemala
Haiti
Honduras
Jamaica
Netherlands Antilles
Nicaragua
Panama
Paraguay
Peru
Trinidad and Tobago
Uruguay
Venezuela
Other Latin America
Latin America
83.1
2.1
90.5
20.8
26.2
1.3
18.4
3.4
3.7
1.3
2.3
0.4
1.1
5.5
14.4
1.5
2.5
0.6
15.6
6.1
5.2
52.1
7.8
366.0
85.9
3.2
136.3
17.0
28.3
1.7
25.4
5.1
6.2
2.0
3.0
0.4
1.3
7.4
10.2
1.8
3.2
0.7
18.4
5.8
5.5
62.8
10.8
442.6
95.9
4.3
178.1
21.2
33.8
2.2
28.5
6.2
10.6
1.7
4.2
0.6
1.7
6.5
8.7
1.8
2.9
1.4
20.5
7.9
5.6
92.4
10.2
547.0
88.6
4.5
167.0
19.4
38.3
2.0
30.6
6.1
12.1
1.7
3.3
0.8
1.7
4.6
4.6
1.8
2.6
1.4
18.2
9.6
3.1
95.2
9.2
526.4
100.4
5.4
193.0
32.7
45.0
2.6
27.6
7.6
13.2
2.2
3.3
0.9
2.1
7.2
2.7
1.8
2.5
1.9
19.2
11.4
3.7
105.1
12.4
604.1
118.2
8.2
239.0
41.4
58.0
4.4
22.1
11.4
16.3
4.7
6.0
0.9
3.5
8.4
2.8
2.5
4.1
3.4
23.7
12.3
4.5
118.3
13.4
727.5
139.2
7.6
303.3
56.0
58.7
4.6
24.8
17.4
18.5
5.2
8.8
1.4
4.4
9.8
4.0
3.5
4.7
3.3
26.4
17.9
5.3
126.7
15.0
866.6
146.2
9.3
320.7
62.6
56.2
5.5
26.2
17.9
22.2
5.8
10.4
1.9
6.7
10.7
4.1
4.1
5.5
3.7
28.9
22.2
5.4
128.1
17.0
921.2
149.2
10.7
326.8
63.6
56.9
5.4
25.2
17.5
23.6
5.9
11.0
2.0
6.9
10.6
4.2
4.1
5.7
3.4
28.5
23.3
5.2
136.5
17.5
943.6
159.4
10.1
333.0
66.2
57.0
5.9
24.6
18.6
25.4
5.8
11.1
2.0
6.4
11.7
4.2
4.0
6.5
3.6
28.0
26.9
6.1
143.9
17.7
978.3
162.6
12.3
347.1
71.0
55.9
6.6
26.2
19.3
27.0
6.2
11.7
2.3
8.2
12.7
4.5
4.4
6.5
3.7
30.3
29.1
5.7
143.8
18.9
1 016.0
62.0%
126.2%
79.8%
117.4%
24.4%
151.5%
-5.1%
152.4%
104.6%
187.7%
254.4%
144.9%
282.6%
76.5%
63.9%
140.3%
163.7%
93.1%
57.8%
156.2%
52.7%
36.8%
51.9%
68.2%
Bangladesh
Brunei Darussalam
Cambodia
Chinese Taipei
India
Indonesia
DPR of Korea
Malaysia
Mongolia
Myanmar
Nepal
Pakistan
Philippines
Singapore
Sri Lanka
Thailand
Vietnam
Other Asia
Asia
3.2
0.4
..
31.0
199.3
25.1
67.5
12.7
..
4.5
0.2
16.6
23.1
6.0
2.8
17.2
16.1
8.4
434.0
4.7
1.4
..
42.5
240.2
38.0
76.7
16.1
..
3.9
0.3
20.9
29.0
8.4
2.7
21.9
16.7
10.2
533.6
7.2
2.6
..
72.2
292.5
69.1
105.6
24.2
..
5.1
0.5
26.4
33.1
12.7
3.7
34.2
14.8
16.4
720.1
8.8
2.9
..
71.7
419.5
84.8
126.4
33.9
11.6
5.8
0.5
39.5
27.7
16.3
3.6
40.5
17.2
9.7
920.3
13.6
3.4
..
114.7
589.3
140.2
114.0
49.7
12.7
4.0
0.9
58.8
39.5
28.8
3.7
78.6
17.3
10.1
1 279.1
20.5
4.7
1.4
157.8
782.5
192.2
74.9
81.1
10.1
6.7
1.7
79.8
59.0
38.0
5.5
141.3
28.0
9.0
1 694.1
25.2
4.6
2.4
219.4
976.4
264.6
68.8
116.1
8.8
8.1
3.1
97.5
69.9
38.1
10.6
159.5
44.5
10.4
2 128.3
33.5
5.2
3.5
255.1
1 112.2
316.3
71.1
139.7
9.2
10.6
2.7
115.7
72.7
39.4
12.5
213.4
80.0
14.8
2 507.8
36.3
5.1
3.7
262.0
1 153.6
330.9
74.3
159.4
9.6
13.4
3.0
118.0
72.1
43.2
13.3
214.1
81.6
14.7
2 608.4
37.4
5.8
4.1
270.0
1 244.0
344.0
75.4
165.3
10.6
12.1
3.1
126.6
67.7
43.2
11.8
217.1
86.1
14.9
2 739.5
40.0
5.8
4.4
276.2
1 324.0
377.2
62.3
177.4
11.3
12.4
3.2
138.4
71.8
45.0
12.8
225.7
93.6
16.8
2 898.4
195.0%
73.2%
..
140.9%
124.7%
169.0%
-45.3%
257.0%
-10.9%
210.7%
262.6%
135.5%
81.5%
56.1%
242.8%
187.2%
441.5%
67.2%
126.6%
People's Rep. of China
Hong Kong, China
China
800.4
9.2
809.6
1 051.2
10.8
1 062.0
1 405.3
14.7
1 420.0
1 704.5
22.3
1 726.8
2 211.0
33.1
2 244.0
2 985.9
35.9
3 021.8
3 037.8
39.7
3 077.6
4 546.1
40.3
4 586.4
5 058.3
40.7
5 099.1
5 603.5
41.7
5 645.2
6 027.9
43.4
6 071.2
172.6%
31.2%
170.6%
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Belarus
Estonia
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyzstan
Latvia
Lithuania
Republic of Moldova
Russian Federation
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Ukraine
Uzbekistan
Former Soviet Union *
* Data for individual countries of the Former Soviet Union are not available prior to 1990.
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY
CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION Highlights (2009 Edition) - 47
CO2 emissions: Sectoral Approach - Coal/peat
million tonnes of CO 2
2007
% change
90-07
8 541.4
8 827.4 10 480.3 11 019.8 11 693.4 12 228.1
47.2%
5 108.9
3 482.0
1 890.8
1 155.8
435.4
1 569.0
3 199.3
4 596.3
3 391.8
1 994.3
923.0
474.5
1 143.7
3 945.2
4 716.1
3 652.5
2 247.0
843.3
562.1
974.7
4 111.3
4 760.6
3 725.0
2 210.2
877.0
637.8
950.4
5 719.7
4 768.2
3 740.8
2 233.6
848.5
658.7
941.1
6 251.6
4 836.6
3 739.9
2 201.1
872.2
666.6
994.9
6 856.8
4 884.4
3 780.2
2 238.6
864.8
676.8
988.8
7 343.7
-4.4%
8.6%
18.4%
-25.2%
55.4%
-37.0%
129.5%
..
3 249.7
2 639.1
2 503.4
2 574.1
2 559.3
2 642.6
2 652.1
-18.4%
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2 476.8
2 974.9
3 358.2
4 205.2
4 570.6
4 569.5
6 123.6
6 646.7
7 288.1
7 763.5
84.6%
3 130.3
3 132.3
3 594.8
4 013.8
4 103.1
3 970.8
4 257.9
4 356.7
4 373.1
4 405.3
4 464.6
8.8%
61.7
5.2
1 078.7
1 145.6
56.6
6.6
1 196.4
1 259.6
80.5
7.2
1 400.7
1 488.5
99.4
11.6
1 625.5
1 736.6
98.8
14.2
1 792.0
1 905.1
103.3
21.5
1 891.0
2 015.8
127.0
27.0
2 120.0
2 274.1
111.3
31.2
2 098.9
2 241.4
113.2
40.0
2 120.4
2 273.6
111.1
37.1
2 090.0
2 238.1
123.8
39.2
2 114.8
2 277.8
25.3%
175.8%
18.0%
19.6%
73.2
194.1
21.2
4.2
292.7
90.3
197.7
30.6
4.8
323.5
104.0
190.8
48.1
3.8
346.8
116.7
246.7
80.2
3.9
447.4
137.1
294.4
86.3
3.9
521.7
152.3
318.2
101.6
3.9
576.2
189.3
366.5
156.9
6.4
719.1
208.1
418.8
195.4
10.8
833.1
220.5
426.9
195.0
11.4
853.7
226.5
428.4
204.8
11.8
871.4
222.7
444.8
209.8
9.3
886.5
62.4%
51.1%
143.0%
136.7%
69.9%
15.9
42.2
129.2
6.0
8.4
135.3
554.1
6.8
36.8
0.0
8.8
31.7
11.3
14.4
3.7
252.5
2.4
23.5
36.9
5.4
2.0
16.0
348.4
1 692.0
13.5
37.0
121.7
8.0
9.3
104.2
494.5
11.0
34.5
7.1
30.2
7.5
11.5
3.9
289.7
1.6
23.7
37.5
6.9
1.0
20.7
274.2
1 549.2
13.7
40.2
128.8
23.8
19.6
121.2
552.2
13.4
38.0
0.1
8.0
43.0
7.9
13.8
3.9
350.9
1.6
32.0
47.9
5.4
1.4
26.8
266.1
1 759.5
16.9
37.8
131.6
28.4
19.8
91.3
580.7
24.9
35.9
0.3
10.5
58.1
6.3
23.1
4.4
359.8
2.9
33.3
69.4
10.6
2.0
45.1
236.8
1 829.8
15.8
39.0
121.0
23.7
21.1
73.3
504.6
33.4
24.1
0.3
14.5
55.1
5.0
31.8
3.4
286.9
10.6
30.7
74.1
10.4
1.4
57.9
238.2
1 676.3
13.2
33.4
88.7
25.3
23.2
57.3
370.1
33.3
17.0
0.2
12.3
44.9
2.1
33.5
4.1
268.3
13.9
21.1
71.8
9.4
0.8
60.7
174.1
1 378.8
14.2
29.0
84.1
15.4
20.9
57.4
337.2
37.4
15.1
0.4
10.6
43.3
0.5
29.9
4.2
217.3
14.7
16.0
81.5
8.1
0.6
88.9
138.2
1 264.7
16.5
21.4
79.6
17.1
30.4
49.7
348.9
38.3
13.8
0.4
9.6
62.4
0.4
31.7
3.5
210.0
12.9
16.5
79.9
10.9
0.6
85.2
142.5
1 282.2
15.6
19.1
76.3
14.4
20.0
53.6
331.9
37.8
12.0
0.4
10.6
62.8
0.3
30.3
3.0
207.1
13.1
15.6
80.2
9.8
0.7
86.3
144.7
1 245.8
16.5
17.7
78.0
21.6
30.7
50.4
339.3
34.7
11.7
0.4
9.7
69.8
0.4
28.8
2.6
215.9
13.0
16.2
69.2
9.0
0.7
101.7
157.8
1 295.8
15.0
16.7
80.1
18.1
29.0
50.9
347.5
36.6
11.7
0.5
9.0
60.5
0.3
31.3
2.9
212.4
11.2
15.8
78.7
8.9
0.7
115.4
146.9
1 300.2
-5.1%
-57.1%
-33.8%
-23.6%
37.2%
-30.6%
-31.1%
9.7%
-51.4%
74.9%
-37.7%
9.8%
-93.7%
-1.5%
-15.4%
-26.0%
5.3%
-48.5%
6.3%
-14.8%
-51.5%
99.4%
-38.3%
-22.4%
..
..
..
..
1 736.7
1 402.3
1 241.6
1 273.0
1 235.0
1 273.3
1 269.4
-26.9%
1971
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
World *
5 201.2
5 609.0
6 569.7
7 372.0
8 308.2
Annex I Parties
Annex II Parties
North America
Europe
Pacific
Annex I EIT
Non-Annex I Parties
..
2 645.9
1 140.5
1 234.0
271.5
..
..
..
2 604.8
1 253.0
1 059.0
292.9
..
..
..
2 962.8
1 481.2
1 182.9
298.7
..
..
..
3 316.3
1 725.0
1 224.1
367.3
..
..
Annex I Kyoto Parties
..
..
..
Intl. marine bunkers
Intl. aviation bunkers
0.1
-
-
Non-OECD Total
2 070.8
OECD Total
Canada
Mexico
United States
OECD N. America
Australia
Japan
Korea
New Zealand
OECD Pacific
Austria
Belgium
Czech Republic
Denmark
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
Ireland
Italy
Luxembourg
Netherlands
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Slovak Republic
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Turkey
United Kingdom
OECD Europe
European Union - 27
2000
2004
2005
2006
* Total world includes non-OECD total, OECD total as well as international marine bunkers and international aviation bunkers.
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY
48 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION Highlights (2009 Edition)
CO2 emissions: Sectoral Approach - Coal/peat
million tonnes of CO 2
Non-OECD Total
Algeria
Angola
Benin
Botswana
Cameroon
Congo
Dem. Rep. of Congo
Côte d'Ivoire
Egypt
Eritrea
Ethiopia
Gabon
Ghana
Kenya
Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
Morocco
Mozambique
Namibia
Nigeria
Senegal
South Africa
Sudan
United Rep. of Tanzania
Togo
Tunisia
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Other Africa
Africa
Bahrain
Islamic Rep. of Iran
Iraq
Israel
Jordan
Kuwait
Lebanon
Oman
Qatar
Saudi Arabia
Syrian Arab Republic
United Arab Emirates
Yemen
Middle East
Albania
Bosnia and Herzegovina *
Bulgaria
Croatia *
Cyprus
Gibraltar
FYR of Macedonia *
Malta
Romania
Serbia *
Slovenia *
Former Yugoslavia *
Non-OECD Europe
1971
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2004
2005
2006
2007
% change
90-07
2 070.8
2 476.8
2 974.9
3 358.2
4 205.2
4 570.6
4 569.5
6 123.6
6 646.7
7 288.1
7 763.5
84.6%
0.4
..
1.0
1.3
..
0.2
1.2
1.5
..
0.5
146.3
0.3
2.0
5.6
0.5
160.7
0.3
..
0.8
2.1
..
0.1
1.7
1.2
..
0.6
175.1
0.3
1.9
5.0
0.7
190.0
0.2
..
0.8
2.1
..
0.0
1.6
0.7
..
0.4
179.4
0.0
0.0
0.3
1.4
6.1
0.7
193.7
1.0
1.1
0.8
2.7
..
0.2
2.7
0.2
..
0.2
189.5
0.0
0.3
1.1
7.5
0.9
208.3
1.3
1.9
0.9
2.7
..
0.4
4.1
0.1
..
0.2
208.3
0.0
0.3
0.9
13.4
1.1
235.6
1.4
2.2
1.0
2.8
0.2
6.1
0.1
0.0
0.0
227.3
0.1
0.3
0.3
11.2
1.1
254.2
0.7
2.5
0.8
3.3
0.2
9.2
0.0
0.0
248.1
0.2
0.3
0.3
9.7
1.7
276.9
1.0
2.2
0.9
3.3
0.3
10.7
0.0
0.0
0.3
280.0
0.2
0.4
7.8
1.9
308.9
1.1
2.3
1.0
3.2
0.2
11.3
0.0
0.0
0.4
271.0
0.2
0.4
8.3
1.8
301.1
1.0
2.5
1.0
3.1
0.3
11.3
0.1
0.0
0.4
272.3
0.2
0.4
7.9
2.1
302.6
1.2
2.6
1.1
3.1
0.3
11.5
0.0
0.2
0.0
0.4
283.0
0.2
0.4
7.4
2.2
313.7
-7.3%
34.8%
26.0%
13.1%
..
-27.2%
178.4%
-84.5%
..
-89.5%
x
35.9%
+
..
-51.5%
-44.7%
104.7%
33.2%
0.8
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.8
4.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
4.2
3.8
0.0
0.0
0.0
3.9
3.1
7.2
0.0
10.3
2.3
9.3
11.6
3.3
16.2
0.5
0.0
20.0
4.1
25.1
0.5
0.0
29.7
3.4
31.1
0.5
0.0
35.0
3.9
31.0
0.5
0.0
35.5
4.8
31.0
0.5
0.0
36.3
5.1
32.6
0.5
0.0
38.3
124.6%
250.6%
x
x
230.3%
1.2
..
33.2
..
..
31.2
..
..
35.8
101.4
1.6
..
35.0
..
..
38.0
..
..
40.5
115.0
2.5
..
37.8
..
..
48.9
..
..
42.6
131.7
3.7
..
42.2
..
0.2
..
0.5
57.6
..
..
72.4
176.5
2.4
17.3
36.8
3.4
0.2
5.5
0.7
49.7
41.3
6.3
163.7
0.1
1.4
29.7
0.7
0.2
5.9
0.1
40.5
36.2
5.5
120.3
0.1
9.9
25.3
1.7
0.1
5.6
28.7
35.0
5.4
111.8
0.1
11.1
28.4
2.7
0.2
5.8
32.9
39.9
6.2
127.4
0.1
11.7
27.6
2.7
0.1
6.1
33.2
30.6
6.3
118.4
0.1
13.1
28.0
2.5
0.2
5.9
36.6
33.0
6.4
125.7
0.1
13.6
31.3
2.7
0.1
5.9
36.1
33.1
6.6
129.6
-95.7%
-21.6%
-15.1%
-19.8%
-44.0%
8.2%
..
-27.3%
-19.8%
4.0%
-20.8%
* Data for individual countries of the Former Yugoslavia are not available prior to 1990.
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY
CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION Highlights (2009 Edition) - 49
CO2 emissions: Sectoral Approach - Coal/peat
million tonnes of CO 2
1971
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2004
2005
2006
2007
% change
90-07
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
875.2
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
1 028.9
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
1 141.8
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
982.9
1.0
0.3
9.4
24.0
2.2
153.3
10.0
2.5
3.1
7.8
688.2
2.5
1.2
283.0
13.7
1 202.1
0.0
0.0
5.5
11.3
0.1
111.1
1.3
1.0
1.0
2.3
492.3
0.1
161.2
4.4
791.4
3.8
10.4
0.0
80.0
1.9
0.5
0.4
0.4
449.7
0.0
116.3
3.6
667.1
2.5
11.8
0.0
99.1
2.4
0.3
0.7
0.3
417.5
0.2
127.4
3.8
666.0
2.3
11.3
0.0
99.7
2.2
0.3
0.8
0.3
422.4
0.2
123.3
4.2
667.0
0.0
2.2
10.4
0.0
112.1
2.0
0.3
1.1
0.3
444.6
0.2
141.0
4.4
718.8
0.0
2.0
13.1
0.1
111.0
2.1
0.4
1.0
0.2
427.6
0.3
148.0
4.6
710.4
-99.5%
..
-78.3%
-45.5%
-96.3%
-27.6%
-78.8%
-83.2%
-66.5%
-97.1%
-37.9%
-88.1%
..
-47.7%
-66.4%
-40.9%
3.5
7.1
5.0
5.6
0.0
0.4
0.0
0.5
0.1
0.6
0.1
22.8
3.7
8.6
3.5
6.6
0.0
0.3
0.0
0.6
0.1
1.0
0.1
24.5
3.3
17.7
4.7
7.5
0.0
0.4
0.0
0.1
0.6
0.0
0.6
0.1
35.1
3.7
0.2
29.9
4.8
8.8
0.0
0.7
0.5
0.1
0.1
0.7
0.0
0.7
50.4
3.9
29.0
10.2
10.7
0.0
0.7
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.1
0.6
0.0
1.8
0.0
57.2
4.9
36.5
9.5
12.4
0.6
0.2
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.1
1.4
0.0
0.0
0.0
65.7
4.5
43.5
13.0
11.4
0.4
0.2
0.0
0.5
0.3
0.2
0.1
2.4
0.0
0.5
0.0
77.1
4.6
47.6
10.9
8.7
0.2
0.4
1.9
0.0
1.1
0.4
0.2
3.3
0.0
0.0
79.2
5.2
47.5
10.7
9.7
0.1
0.4
1.1
0.0
1.4
0.4
0.1
3.5
0.0
0.1
0.0
80.4
6.3
47.6
13.9
8.9
0.2
0.4
2.0
0.0
1.5
0.5
0.1
3.0
0.0
0.1
0.0
84.6
6.5
49.4
13.9
9.5
0.3
0.4
2.1
0.0
1.6
0.5
0.1
4.1
0.0
0.2
0.0
88.5
65.4%
70.7%
36.3%
-11.5%
+
-48.1%
+
x
x
..
+
-30.8%
..
611.9%
-55.8%
-90.3%
299.9%
54.8%
Bangladesh
Brunei Darussalam
Cambodia
Chinese Taipei
India
Indonesia
DPR of Korea
Malaysia
Mongolia
Myanmar
Nepal
Pakistan
Philippines
Singapore
Sri Lanka
Thailand
Vietnam
Other Asia
Asia
0.4
..
10.0
142.6
0.5
64.9
0.0
..
0.6
0.0
2.5
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.5
5.6
4.1
231.9
0.5
..
8.4
176.1
0.5
72.5
0.0
..
0.6
0.1
2.2
0.2
0.1
0.0
0.6
10.0
4.3
276.2
0.5
..
14.7
206.0
0.8
97.5
0.2
..
0.6
0.2
2.9
1.4
0.1
0.0
1.9
9.2
7.7
343.6
0.2
..
26.4
294.6
1.5
119.0
1.1
9.4
0.6
0.0
5.2
4.7
0.1
0.0
6.5
11.3
0.9
481.6
1.1
..
42.6
406.3
11.7
106.1
4.0
10.2
0.3
0.2
7.2
5.5
0.1
0.0
16.1
9.0
0.8
621.3
1.2
64.5
528.0
17.5
70.9
4.8
9.0
0.1
0.3
8.1
7.8
0.2
0.0
29.4
13.4
0.5
755.7
1.3
111.1
635.1
49.1
65.7
6.9
7.5
0.2
1.0
6.9
20.7
0.2
0.0
31.4
17.6
1.3
956.0
1.4
142.0
745.3
79.2
67.7
22.2
7.5
0.4
0.6
14.9
20.9
0.2
0.1
43.5
33.6
1.6
1 181.1
1.4
146.8
782.1
90.2
71.4
26.7
7.9
0.4
1.0
14.6
22.7
0.2
0.3
46.9
32.8
1.6
1 246.8
1.4
154.1
844.4
114.3
73.3
28.3
8.8
0.5
1.0
16.2
23.0
0.2
0.2
49.8
36.5
1.6
1 353.6
1.4
160.6
895.0
143.7
59.7
34.3
9.0
0.5
1.0
21.1
25.1
0.3
0.2
56.0
39.9
1.9
1 449.7
24.3%
..
276.6%
120.3%
+
-43.7%
752.6%
-12.4%
99.1%
527.1%
191.1%
360.7%
73.9%
881.2%
248.4%
345.4%
125.2%
133.3%
People's Rep. of China
Hong Kong, China
China
677.9
0.1
678.0
837.9
0.1
838.1
1 125.0
0.2
1 125.2
1 435.4
12.8
1 448.1
1 889.3
24.4
1 913.7
2 538.9
24.4
2 563.3
2 433.3
17.7
2 451.0
3 699.1
26.9
3 726.0
4 170.1
27.2
4 197.3
4 638.0
28.6
4 666.6
5 002.7
30.7
5 033.3
164.8%
25.7%
163.0%
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Belarus
Estonia
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyzstan
Latvia
Lithuania
Republic of Moldova
Russian Federation
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Ukraine
Uzbekistan
Former Soviet Union *
Argentina
Bolivia
Brazil
Chile
Colombia
Costa Rica
Cuba
Dominican Republic
Ecuador
El Salvador
Guatemala
Haiti
Honduras
Jamaica
Netherlands Antilles
Nicaragua
Panama
Paraguay
Peru
Trinidad and Tobago
Uruguay
Venezuela
Other Latin America
Latin America
* Data for individual countries of the Former Soviet Union are not available prior to 1990.
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY
50 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION Highlights (2009 Edition)
CO2 emissions: Sectoral Approach - Oil
million tonnes of CO 2
2007
% change
90-07
9 089.0
9 870.7 10 553.4 10 691.8 10 763.1 10 898.6
23.5%
5 681.9
4 489.7
2 251.2
1 482.3
756.3
1 129.7
2 530.1
5 333.4
4 628.7
2 265.8
1 565.2
797.8
625.7
3 069.2
5 482.6
4 850.6
2 517.9
1 565.5
767.2
549.3
3 578.0
5 658.6
5 025.9
2 707.4
1 581.8
736.8
554.0
4 005.0
5 660.4
5 032.1
2 721.3
1 570.8
739.9
551.2
4 090.6
5 572.1
4 925.8
2 668.1
1 554.7
703.0
569.1
4 210.2
5 504.3
4 847.2
2 648.2
1 493.5
705.5
578.5
4 372.2
-3.1%
8.0%
17.6%
0.8%
-6.7%
-48.8%
72.8%
..
3 497.7
3 171.4
3 099.6
3 120.3
3 114.8
3 063.4
3 023.7
-13.6%
344.0
200.6
291.7
223.8
356.9
253.6
402.0
284.5
466.0
344.0
521.7
368.1
549.7
391.1
580.6
400.2
610.4
411.6
71.1%
62.3%
2 226.6
2 863.9
2 928.4
3 202.9
3 136.1
3 545.7
3 987.4
4 070.0
4 214.0
4 372.1
36.5%
4 723.9
5 068.7
5 304.4
4 642.9
5 009.2
5 266.5
5 514.9
5 676.3
5 681.0
5 568.4
5 504.5
9.9%
209.8
71.7
2 023.0
2 304.6
233.2
106.5
2 108.4
2 448.1
246.7
161.6
2 181.2
2 589.5
188.8
186.5
1 976.0
2 351.3
209.4
226.6
2 041.8
2 477.8
212.2
230.4
2 053.5
2 496.1
237.1
255.9
2 280.8
2 773.8
267.4
249.3
2 440.1
2 956.7
272.4
259.1
2 449.0
2 980.4
258.9
257.7
2 409.3
2 925.8
266.7
266.1
2 381.5
2 914.3
27.3%
17.4%
16.6%
17.6%
66.8
556.2
30.9
9.3
663.2
80.8
639.4
46.2
11.6
778.0
87.3
638.6
76.2
10.7
812.9
79.9
547.4
73.1
9.6
710.0
89.1
655.4
135.3
11.7
891.6
94.4
689.5
240.2
13.9
1 038.0
104.6
647.1
229.9
15.5
997.1
105.6
613.5
216.9
17.7
953.6
109.1
613.0
203.8
17.9
943.8
107.9
577.0
196.2
18.1
899.1
109.2
578.2
197.5
18.1
903.1
22.6%
-11.8%
46.0%
54.5%
1.3%
27.2
63.3
19.9
49.0
31.4
277.3
385.7
18.4
18.6
1.4
12.9
237.3
4.1
68.1
19.8
21.9
12.0
12.6
82.4
77.1
36.9
25.4
253.5
1 756.2
29.2
60.4
27.9
44.2
33.6
293.5
392.4
23.5
27.2
1.6
14.0
248.6
3.8
56.8
19.8
33.5
16.5
15.2
117.3
72.5
34.8
38.5
238.0
1 842.6
33.0
65.0
30.6
38.5
33.9
292.8
385.9
32.0
29.8
1.7
16.2
267.5
3.0
70.0
22.0
42.8
22.2
18.1
136.9
67.6
36.0
44.1
212.7
1 902.0
26.9
46.7
27.9
30.2
26.9
214.5
326.6
29.6
27.0
1.4
11.4
229.6
2.9
48.3
19.8
39.2
21.8
14.3
101.6
47.3
35.8
49.4
202.5
1 581.6
27.7
48.7
23.0
22.0
28.2
220.1
323.1
36.5
22.7
1.6
12.1
252.7
4.4
52.7
20.0
34.9
28.7
14.4
121.0
40.1
34.2
62.5
208.4
1 639.8
29.8
55.4
20.5
24.4
26.2
227.3
345.7
39.1
19.8
1.7
15.7
261.3
4.7
57.8
20.4
40.9
34.4
7.1
143.4
45.4
33.5
78.9
198.8
1 732.4
31.0
56.9
20.2
23.4
24.0
234.0
324.0
45.7
17.3
1.7
22.9
245.3
5.9
60.7
21.0
51.5
39.9
6.8
166.8
41.5
33.2
82.7
187.5
1 744.0
37.7
58.7
23.8
21.8
26.8
239.7
304.0
49.7
15.9
1.8
23.8
232.2
7.7
66.0
22.4
57.3
38.8
8.6
190.0
39.0
34.0
78.7
187.5
1 766.0
37.6
57.9
24.9
21.6
26.1
237.2
295.7
51.7
16.8
1.8
24.9
224.8
8.0
68.5
21.9
58.1
40.5
9.1
191.4
36.6
34.2
77.1
190.5
1 756.8
37.6
54.9
24.7
21.9
26.6
232.8
297.7
53.1
17.8
1.9
26.2
222.3
7.8
67.8
22.4
59.9
34.6
9.1
189.5
35.0
33.8
77.3
188.9
1 743.4
35.6
51.9
25.1
21.9
26.5
226.1
261.3
53.5
17.7
1.9
25.0
212.8
7.5
71.3
22.9
62.7
34.8
9.5
190.2
33.6
31.9
78.6
184.9
1 687.1
28.5%
6.7%
9.3%
-0.6%
-6.0%
2.7%
-19.1%
46.6%
-22.2%
15.8%
106.1%
-15.8%
69.1%
35.1%
14.6%
79.5%
21.2%
-33.6%
57.3%
-16.3%
-6.7%
25.7%
-11.3%
2.9%
..
..
..
..
1 647.1
1 675.4
1 670.1
1 698.4
1 693.1
1 679.5
1 624.5
-1.4%
1971
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
World *
6 834.7
7 796.5
8 712.8
8 086.8
8 822.5
Annex I Parties
Annex II Parties
North America
Europe
Pacific
Annex I EIT
Non-Annex I Parties
..
4 522.9
2 232.9
1 657.7
632.3
..
..
..
4 773.7
2 341.6
1 700.3
731.8
..
..
..
4 901.2
2 427.9
1 736.7
736.6
..
..
..
4 225.5
2 164.8
1 423.8
636.9
..
..
..
..
..
344.4
168.4
328.6
172.6
Non-OECD Total
1 598.0
OECD Total
Canada
Mexico
United States
OECD N. America
Annex I Kyoto Parties
Intl. marine bunkers
Intl. aviation bunkers
Australia
Japan
Korea
New Zealand
OECD Pacific
Austria
Belgium
Czech Republic
Denmark
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
Ireland
Italy
Luxembourg
Netherlands
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Slovak Republic
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Turkey
United Kingdom
OECD Europe
European Union - 27
2000
2004
2005
2006
* Total world includes non-OECD total, OECD total as well as international marine bunkers and international aviation bunkers.
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY
CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION Highlights (2009 Edition) - 51
CO2 emissions: Sectoral Approach - Oil
million tonnes of CO 2
1971
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2004
2005
2006
2007
% change
90-07
1 598.0
2 226.6
2 863.9
2 928.4
3 202.9
3 136.1
3 545.7
3 987.4
4 070.0
4 214.0
4 372.1
36.5%
5.9
1.6
0.3
..
0.7
0.6
1.5
2.4
18.9
..
1.3
0.5
1.9
3.6
1.6
5.6
1.4
..
5.0
1.2
27.5
3.3
1.5
0.3
3.4
1.5
1.6
7.1
100.3
9.1
1.9
0.5
..
1.0
0.7
1.8
3.0
23.6
..
1.2
0.7
2.3
4.3
6.7
8.1
1.1
..
10.1
1.6
34.1
3.3
1.5
0.3
4.0
2.5
2.1
8.5
134.1
14.8
2.5
0.4
..
1.7
0.8
2.3
3.4
36.9
..
1.4
1.3
2.3
5.5
13.1
12.3
1.6
..
23.4
2.0
35.1
3.7
1.6
0.4
6.7
1.9
1.8
12.3
189.2
20.5
2.7
0.5
0.5
2.4
0.8
2.4
3.0
54.8
..
1.4
1.6
2.2
5.3
15.5
13.6
1.2
..
25.2
2.1
39.6
4.2
1.5
0.3
7.1
1.7
2.0
10.9
223.1
23.0
3.0
0.3
1.0
2.7
0.7
2.1
2.6
61.6
..
2.2
0.7
2.7
6.0
18.3
15.4
0.9
..
22.1
2.0
46.4
5.5
1.7
0.6
9.0
1.7
2.6
13.5
248.2
21.8
2.9
0.2
1.2
2.5
0.5
1.1
3.1
58.2
0.8
2.3
1.1
3.3
7.0
26.6
19.3
1.0
1.8
21.2
2.4
49.6
4.6
2.4
0.6
9.5
1.7
3.6
15.7
266.1
24.1
4.0
1.4
1.7
2.8
0.6
1.2
3.2
66.9
0.6
3.2
1.1
5.1
8.7
30.9
19.0
1.3
1.9
28.6
3.6
50.4
5.5
2.4
1.0
11.3
1.4
3.0
16.8
301.6
29.7
7.2
2.4
1.9
3.0
0.8
1.3
2.8
77.6
0.7
4.7
1.4
6.2
8.5
31.7
24.0
1.7
2.7
32.9
4.1
57.6
9.5
3.4
1.0
11.9
1.7
1.9
19.8
352.2
30.7
5.6
2.5
2.0
2.9
1.0
1.3
2.9
83.0
0.6
4.8
1.8
6.6
9.8
32.1
27.0
1.5
2.8
38.5
4.2
59.5
9.7
4.2
1.0
12.1
1.8
2.1
20.3
372.2
31.7
7.2
3.0
2.1
3.1
1.1
1.3
3.0
86.5
0.5
5.3
1.8
8.5
11.0
31.2
27.2
1.6
2.9
32.3
4.0
59.3
11.0
4.5
0.9
11.7
1.9
2.0
20.9
377.6
34.3
9.3
3.1
2.1
4.0
1.2
1.3
2.7
92.0
0.5
6.0
2.2
9.0
11.2
31.8
28.1
1.9
3.0
28.8
3.8
62.7
10.9
4.2
0.9
11.9
2.0
1.9
21.9
392.8
49.4%
213.0%
+
115.8%
49.6%
75.0%
-35.8%
2.7%
49.5%
..
169.9%
218.9%
232.0%
86.8%
73.1%
82.2%
97.9%
..
30.2%
89.3%
35.2%
97.4%
146.2%
57.2%
33.2%
12.0%
-26.6%
62.6%
58.2%
Bahrain
Islamic Rep. of Iran
Iraq
Israel
Jordan
Kuwait
Lebanon
Oman
Qatar
Saudi Arabia
Syrian Arab Republic
United Arab Emirates
Yemen
Middle East
1.2
35.2
10.5
14.2
1.3
13.3
4.6
0.3
0.3
10.6
6.8
0.4
1.2
99.9
1.2
62.7
12.4
17.0
2.1
13.0
5.6
0.7
0.7
18.3
10.3
1.6
1.7
147.4
1.7
80.0
29.8
19.4
4.2
17.6
6.6
1.5
1.5
80.1
15.0
9.4
3.4
270.3
1.8
126.4
42.1
17.3
7.4
28.2
7.7
3.3
2.0
95.0
23.3
15.6
4.8
374.7
2.1
136.0
49.1
24.2
9.0
12.5
6.4
5.0
2.3
114.6
27.8
18.5
6.4
413.9
2.4
166.0
65.7
30.1
11.6
23.0
12.1
7.7
2.9
143.1
33.8
21.4
9.3
529.1
2.5
181.9
75.8
30.4
13.8
32.3
13.7
8.4
3.4
176.2
35.3
21.9
13.2
608.7
3.1
205.2
82.9
27.6
13.9
47.4
14.8
10.9
6.8
204.3
35.4
28.8
17.2
698.3
3.6
211.2
82.6
26.9
14.7
52.3
15.3
12.0
7.8
212.2
37.0
30.1
18.8
724.3
4.3
232.6
86.0
27.4
13.6
44.1
12.8
13.0
9.0
226.7
39.6
31.4
19.7
760.2
4.2
233.4
88.7
28.9
13.6
44.8
10.8
14.3
11.3
241.2
42.9
32.9
20.5
787.4
103.7%
71.5%
80.7%
19.3%
51.1%
257.8%
69.7%
184.8%
389.6%
110.4%
54.4%
78.0%
219.6%
90.2%
Albania
Bosnia and Herzegovina *
Bulgaria
Croatia *
Cyprus
Gibraltar
FYR of Macedonia *
Malta
Romania
Serbia *
Slovenia *
Former Yugoslavia *
Non-OECD Europe
2.4
..
29.1
..
1.8
0.1
..
0.6
31.5
..
..
25.5
91.1
2.3
..
34.9
..
1.7
0.1
..
0.6
40.0
..
..
31.8
111.4
4.4
..
38.6
..
2.6
0.1
..
1.0
51.6
..
..
39.2
137.4
2.8
..
28.0
..
2.6
0.1
..
0.7
41.1
..
..
38.3
113.7
3.4
5.4
26.1
13.4
3.6
0.2
3.0
1.6
50.0
14.1
5.0
125.8
1.7
1.6
13.7
11.0
5.0
0.3
2.3
2.2
32.0
4.8
6.7
81.3
3.1
3.3
10.4
11.3
6.1
0.4
2.7
2.1
26.5
4.1
6.7
76.8
3.4
3.3
11.5
12.4
6.7
0.4
2.5
2.6
27.2
10.0
7.1
87.1
4.4
3.2
12.0
12.9
6.8
0.4
2.6
2.7
27.8
10.3
7.2
90.5
4.0
3.4
12.6
13.2
6.9
0.5
2.7
2.6
27.0
10.7
7.4
91.0
3.9
3.6
12.4
13.5
7.2
0.5
3.0
2.7
27.6
12.0
7.3
93.5
14.4%
-33.0%
-52.7%
0.2%
99.2%
164.3%
-1.5%
73.6%
-44.8%
-14.7%
44.3%
-25.7%
Non-OECD Total
Algeria
Angola
Benin
Botswana
Cameroon
Congo
Dem. Rep. of Congo
Côte d'Ivoire
Egypt
Eritrea
Ethiopia
Gabon
Ghana
Kenya
Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
Morocco
Mozambique
Namibia
Nigeria
Senegal
South Africa
Sudan
United Rep. of Tanzania
Togo
Tunisia
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Other Africa
Africa
* Data for individual countries of the Former Yugoslavia are not available prior to 1990.
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY
52 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION Highlights (2009 Edition)
CO2 emissions: Sectoral Approach - Oil
million tonnes of CO 2
1971
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2004
2005
2006
2007
% change
90-07
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Belarus
Estonia
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyzstan
Latvia
Lithuania
Republic of Moldova
Russian Federation
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Ukraine
Uzbekistan
Former Soviet Union *
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
688.9
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
1 018.6
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
1 210.0
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
1 193.3
11.2
31.3
79.9
9.3
15.8
58.3
9.1
10.3
19.7
14.8
625.4
5.9
16.9
195.5
30.6
1 134.1
0.7
18.8
29.5
3.5
4.8
32.5
1.6
5.5
9.0
3.1
351.2
3.5
8.2
75.4
19.8
567.1
0.8
18.6
19.5
2.6
2.1
22.7
1.3
3.8
6.5
1.2
332.4
2.7
10.7
33.7
19.5
478.3
0.9
12.0
19.6
3.1
1.6
24.1
1.7
4.1
7.0
1.9
318.0
4.0
12.4
38.5
19.7
468.7
1.0
14.0
19.5
3.1
2.0
26.2
1.8
4.1
7.5
1.9
309.9
4.3
12.7
38.2
16.1
462.4
0.9
10.5
22.1
3.1
2.0
28.0
1.7
4.4
7.3
1.9
321.0
4.8
12.5
39.3
15.0
474.7
0.9
10.7
20.6
3.2
2.5
28.4
2.0
4.7
7.5
1.9
325.8
5.3
14.0
40.9
14.6
483.1
-91.6%
-66.0%
-74.3%
-65.4%
-84.2%
-51.3%
-78.4%
-54.1%
-61.8%
-86.9%
-47.9%
-10.1%
-17.0%
-79.1%
-52.3%
-57.4%
Argentina
Bolivia
Brazil
Chile
Colombia
Costa Rica
Cuba
Dominican Republic
Ecuador
El Salvador
Guatemala
Haiti
Honduras
Jamaica
Netherlands Antilles
Nicaragua
Panama
Paraguay
Peru
Trinidad and Tobago
Uruguay
Venezuela
Other Latin America
Latin America
67.3
2.0
83.2
14.5
18.0
1.3
18.0
3.4
3.5
1.3
2.3
0.4
1.1
5.5
14.4
1.5
2.5
0.6
14.4
2.7
5.1
30.7
7.7
301.6
65.1
2.9
126.9
12.4
18.5
1.7
25.1
5.1
5.9
2.0
3.0
0.4
1.3
7.4
10.2
1.8
3.2
0.7
17.0
3.0
5.4
37.5
10.7
367.4
70.9
3.7
158.8
15.1
20.6
2.2
28.0
6.2
10.5
1.7
4.2
0.6
1.7
6.5
8.7
1.8
2.9
1.4
18.9
2.8
5.5
59.1
10.1
442.0
54.4
3.4
132.8
13.0
22.2
2.0
29.9
5.6
11.7
1.7
3.3
0.6
1.7
4.6
4.6
1.8
2.6
1.4
16.2
2.5
3.1
56.0
9.1
384.2
53.1
3.9
157.7
20.4
26.8
2.6
26.8
7.6
12.7
2.2
3.3
0.9
2.1
7.1
2.7
1.8
2.4
1.9
17.6
2.1
3.7
57.0
12.4
428.7
62.1
5.7
194.0
29.7
37.4
4.4
21.4
11.2
15.6
4.7
6.0
0.9
3.5
8.2
2.8
2.5
4.0
3.4
21.8
2.2
4.5
59.9
13.3
519.5
66.1
5.3
242.5
32.7
34.6
4.6
23.3
17.2
17.9
5.2
8.3
1.4
4.1
9.6
4.0
3.5
4.6
3.3
23.0
2.7
5.2
64.6
14.2
597.9
66.9
6.5
237.7
37.1
33.9
5.3
24.4
15.8
21.1
5.8
9.3
1.9
6.3
10.5
4.1
4.1
5.5
3.7
23.5
2.8
5.2
76.5
15.5
623.3
68.6
7.1
241.2
38.8
32.9
5.3
23.4
15.8
22.7
5.9
9.6
2.0
6.5
10.4
4.2
4.1
5.7
3.4
21.4
3.1
5.0
83.8
16.0
637.0
74.2
6.3
245.5
39.8
33.7
5.8
22.1
16.0
24.0
5.8
9.6
2.0
6.0
11.7
4.2
4.0
6.5
3.6
21.1
3.9
5.9
88.7
16.2
656.5
74.5
7.8
257.0
50.6
32.3
6.2
23.4
16.4
25.5
6.2
10.1
2.3
7.7
12.6
4.5
4.4
6.5
3.7
20.7
3.9
5.5
89.7
17.5
688.9
40.3%
98.9%
62.9%
147.8%
20.6%
139.8%
-12.4%
115.4%
101.0%
187.6%
205.9%
152.6%
260.5%
78.5%
63.9%
140.3%
172.2%
93.1%
17.8%
83.8%
48.2%
57.4%
41.0%
60.7%
Bangladesh
Brunei Darussalam
Cambodia
Chinese Taipei
India
Indonesia
DPR of Korea
Malaysia
Mongolia
Myanmar
Nepal
Pakistan
Philippines
Singapore
Sri Lanka
Thailand
Vietnam
Other Asia
Asia
2.2
0.2
..
19.0
55.5
24.4
2.6
12.6
..
3.8
0.2
8.8
22.9
5.9
2.8
16.8
10.6
3.8
192.0
3.3
0.2
..
31.3
62.3
36.4
4.2
16.0
..
3.0
0.2
11.0
28.8
8.3
2.7
21.3
6.7
5.4
241.2
4.6
0.5
..
54.2
84.1
61.0
8.0
23.9
..
3.8
0.3
13.2
31.6
12.6
3.7
32.3
5.6
8.5
348.0
4.6
0.6
..
43.5
117.7
69.7
7.4
27.9
2.2
3.4
0.5
20.9
23.0
16.1
3.6
28.3
5.8
7.5
382.6
5.2
0.9
..
68.7
164.0
91.2
7.9
38.0
2.4
2.0
0.7
30.6
34.1
28.7
3.7
52.6
8.3
8.7
547.6
8.4
1.3
1.4
85.5
221.7
116.5
3.9
50.6
1.0
3.9
1.5
43.7
51.2
34.4
5.5
93.7
14.2
7.9
746.3
9.4
1.4
2.4
94.5
299.1
153.5
3.1
58.7
1.3
5.2
2.1
56.1
49.2
35.1
10.6
90.8
24.2
8.6
905.4
11.6
1.6
3.5
91.5
311.4
176.3
3.4
66.1
1.7
5.6
2.1
47.1
46.8
26.8
12.5
117.4
35.6
13.0
974.0
12.9
1.6
3.7
92.4
307.9
179.5
2.8
66.6
1.7
5.9
2.1
47.3
42.8
29.1
13.0
113.4
37.3
12.6
972.6
12.1
1.8
4.1
92.5
333.0
166.9
2.2
65.0
1.9
5.3
2.1
54.3
38.7
28.0
11.7
112.3
37.5
12.7
981.9
12.7
1.9
4.4
90.1
357.8
165.7
2.6
68.3
2.3
5.6
2.2
58.6
39.6
28.9
12.6
112.0
40.9
14.3
1 020.7
145.6%
121.9%
..
31.1%
118.1%
81.7%
-67.0%
79.9%
-4.3%
177.7%
202.8%
91.4%
16.1%
0.9%
239.5%
113.1%
392.0%
65.6%
86.4%
People's Rep. of China
Hong Kong, China
China
115.2
9.0
124.2
195.9
10.7
206.6
252.4
14.5
267.0
247.2
9.6
256.8
295.8
8.7
304.5
415.3
11.5
426.7
560.8
16.3
577.1
775.5
8.3
783.8
802.5
8.4
810.9
864.4
7.7
872.1
897.7
8.0
905.7
203.4%
-7.3%
197.5%
* Data for individual countries of the Former Soviet Union are not available prior to 1990.
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY
CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION Highlights (2009 Edition) - 53
CO2 emissions: Sectoral Approach - Gas
million tonnes of CO 2
1971
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2004
2005
2006
2007
% change
90-07
World *
2 058.3
2 281.1
2 767.1
3 161.1
3 809.8
4 107.5
4 705.6
5 205.6
5 344.4
5 472.1
5 733.8
50.5%
Annex I Parties
Annex II Parties
North America
Europe
Pacific
Annex I EIT
Non-Annex I Parties
..
1 438.5
1 257.4
168.1
12.9
..
..
..
1 503.1
1 143.4
331.0
28.7
..
..
..
1 663.5
1 179.4
414.3
69.8
..
..
..
1 616.2
1 058.1
446.1
112.0
..
..
3 069.0
1 794.0
1 135.1
505.8
153.1
1 268.5
740.8
3 176.9
2 121.9
1 309.4
631.3
181.3
1 042.0
930.5
3 471.7
2 426.3
1 423.0
784.1
219.1
1 016.6
1 233.9
3 631.3
2 496.7
1 378.0
883.5
235.2
1 091.3
1 574.3
3 647.6
2 490.3
1 359.9
894.0
236.4
1 104.4
1 696.9
3 650.2
2 479.5
1 337.9
885.9
255.6
1 110.2
1 822.0
3 778.6
2 590.9
1 427.3
882.7
280.9
1 116.8
1 955.2
23.1%
44.4%
25.7%
74.5%
83.5%
-12.0%
163.9%
Annex I Kyoto Parties
..
..
..
..
2 024.3
1 978.1
2 155.7
2 343.6
2 366.7
2 379.9
2 423.0
19.7%
Intl. marine bunkers
Intl. aviation bunkers
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
576.7
720.2
1 014.4
1 438.0
1 889.5
1 830.6
2 064.0
2 428.8
2 548.1
2 658.7
2 786.9
47.5%
OECD Total
1 481.6
1 560.9
1 752.7
1 723.1
1 920.3
2 276.9
2 641.6
2 776.9
2 796.3
2 813.4
2 946.9
53.5%
Canada
Mexico
United States
OECD N. America
67.9
20.2
1 189.5
1 277.6
87.3
25.6
1 056.1
1 169.0
99.7
43.2
1 079.7
1 222.6
113.9
53.6
944.2
1 111.7
123.8
52.1
1 011.3
1 187.2
149.1
57.7
1 160.2
1 367.1
168.1
73.8
1 254.9
1 496.8
171.2
95.3
1 206.8
1 473.3
170.2
104.7
1 189.7
1 464.6
167.2
122.9
1 170.8
1 460.9
181.9
132.6
1 245.5
1 559.9
46.9%
154.5%
23.2%
31.4%
4.1
8.5
0.2
12.9
8.9
19.2
0.6
28.7
16.7
51.2
1.8
69.8
24.4
81.5
6.1
112.0
32.8
114.6
6.4
5.7
159.4
37.7
137.1
19.4
6.5
200.6
43.9
164.8
39.9
10.4
259.0
53.8
174.4
60.0
7.0
295.2
55.7
173.7
63.8
7.0
300.2
56.1
192.0
68.2
7.4
323.8
63.9
208.8
73.7
8.1
354.6
94.9%
82.3%
+
42.7%
122.4%
5.6
11.3
1.9
19.2
38.8
6.8
23.9
0.0
47.0
11.4
2.9
0.7
0.0
21.6
191.1
7.5
18.2
3.1
0.0
1.5
33.0
86.4
10.7
40.8
0.8
72.5
0.4
13.5
4.9
1.8
1.0
67.2
363.2
9.0
20.5
5.6
0.0
1.7
47.4
114.9
17.6
1.7
49.3
1.0
69.4
2.0
17.6
5.1
3.1
1.9
92.3
460.3
10.1
16.9
9.1
1.5
1.9
54.5
105.3
0.1
19.2
4.5
59.8
0.7
75.3
2.8
18.2
6.7
4.5
0.2
2.9
0.1
105.2
499.4
11.8
18.9
11.5
4.2
5.1
56.1
118.1
0.2
19.8
4.0
89.2
1.0
71.0
4.6
18.4
11.7
10.5
1.2
3.8
6.5
106.0
573.7
14.7
24.5
14.5
7.3
6.6
65.8
147.0
0.1
20.3
5.0
102.8
1.3
78.6
8.1
18.3
11.7
17.4
1.6
5.1
13.0
145.4
709.2
15.0
30.7
17.0
10.3
7.9
81.1
158.4
3.9
21.6
7.7
134.0
1.6
79.8
8.2
21.0
4.6
13.1
34.7
1.6
5.6
28.9
199.0
885.7
17.2
33.9
18.0
10.9
9.2
90.9
182.3
5.1
26.0
8.7
152.4
2.8
84.2
10.3
25.6
7.7
12.0
56.9
1.9
6.3
43.3
203.0
1 008.3
18.9
33.3
17.8
10.4
8.4
92.5
179.8
5.4
27.0
8.2
163.2
2.8
80.6
10.1
26.7
8.6
13.2
67.2
1.7
6.5
52.8
196.6
1 031.5
17.2
34.3
17.4
10.6
9.0
90.1
182.2
6.3
25.8
9.3
159.8
2.9
78.5
10.4
27.0
8.3
12.0
72.4
1.7
6.3
60.5
186.6
1 028.8
16.1
34.5
16.2
9.5
8.5
87.1
179.4
7.7
24.2
10.1
160.6
2.8
76.3
10.5
27.1
8.8
11.3
74.3
1.9
6.1
70.9
188.4
1 032.4
36.3%
82.5%
41.8%
129.0%
68.1%
55.4%
51.8%
+
22.1%
154.0%
79.9%
180.0%
7.5%
128.4%
47.1%
x
-3.6%
605.3%
54.8%
62.4%
984.6%
77.7%
80.0%
..
..
..
..
658.7
745.6
890.0
996.3
1 010.6
1 001.0
992.0
50.6%
Non-OECD Total
Australia
Japan
Korea
New Zealand
OECD Pacific
Austria
Belgium
Czech Republic
Denmark
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
Ireland
Italy
Luxembourg
Netherlands
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Slovak Republic
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Turkey
United Kingdom
OECD Europe
European Union - 27
* Total world includes non-OECD total, OECD total as well as international marine bunkers and international aviation bunkers.
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY
54 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION Highlights (2009 Edition)
CO2 emissions: Sectoral Approach - Gas
million tonnes of CO 2
1971
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2004
2005
2006
2007
% change
90-07
576.7
720.2
1 014.4
1 438.0
1 889.5
1 830.6
2 064.0
2 428.8
2 548.1
2 658.7
2 786.9
47.5%
2.4
0.1
..
0.0
0.2
..
2.1
0.1
..
0.4
0.0
5.2
4.6
0.1
..
0.0
0.1
..
2.5
0.1
..
1.0
0.5
9.0
13.4
0.2
..
3.4
..
0.0
5.5
0.1
..
2.9
0.8
26.3
21.7
0.2
0.0
7.9
..
0.1
7.0
0.2
..
6.9
2.2
46.2
27.4
1.0
14.9
..
0.2
9.0
0.1
..
6.9
0.0
2.8
62.4
32.4
1.1
0.1
22.9
0.3
8.5
0.0
0.0
9.2
0.1
4.6
79.2
37.6
1.1
3.0
40.1
0.2
8.8
0.1
0.0
12.5
0.0
6.4
0.0
109.8
43.1
1.4
0.0
2.6
57.1
0.3
12.1
0.1
0.0
16.3
0.0
0.2
7.8
0.9
142.1
46.9
1.4
0.0
2.9
65.7
0.3
10.4
0.9
0.0
17.1
0.0
0.8
7.2
0.9
154.6
48.9
1.5
0.0
2.9
70.5
0.3
11.3
1.1
0.1
19.1
0.0
1.0
8.1
2.0
166.8
50.2
1.3
0.6
0.0
2.4
73.6
0.3
11.4
1.3
0.1
22.6
0.0
1.0
8.5
2.1
175.5
82.9%
29.6%
x
x
x
392.9%
..
65.6%
26.3%
+
x
..
228.3%
57.1%
x
204.0%
x
181.3%
Bahrain
Islamic Rep. of Iran
Iraq
Israel
Jordan
Kuwait
Lebanon
Oman
Qatar
Saudi Arabia
Syrian Arab Republic
United Arab Emirates
Yemen
Middle East
1.8
5.5
1.8
0.2
9.9
1.9
2.7
2.0
25.8
4.1
8.1
3.1
0.1
9.9
4.2
5.4
3.3
38.1
5.7
8.5
2.4
0.2
13.2
0.7
6.3
21.2
0.1
9.6
67.9
8.6
16.8
1.6
0.1
9.7
2.1
10.5
34.1
0.3
19.8
103.6
9.6
37.0
3.8
0.0
0.2
11.8
4.9
12.2
46.8
3.2
33.1
162.7
9.3
80.0
6.0
0.0
0.5
18.0
6.7
16.2
61.5
4.8
48.5
251.6
11.6
118.9
6.0
0.0
0.5
17.9
11.4
20.9
75.0
10.4
64.2
336.7
13.7
172.0
1.9
2.3
2.8
19.6
14.1
27.9
99.3
12.3
78.7
444.7
14.6
184.8
2.8
3.1
3.2
22.0
16.0
29.4
109.8
10.8
79.9
476.4
15.9
202.6
2.8
4.2
4.7
22.6
17.6
33.0
113.3
11.2
84.3
512.2
17.0
227.4
2.8
4.4
5.6
22.0
21.6
37.2
116.7
10.8
97.7
563.3
77.0%
514.8%
-26.3%
+
+
86.2%
339.0%
205.9%
149.4%
238.6%
194.9%
246.2%
Albania
Bosnia and Herzegovina *
Bulgaria
Croatia *
Cyprus
Gibraltar
FYR of Macedonia *
Malta
Romania
Serbia *
Slovenia *
Former Yugoslavia *
Non-OECD Europe
0.2
..
0.6
..
..
52.1
..
..
1.9
54.8
0.6
..
2.3
..
..
62.6
..
..
2.9
68.4
0.8
..
7.4
..
..
75.7
..
..
5.8
89.6
0.8
..
10.8
..
..
74.6
..
..
11.0
97.1
0.5
0.9
12.0
4.7
67.4
6.0
1.8
93.3
0.1
0.3
10.0
4.1
43.1
3.0
1.7
62.3
0.0
0.5
6.2
4.7
0.1
30.6
3.4
1.8
47.4
0.0
0.6
5.2
5.3
0.1
30.9
5.2
2.0
49.4
0.0
0.7
5.9
5.1
0.1
30.2
4.3
2.1
48.6
0.0
0.7
6.2
5.1
0.2
30.9
4.4
2.0
49.5
0.0
0.8
6.3
5.8
0.2
28.0
4.5
2.0
47.7
-92.9%
-12.5%
-47.4%
23.2%
x
-58.4%
-25.2%
13.6%
-48.9%
Non-OECD Total
Algeria
Angola
Benin
Botswana
Cameroon
Congo
Dem. Rep. of Congo
Côte d'Ivoire
Egypt
Eritrea
Ethiopia
Gabon
Ghana
Kenya
Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
Morocco
Mozambique
Namibia
Nigeria
Senegal
South Africa
Sudan
United Rep. of Tanzania
Togo
Tunisia
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Other Africa
Africa
* Data for individual countries of the Former Yugoslavia are not available prior to 1990.
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY
CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION Highlights (2009 Edition) - 55
CO2 emissions: Sectoral Approach - Gas
million tonnes of CO 2
1971
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2004
2005
2006
2007
% change
90-07
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
431.8
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
520.4
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
704.2
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
1 021.2
8.3
33.3
26.9
2.9
10.6
24.8
3.6
5.6
10.3
7.6
866.3
3.2
28.6
209.4
75.5
1 316.9
2.7
12.7
25.5
1.2
2.2
23.5
1.7
2.3
4.3
5.5
728.8
1.2
26.2
156.1
77.4
1 071.3
2.6
10.8
32.2
1.4
2.2
20.6
1.3
2.5
4.3
4.8
718.1
1.5
25.5
141.9
93.4
1 063.1
2.5
18.0
37.6
1.7
1.7
31.3
1.6
3.1
5.0
5.2
772.2
1.3
26.8
146.7
92.2
1 146.9
3.1
18.0
38.3
1.7
1.8
39.3
1.4
3.2
5.3
5.6
783.4
1.3
28.7
144.5
89.4
1 164.9
3.2
19.7
38.9
1.8
2.4
45.7
1.5
3.3
5.2
5.2
804.5
1.3
28.8
130.0
93.4
1 184.7
3.8
16.9
39.3
1.7
2.5
51.1
1.6
3.2
5.9
5.3
820.7
1.3
31.3
125.1
94.2
1 203.9
-54.0%
-49.2%
46.3%
-38.7%
-76.1%
105.8%
-54.5%
-43.1%
-43.0%
-30.2%
-5.3%
-61.0%
9.4%
-40.3%
24.7%
-8.6%
Argentina
Bolivia
Brazil
Chile
Colombia
Costa Rica
Cuba
Dominican Republic
Ecuador
El Salvador
Guatemala
Haiti
Honduras
Jamaica
Netherlands Antilles
Nicaragua
Panama
Paraguay
Peru
Trinidad and Tobago
Uruguay
Venezuela
Other Latin America
Latin America
12.3
0.1
0.2
1.3
2.6
0.0
0.1
0.6
3.4
20.8
0.0
41.6
17.1
0.3
0.7
1.1
3.2
0.0
0.3
0.8
2.8
24.3
0.0
50.8
21.7
0.6
1.7
1.4
5.7
0.0
0.1
1.0
5.1
32.6
0.0
70.0
30.5
0.8
4.3
1.6
7.3
0.0
0.4
1.3
7.1
38.5
0.0
91.9
43.4
1.5
6.4
2.1
7.5
0.1
0.5
1.0
9.3
46.3
0.0
118.1
51.2
2.5
8.5
2.1
8.3
0.0
0.6
0.6
10.0
58.4
0.0
142.3
68.5
2.3
17.3
10.3
12.8
1.1
0.7
1.1
15.3
0.1
61.7
0.7
191.7
74.7
2.9
35.5
14.6
13.6
1.3
0.3
1.2
2.0
19.4
0.2
51.6
1.5
218.7
75.4
3.6
38.0
14.0
14.3
1.4
0.5
0.9
3.5
20.2
0.2
52.6
1.5
226.2
78.9
3.8
39.9
12.5
14.3
2.1
0.6
1.5
3.9
23.0
0.2
55.0
1.4
237.2
81.6
4.5
40.7
6.6
14.2
2.3
0.9
1.5
5.5
25.3
0.2
53.9
1.4
238.6
88.2%
197.8%
537.8%
215.1%
88.7%
+
x
191.5%
423.7%
172.5%
x
16.4%
+
101.9%
Bangladesh
Brunei Darussalam
Cambodia
Chinese Taipei
India
Indonesia
DPR of Korea
Malaysia
Mongolia
Myanmar
Nepal
Pakistan
Philippines
Singapore
Sri Lanka
Thailand
Vietnam
Other Asia
Asia
0.6
0.2
..
1.9
1.2
0.3
0.0
..
0.1
5.3
0.5
10.1
0.9
1.2
..
2.7
1.8
1.0
0.1
..
0.3
7.7
0.5
16.2
2.1
2.1
..
3.3
2.4
7.3
0.2
..
0.6
10.3
0.2
28.5
4.0
2.3
..
1.9
7.2
13.5
4.9
1.8
13.4
5.7
0.1
1.2
56.1
7.3
2.5
..
3.3
18.9
37.3
7.7
1.7
20.9
10.0
0.0
0.6
110.2
10.8
3.4
7.8
32.8
58.2
25.7
2.8
28.0
0.0
3.5
18.2
0.4
0.5
192.1
14.5
3.2
12.9
42.3
62.1
50.6
2.7
34.5
0.0
2.8
37.3
2.6
0.5
265.9
20.6
3.6
19.4
55.5
60.7
51.3
4.6
53.7
5.0
12.4
52.5
10.8
0.2
350.4
22.1
3.5
20.7
63.6
61.3
66.0
7.1
56.0
6.7
13.9
53.9
11.5
0.5
386.7
24.0
4.0
21.1
66.7
62.7
72.0
6.3
56.1
6.0
15.0
55.1
12.1
0.6
401.7
25.9
3.9
23.1
71.2
67.8
74.7
6.3
58.7
7.0
15.8
57.8
12.8
0.6
425.7
255.6%
56.7%
..
605.7%
276.9%
81.4%
872.6%
266.8%
180.9%
x
x
479.8%
+
8.9%
286.4%
7.3
7.3
17.3
17.3
27.8
27.8
21.9
21.9
25.8
25.8
31.7
0.1
31.8
43.7
5.7
49.5
71.5
5.1
76.6
85.7
5.1
90.8
101.2
5.4
106.5
127.5
4.7
132.2
393.5%
x
411.7%
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Belarus
Estonia
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyzstan
Latvia
Lithuania
Republic of Moldova
Russian Federation
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Ukraine
Uzbekistan
Former Soviet Union *
People's Rep. of China
Hong Kong, China
China
* Data for individual countries of the Former Soviet Union are not available prior to 1990.
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY
56 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION Highlights (2009 Edition)
CO2 emissions: Reference Approach
million tonnes of CO 2
2007
% change
90-07
14 617.1 16 160.4 18 660.7 19 304.5 21 474.1 22 067.2 23 758.5 26 807.5 27 600.3 28 446.3 29 320.5
36.5%
1971
World *
Annex I Parties
Annex II Parties
North America
Europe
Pacific
Annex I EIT
Non-Annex I Parties
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2004
2005
2006
..
8 638.1
4 612.3
3 098.9
927.0
..
..
..
8 951.2
4 775.0
3 118.9
1 057.4
..
..
..
9 721.8
5 191.6
3 387.8
1 142.4
..
..
..
..
..
..
9 001.7
7 910.8
7 883.9
8 176.3
8 162.6
8 197.9
8 154.2
-9.4%
344.5
168.4
328.6
172.6
344.0
200.6
291.7
223.8
356.9
253.6
402.0
284.5
466.0
344.0
521.7
368.1
549.7
391.1
580.6
400.2
610.4
411.6
71.1%
62.3%
Non-OECD Total
4 681.5
5 773.8
7 195.9
8 213.3
9 710.8
9 766.3 10 380.9 12 924.3 13 619.0 14 488.5 15 205.6
56.6%
OECD Total
9 422.7
9 885.4 10 920.3 10 575.7 11 152.8 11 614.5 12 567.5 12 993.4 13 040.5 12 977.1 13 092.9
17.4%
Canada
Mexico
United States
OECD N. America
337.2
100.8
4 275.1
4 713.0
392.3
145.1
4 382.7
4 920.1
428.6
242.2
4 763.0
5 433.8
399.9
265.7
4 609.9
5 275.4
423.6
294.3
4 853.7
5 571.6
452.7
307.4
5 134.9
5 895.0
517.9
355.8
5 715.2
6 588.9
536.6
397.0
5 817.0
6 750.7
543.4
430.6
5 857.1
6 831.1
534.8
428.1
5 778.5
6 741.5
540.8
451.4
5 853.5
6 845.7
27.7%
53.3%
20.6%
22.9%
156.9
755.6
54.8
14.4
981.8
182.7
857.1
77.9
17.7
1 135.3
212.1
913.0
125.7
17.3
1 268.1
220.0
896.4
157.7
21.7
1 295.7
260.9
1 069.4
238.6
23.0
1 591.9
278.6
1 153.8
361.4
27.1
1 820.9
333.6
1 203.6
441.1
30.6
2 009.0
343.2
1 245.9
486.7
32.1
2 107.9
373.5
1 223.5
465.4
32.1
2 094.5
379.5
1 214.0
473.1
32.6
2 099.3
380.4
1 235.1
499.0
31.7
2 146.1
45.8%
15.5%
109.1%
38.0%
34.8%
51.2
120.0
168.5
56.2
39.9
434.6
993.1
25.3
58.2
1.4
22.5
280.3
15.2
130.4
23.4
310.3
14.9
48.3
121.5
84.5
39.7
43.7
644.9
3 727.9
52.3
119.5
158.9
52.6
45.5
431.8
976.5
35.4
67.4
1.6
21.8
311.2
13.1
138.0
24.0
367.5
18.9
55.0
162.1
80.9
37.4
62.4
596.3
3 830.0
58.3
129.8
165.3
61.0
57.4
473.0
1 076.4
45.4
80.7
1.8
26.3
349.0
12.0
155.7
28.6
450.4
24.6
60.9
192.0
72.0
39.8
73.3
584.7
4 218.3
55.9
103.9
169.4
61.0
50.5
374.3
1 022.5
55.9
78.8
1.6
27.2
339.6
10.0
147.2
27.1
445.3
25.5
59.4
187.6
61.8
39.5
99.7
560.8
4 004.5
57.1
109.4
161.0
50.7
52.1
366.7
971.7
69.2
67.7
2.0
31.3
384.8
10.5
158.5
28.5
363.3
38.5
54.5
212.1
51.8
42.1
138.2
567.7
3 989.3
60.1
116.3
127.0
57.7
54.0
348.2
877.5
72.6
59.3
1.9
31.5
413.5
8.3
172.3
31.8
340.0
49.5
42.3
239.2
54.7
39.6
157.3
544.2
3 898.6
62.4
121.4
125.4
50.4
54.2
360.1
843.9
85.3
55.0
2.1
40.1
430.9
8.0
174.7
35.9
294.6
60.0
37.4
286.7
49.5
40.1
203.5
548.0
3 969.6
73.7
118.4
126.7
51.1
69.0
388.5
843.5
91.6
57.2
2.2
41.2
452.6
10.9
187.8
41.3
297.6
60.9
38.4
332.1
54.4
42.4
209.5
544.0
4 134.9
75.1
114.8
125.0
47.4
56.3
389.5
820.1
93.1
57.3
2.2
41.5
455.7
11.2
182.6
40.5
300.4
63.3
38.9
341.9
51.3
43.5
219.7
543.8
4 114.9
74.1
113.3
127.1
54.7
67.5
377.2
821.3
91.1
56.5
2.2
41.5
449.9
11.2
179.2
43.5
313.7
57.1
38.3
335.6
49.0
44.3
242.6
545.4
4 136.3
70.8
108.2
128.2
50.6
65.4
368.7
801.5
99.5
54.9
2.3
43.2
442.0
10.7
183.7
36.4
309.7
55.8
36.2
345.7
47.8
40.4
265.8
533.3
4 101.1
24.0%
-1.1%
-20.4%
-0.1%
25.6%
0.5%
-17.5%
43.8%
-19.0%
19.0%
37.9%
14.9%
2.6%
15.9%
27.9%
-14.7%
44.7%
-33.5%
63.0%
-7.6%
-3.9%
92.3%
-6.1%
2.8%
..
..
..
..
4 135.4
3 914.9
3 874.1
4 040.9
4 012.0
4 014.5
3 971.1
-4.0%
Annex I Kyoto Parties
Intl. marine bunkers
Intl. aviation bunkers
Australia
Japan
Korea
New Zealand
OECD Pacific
Austria
Belgium
Czech Republic
Denmark
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
Ireland
Italy
Luxembourg
Netherlands
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Slovak Republic
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Turkey
United Kingdom
OECD Europe
European Union - 27
.. 14 111.2 13 266.2 13 862.5 14 267.7 14 303.2 14 287.1 14 339.6
9 299.8 9 835.2 10 219.8 11 054.7 11 380.4 11 403.2 11 297.6 11 347.7
5 009.7 5 277.3 5 587.6 6 233.1 6 353.6 6 400.5 6 313.3 6 394.3
3 152.0 3 204.6 3 172.7 3 253.7 3 405.5 3 373.7 3 358.1 3 306.2
1 138.1 1 353.3 1 459.4 1 567.9 1 621.2 1 629.0 1 626.2 1 647.2
.. 4 137.8 2 889.2 2 604.4 2 677.8 2 680.4 2 746.9 2 726.1
.. 6 752.5 8 114.6 9 085.9 11 650.1 12 356.3 13 178.5 13 958.8
* Total world includes non-OECD total, OECD total as well as international marine bunkers and international aviation bunkers.
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY
1.6%
15.4%
21.2%
3.2%
21.7%
-34.1%
106.7%
CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION Highlights (2009 Edition) - 57
CO2 emissions: Reference Approach
million tonnes of CO 2
2007
% change
90-07
9 766.3 10 380.9 12 924.3 13 619.0 14 488.5 15 205.6
56.6%
1971
1975
1980
1985
1990
4 681.5
5 773.8
7 195.9
8 213.3
9 710.8
Algeria
Angola
Benin
Botswana
Cameroon
Congo
Dem. Rep. of Congo
Côte d'Ivoire
Egypt
Eritrea
Ethiopia
Gabon
Ghana
Kenya
Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
Morocco
Mozambique
Namibia
Nigeria
Senegal
South Africa
Sudan
United Rep. of Tanzania
Togo
Tunisia
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Other Africa
Africa
9.8
1.7
0.3
..
0.7
0.6
2.7
2.4
20.6
..
1.4
1.7
1.9
3.8
3.8
6.8
3.0
..
5.9
1.2
148.8
4.1
2.1
0.3
3.7
3.4
7.9
7.3
246.1
15.0
2.1
0.5
..
1.0
0.7
2.9
3.1
26.3
..
1.2
2.1
2.5
4.3
9.9
9.9
2.4
..
11.8
1.6
175.6
3.9
1.9
0.3
5.0
3.3
7.7
8.7
303.9
29.0
2.7
0.4
..
1.7
0.8
2.9
3.4
39.6
..
1.4
2.2
2.2
5.4
17.2
13.9
2.4
..
26.9
2.0
214.5
3.9
2.2
0.4
8.0
3.4
8.0
11.1
405.8
46.4
2.9
0.5
1.6
2.5
1.0
3.4
2.5
67.1
..
1.4
1.9
2.5
5.4
24.7
16.4
1.5
..
33.2
1.9
288.4
4.3
2.0
0.3
10.1
2.9
9.6
12.0
546.3
55.3
4.1
0.2
2.9
2.7
0.8
4.1
2.9
82.0
..
2.4
1.1
2.8
6.5
28.0
20.2
1.0
..
38.2
2.2
291.1
5.6
2.0
0.6
12.3
2.7
15.4
14.6
601.9
60.0
3.9
0.2
3.3
2.6
0.6
3.0
3.7
87.6
0.8
2.6
1.2
3.6
6.8
40.6
25.2
1.1
1.8
41.6
2.5
337.8
4.7
3.0
0.6
14.0
2.1
15.3
16.9
687.2
66.8
5.1
1.5
4.2
3.0
0.6
2.0
6.6
109.8
0.6
3.2
1.3
5.3
9.9
42.6
30.0
1.5
1.9
42.9
3.7
351.7
7.1
2.3
1.0
17.4
1.7
12.8
18.3
754.5
77.5
8.4
2.4
4.1
3.5
1.0
2.3
6.3
135.6
0.8
4.7
1.5
6.2
9.5
46.5
36.4
1.7
2.7
51.9
4.6
415.1
11.9
3.8
1.0
19.8
2.1
9.8
22.4
893.3
80.1
7.2
2.5
4.3
3.2
1.4
2.4
6.5
147.7
0.8
4.9
1.9
7.0
10.1
45.1
39.5
1.5
2.8
60.8
4.7
405.6
12.1
5.1
1.0
19.2
2.2
10.6
22.8
912.9
86.7
8.6
3.0
4.5
3.4
1.3
2.4
5.5
154.8
0.6
5.4
1.9
8.4
11.5
45.1
39.7
1.6
3.0
54.4
4.7
416.1
10.9
5.7
0.9
19.7
2.4
10.1
24.6
936.7
92.2
10.3
3.1
4.8
5.7
1.4
2.5
6.0
163.1
0.6
5.9
2.1
9.1
10.8
45.7
42.2
2.1
3.2
53.7
4.4
434.1
11.9
5.4
0.9
20.4
2.5
9.5
25.9
979.5
66.7%
149.1%
+
62.4%
109.9%
76.0%
-39.3%
110.8%
99.0%
..
145.0%
94.7%
218.2%
65.4%
63.3%
109.4%
112.8%
..
40.6%
99.9%
49.1%
113.3%
165.5%
65.4%
65.5%
-8.9%
-38.4%
77.1%
62.7%
Bahrain
Islamic Rep. of Iran
Iraq
Israel
Jordan
Kuwait
Lebanon
Oman
Qatar
Saudi Arabia
Syrian Arab Republic
United Arab Emirates
Yemen
Middle East
3.1
45.1
12.4
17.2
1.4
13.6
4.6
0.3
2.2
18.4
8.0
2.4
1.9
130.6
4.8
73.9
15.0
21.0
2.1
13.5
5.5
0.7
5.0
24.1
10.3
4.9
1.8
182.7
6.4
106.8
29.9
23.1
4.3
39.7
6.5
2.2
7.7
87.7
14.2
18.8
3.4
350.8
9.8
150.7
45.2
23.5
7.5
38.5
7.6
7.5
12.5
125.4
24.4
34.4
4.8
492.0
10.2
183.3
50.8
35.3
9.4
19.7
6.4
11.0
14.1
141.9
32.4
49.9
7.1
571.6
11.6
243.9
74.6
48.6
12.4
41.9
12.6
15.9
18.0
215.2
39.6
67.6
9.9
811.9
13.8
304.3
72.1
56.3
14.3
54.5
14.2
22.2
23.9
258.3
46.9
82.1
13.9
976.9
16.4
381.6
98.8
60.6
17.1
68.7
15.3
28.3
35.7
304.0
47.4
102.7
18.1
1 194.9
17.7
400.5
97.5
62.6
18.4
76.5
15.8
32.0
35.6
324.4
47.5
105.4
19.3
1 253.1
19.8
433.3
101.2
65.5
18.5
67.2
13.3
36.8
40.0
340.4
50.5
111.1
20.1
1 317.5
20.9
464.1
97.7
67.9
19.4
68.6
11.4
37.0
49.6
358.3
54.1
126.2
21.2
1 396.2
104.6%
153.1%
92.4%
92.2%
106.9%
249.0%
77.2%
236.6%
251.1%
152.4%
66.8%
152.9%
196.1%
144.3%
Albania
Bosnia and Herzegovina *
Bulgaria
Croatia *
Cyprus
Gibraltar
FYR of Macedonia *
Malta
Romania
Serbia *
Slovenia *
Former Yugoslavia *
Non-OECD Europe
4.1
..
63.8
..
1.8
0.1
..
0.6
111.6
..
..
65.5
247.4
4.7
..
73.0
..
1.7
0.1
..
0.6
138.9
..
..
77.1
296.1
7.9
..
84.2
..
2.6
0.1
..
1.0
177.8
..
..
101.5
375.1
7.4
..
85.1
..
2.8
0.1
..
1.1
178.9
..
..
127.2
402.7
6.5
23.9
76.2
21.6
4.1
0.2
8.6
2.3
171.8
61.6
13.3
390.1
1.9
3.5
57.5
16.0
5.2
0.3
8.2
2.2
127.2
44.4
14.0
280.3
3.1
13.7
43.4
17.9
6.3
0.4
8.6
2.1
87.7
41.9
14.0
239.0
3.7
15.2
46.5
20.6
6.5
0.4
8.6
2.6
92.9
55.9
15.5
268.5
4.4
15.8
47.8
20.9
6.6
0.4
9.1
2.7
91.9
46.9
15.7
262.4
4.0
17.4
48.8
21.0
6.9
0.5
8.9
2.6
98.2
49.6
16.0
273.8
4.1
18.2
52.5
22.2
7.3
0.5
9.3
2.7
94.3
49.7
15.9
276.7
-37.6%
-24.1%
-31.1%
3.0%
77.2%
164.3%
8.3%
19.1%
-45.1%
-19.3%
19.6%
-29.1%
Non-OECD Total
1995
2000
2004
2005
2006
* Data for individual countries of the Former Yugoslavia are not available prior to 1990.
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY
58 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION Highlights (2009 Edition)
CO2 emissions: Reference Approach
million tonnes of CO 2
1971
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2004
2005
2006
2007
% change
90-07
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
2 368.9
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
2 842.6
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
3 242.5
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
3 448.3
20.5
67.0
117.5
37.1
29.2
237.0
22.7
18.4
33.7
30.2
2 302.6
11.9
52.4
699.1
120.6
3 800.0
3.4
33.9
63.2
17.2
7.2
169.3
4.6
9.0
14.5
11.4
1 573.1
4.7
34.7
428.8
103.8
2 479.0
3.4
30.5
60.0
15.3
4.4
130.7
4.6
6.4
10.9
6.5
1 510.7
4.2
36.3
325.7
120.9
2 270.6
3.5
31.3
64.9
17.6
3.7
165.9
5.7
6.9
12.8
7.6
1 540.5
5.5
39.4
339.7
118.8
2 363.7
4.1
33.2
63.9
17.8
4.5
177.7
5.4
6.9
13.6
8.0
1 545.0
5.7
41.5
335.4
112.9
2 375.6
4.1
33.4
68.1
17.0
5.1
200.2
5.2
7.6
13.7
7.5
1 595.3
6.3
41.4
325.7
116.2
2 447.0
4.8
28.9
66.1
20.1
5.8
205.8
5.7
7.9
14.4
7.5
1 579.0
6.9
45.5
324.7
116.7
2 439.8
-76.7%
-56.8%
-43.7%
-46.0%
-80.2%
-13.1%
-74.8%
-56.9%
-57.3%
-75.1%
-31.4%
-42.1%
-13.2%
-53.6%
-3.2%
-35.8%
Argentina
Bolivia
Brazil
Chile
Colombia
Costa Rica
Cuba
Dominican Republic
Ecuador
El Salvador
Guatemala
Haiti
Honduras
Jamaica
Netherlands Antilles
Nicaragua
Panama
Paraguay
Peru
Trinidad and Tobago
Uruguay
Venezuela
Other Latin America
Latin America
86.0
2.3
93.5
21.5
27.0
1.4
21.6
3.4
3.4
1.5
2.4
0.4
1.1
5.2
13.6
1.5
3.8
0.6
16.1
5.0
5.8
43.6
11.6
372.5
89.8
3.4
144.0
17.5
31.9
1.8
28.0
5.6
6.5
2.1
2.7
0.4
1.3
7.4
9.6
1.9
3.8
0.7
19.4
4.8
5.9
60.3
15.5
464.3
101.2
4.5
189.8
21.7
38.3
2.2
32.1
6.5
10.9
1.8
4.3
0.6
1.7
6.4
10.0
1.9
2.6
1.4
21.8
8.3
6.0
88.8
15.1
577.8
92.7
4.6
180.2
19.8
42.7
2.0
30.6
7.1
12.3
1.9
3.4
0.8
1.6
4.5
4.9
1.9
2.8
1.4
18.4
11.0
3.4
99.1
9.3
556.5
106.8
5.3
203.5
32.0
48.9
2.8
31.8
9.3
13.0
2.3
3.7
0.9
2.2
7.1
4.0
1.7
2.6
1.9
18.2
12.7
4.0
105.0
12.5
632.3
117.6
8.4
251.4
42.0
57.9
4.2
22.3
13.5
16.0
4.8
6.0
0.9
3.5
8.4
3.3
2.6
4.1
3.5
22.8
13.3
4.7
116.7
13.4
741.2
134.1
11.2
312.5
57.8
57.6
4.7
24.5
18.9
19.1
5.3
9.3
1.4
4.5
10.0
3.9
3.4
5.4
3.2
26.0
19.6
6.1
125.7
14.4
878.7
137.8
10.8
325.5
64.0
56.8
5.2
22.5
18.5
24.5
5.7
10.3
1.9
6.7
10.5
4.1
4.1
5.5
3.7
27.0
24.7
5.5
128.5
17.4
921.3
138.7
10.6
331.6
65.0
60.2
5.2
23.3
18.4
24.7
5.9
11.1
2.0
7.0
9.9
3.7
4.2
5.7
3.4
28.6
25.1
5.7
135.2
18.0
943.2
151.1
10.4
335.0
67.0
63.0
6.0
24.9
18.9
27.6
5.9
11.1
2.0
6.4
11.8
3.6
4.0
6.5
3.6
26.3
27.8
6.6
133.9
18.2
971.6
163.0
12.2
350.1
71.9
60.4
6.6
25.3
19.3
29.2
6.1
11.8
2.3
8.2
13.7
4.3
4.3
6.5
3.7
28.7
30.4
5.9
140.9
19.3
1 024.0
52.6%
130.5%
72.1%
124.9%
23.5%
136.7%
-20.6%
106.8%
124.5%
161.2%
221.9%
145.7%
277.8%
93.9%
7.7%
146.4%
151.6%
90.2%
57.2%
139.2%
47.9%
34.1%
54.2%
61.9%
Bangladesh
Brunei Darussalam
Cambodia
Chinese Taipei
India
Indonesia
DPR of Korea
Malaysia
Mongolia
Myanmar
Nepal
Pakistan
Philippines
Singapore
Sri Lanka
Thailand
Vietnam
Other Asia
Asia
3.4
0.4
..
31.2
197.8
25.5
69.4
13.8
..
4.6
0.2
17.1
24.2
7.0
2.9
17.3
16.1
8.3
439.2
4.7
1.7
..
43.2
237.5
39.3
79.6
16.9
..
4.1
0.3
21.2
29.3
9.7
2.9
21.8
16.7
10.1
539.2
7.2
3.2
..
75.1
292.8
73.3
108.6
30.1
..
5.2
0.5
27.1
33.7
14.1
3.9
34.3
14.8
16.3
740.2
9.3
4.3
..
74.8
427.9
90.0
129.8
39.2
11.6
6.0
0.5
40.4
26.7
16.2
3.7
42.0
17.2
9.6
949.3
14.1
4.1
..
115.9
597.9
146.1
117.6
56.9
12.7
4.1
0.9
61.1
39.1
29.3
4.0
81.4
17.3
10.0
1 312.4
21.3
5.5
1.4
162.7
797.2
215.4
75.8
96.1
10.1
6.7
1.8
82.6
58.7
50.9
5.8
143.5
28.0
10.4
1 773.8
26.7
6.0
2.3
226.9
978.1
264.4
68.9
124.0
8.8
8.8
3.1
100.9
68.8
52.0
10.6
162.9
44.4
10.4
2 168.1
35.0
6.3
3.5
269.2
1 139.9
326.8
71.2
143.9
9.2
11.3
2.6
117.0
69.5
50.6
12.2
222.3
79.9
14.5
2 585.0
38.2
6.2
3.8
270.0
1 188.4
337.9
74.4
170.6
9.6
14.3
3.0
119.2
71.0
62.3
12.4
227.9
80.9
13.9
2 704.1
39.4
6.6
4.1
277.3
1 265.9
353.0
75.5
173.0
10.7
12.8
3.1
127.8
68.6
59.9
12.0
232.2
85.3
14.0
2 821.2
41.7
6.7
4.4
284.0
1 369.9
388.8
62.4
188.7
11.3
12.9
3.2
140.4
71.6
58.4
12.8
240.1
92.7
16.1
3 006.3
195.1%
63.4%
..
145.0%
129.1%
166.2%
-46.9%
231.5%
-10.5%
215.6%
251.9%
129.6%
83.1%
99.5%
221.8%
195.1%
436.1%
61.3%
129.1%
People's Rep. of China
Hong Kong, China
China
867.6
9.1
876.7
1 133.9
11.1
1 145.0
1 489.2
14.5
1 503.7
1 794.7
23.5
1 818.1
2 371.2
31.3
2 402.5
2 957.9
35.0
2 992.9
3 054.8
38.4
3 093.2
4 656.6
41.0
4 697.6
5 126.4
41.4
5 167.8
5 678.4
42.3
5 720.7
6 039.1
43.9
6 083.0
154.7%
40.2%
153.2%
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Belarus
Estonia
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyzstan
Latvia
Lithuania
Republic of Moldova
Russian Federation
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Ukraine
Uzbekistan
Former Soviet Union *
* Data for individual countries of the Former Soviet Union are not available prior to 1990.
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY
CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION Highlights (2009 Edition) - 59
CO2 emissions from international marine bunkers
million tonnes of CO 2
1971
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2004
2005
2006
2007
% change
90-07
World
344.47
328.58
343.95
291.73
356.85
401.96
466.03
521.69
549.67
580.59
610.43
71.1%
Annex I Parties
Annex II Parties
North America
Europe
Pacific
Annex I EIT
Non-Annex I Parties
..
202.63
26.41
120.20
56.02
..
..
..
216.81
36.12
110.37
70.31
..
..
..
234.71
93.91
97.05
43.75
..
..
..
171.25
56.43
87.88
26.94
..
..
233.61
223.46
93.55
109.06
20.84
9.78
123.25
230.93
227.78
93.68
112.25
21.85
2.58
171.02
252.32
249.27
92.24
136.38
20.65
1.80
213.71
258.91
253.11
78.69
153.29
21.13
2.69
262.78
273.58
267.14
83.63
160.02
23.48
3.14
276.08
287.38
281.19
89.86
168.54
22.79
3.13
293.20
296.51
290.90
97.98
170.64
22.27
2.98
313.92
26.9%
30.2%
4.7%
56.5%
6.9%
-69.5%
154.7%
..
..
..
..
142.55
139.85
162.16
179.03
188.52
196.17
197.92
38.8%
Non-OECD Total
138.16
108.73
105.71
115.57
124.49
156.07
190.25
238.99
242.26
259.40
282.53
127.0%
OECD Total
206.31
219.85
238.24
176.15
232.36
245.88
275.79
282.69
307.40
321.19
327.90
41.1%
Canada
Mexico
United States
OECD N. America
3.07
0.26
23.34
26.67
2.58
0.38
33.54
36.51
4.71
1.00
89.20
94.91
1.18
1.33
55.26
57.76
2.87
2.03
90.68
95.58
3.17
1.89
90.51
95.57
3.34
4.16
88.90
96.39
1.91
2.38
76.78
81.07
1.88
2.70
81.76
86.34
1.70
2.71
88.16
92.57
2.02
2.69
95.96
100.67
-29.4%
32.7%
5.8%
5.3%
Australia
Japan
Korea
New Zealand
OECD Pacific
5.10
49.88
1.53
1.04
57.55
5.03
64.20
0.17
1.08
70.48
3.68
38.90
0.31
1.18
44.06
2.28
23.92
1.69
0.74
28.63
2.14
17.66
5.27
1.04
26.11
2.79
17.92
15.20
1.13
37.04
2.96
16.93
20.21
0.76
40.86
2.75
17.63
23.29
0.75
44.42
2.81
19.81
33.24
0.87
56.73
3.21
18.63
33.30
0.95
56.09
2.67
18.61
30.90
0.99
53.17
24.9%
5.4%
486.4%
-5.0%
103.6%
8.06
2.09
0.24
12.71
12.93
1.78
..
0.24
22.80
28.26
1.90
1.63
2.32
5.94
3.58
..
0.26
17.37
122.10
8.64
1.67
0.30
14.53
10.52
2.70
..
0.20
17.97
32.86
1.49
2.21
2.00
3.44
3.45
..
0.29
10.60
112.87
7.52
1.32
1.84
12.52
11.00
2.63
..
0.23
13.08
29.39
0.87
2.22
1.34
5.07
2.66
..
..
7.57
99.26
7.30
1.34
1.45
7.52
10.85
3.51
0.02
0.09
10.75
27.45
1.03
1.63
1.48
6.76
1.76
..
0.25
6.56
89.76
12.97
3.02
1.78
7.96
7.79
7.97
0.10
0.06
8.37
34.29
1.39
1.24
1.91
11.46
2.09
0.06
0.37
7.84
110.68
12.36
4.96
1.04
7.94
6.43
11.17
0.14
0.36
7.59
35.59
2.19
0.44
1.52
10.00
3.30
0.05
0.58
7.62
113.27
17.03
4.18
2.10
9.42
6.85
11.28
0.21
0.47
8.49
41.98
2.56
0.90
2.08
18.97
4.28
0.03
1.25
6.44
138.53
24.65
2.49
1.62
9.48
8.36
10.16
0.22
0.47
10.54
46.39
1.60
0.80
2.07
22.78
5.99
0.03
3.11
6.45
157.20
24.40
2.57
1.59
8.65
7.83
9.02
0.20
0.32
10.64
53.31
2.16
1.01
1.82
25.00
6.12
0.04
3.31
6.34
164.34
26.40
3.34
1.75
8.97
8.11
9.74
0.11
0.38
10.95
55.26
1.56
0.93
2.00
26.11
6.57
0.03
3.06
7.26
172.53
29.54
3.46
1.44
9.20
9.66
10.05
0.20
0.34
11.07
50.92
2.05
0.78
2.10
26.71
6.54
0.03
2.63
7.32
174.05
127.8%
14.6%
-19.4%
15.5%
24.0%
26.1%
111.7%
515.4%
32.3%
48.5%
47.5%
-37.0%
9.8%
133.2%
212.6%
-50.0%
607.8%
-6.6%
57.3%
..
..
..
..
111.56
112.70
137.98
157.32
163.67
173.21
174.79
56.7%
Annex I Kyoto Parties
Austria
Belgium
Czech Republic
Denmark
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
Ireland
Italy
Luxembourg
Netherlands
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Slovak Republic
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Turkey
United Kingdom
OECD Europe
European Union - 27
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY
60 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION Highlights (2009 Edition)
CO2 emissions from international marine bunkers
million tonnes of CO 2
1971
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2004
2005
2006
2007
% change
90-07
138.16
108.73
105.71
115.57
124.49
156.07
190.25
238.99
242.26
259.40
282.53
127.0%
Algeria
Angola
Benin
Botswana
Cameroon
Congo
Dem. Rep. of Congo
Côte d'Ivoire
Egypt
Eritrea
Ethiopia
Gabon
Ghana
Kenya
Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
Morocco
Mozambique
Namibia
Nigeria
Senegal
South Africa
Sudan
United Rep. of Tanzania
Togo
Tunisia
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Other Africa
Africa
0.61
0.77
..
..
..
..
0.40
0.06
0.06
..
0.07
0.20
0.16
1.47
0.01
0.24
0.76
..
0.02
2.99
10.81
..
0.05
..
0.06
..
3.02
21.76
0.77
0.48
..
..
..
..
0.22
0.01
1.08
..
0.01
0.14
0.14
1.05
0.01
0.18
0.35
..
0.11
2.09
7.15
0.01
0.05
..
0.02
..
2.08
15.95
1.29
0.83
..
..
0.12
..
0.08
1.35
3.19
..
0.01
0.19
0.10
0.56
0.02
0.21
0.27
..
0.25
0.84
5.25
0.02
0.12
..
0.02
..
1.77
16.48
1.16
0.10
..
..
0.03
..
0.09
0.73
4.71
..
0.03
0.22
..
0.45
0.04
0.04
0.10
..
0.34
0.33
3.41
0.02
0.08
..
0.01
..
1.82
13.70
1.36
0.02
..
..
0.04
..
0.10
0.12
5.25
..
0.04
0.08
..
0.55
0.25
0.06
0.09
..
0.58
0.11
5.95
0.02
0.08
..
0.07
..
1.71
16.49
1.17
0.03
..
..
0.09
..
0.01
0.27
7.73
0.42
0.52
0.44
..
0.17
0.28
0.04
0.01
..
1.42
0.09
10.28
0.03
0.07
..
0.06
..
1.68
24.79
0.77
..
..
..
0.06
..
0.01
0.29
8.58
..
..
0.60
0.16
0.26
0.28
0.04
0.00
..
0.86
0.30
8.51
0.03
0.07
0.01
0.03
..
2.00
22.86
1.03
0.50
..
..
0.05
..
0.01
0.28
5.73
..
..
0.46
0.06
0.12
0.28
0.04
0.13
..
1.64
0.26
7.56
0.03
0.07
0.02
0.03
..
1.61
19.89
1.17
0.35
..
..
0.04
..
0.01
0.35
4.51
..
..
0.48
0.12
0.13
0.28
0.04
0.01
..
1.95
0.36
8.52
0.03
0.07
0.01
0.03
..
1.75
20.19
1.07
0.05
..
..
0.13
..
0.01
0.15
3.36
..
..
0.48
0.12
0.15
0.28
0.04
0.01
..
1.91
0.24
8.07
0.03
0.07
0.01
0.03
..
1.76
17.96
1.09
..
..
..
0.16
0.09
0.01
0.34
3.08
..
..
0.48
0.14
0.15
0.28
0.04
..
..
1.91
0.24
8.06
0.03
0.07
0.01
0.03
..
1.84
18.03
-20.1%
..
..
..
290.4%
..
-94.1%
183.3%
-41.3%
..
..
507.1%
..
-72.3%
12.5%
-34.9%
..
..
228.0%
115.0%
35.4%
14.3%
-11.5%
..
-62.9%
..
7.6%
9.3%
Bahrain
Islamic Rep. of Iran
Iraq
Israel
Jordan
Kuwait
Lebanon
Oman
Qatar
Saudi Arabia
Syrian Arab Republic
United Arab Emirates
Yemen
Middle East
3.27
1.29
0.26
..
..
5.60
0.71
3.85
..
40.05
..
..
1.13
56.17
1.95
1.57
0.29
..
..
5.63
0.03
2.54
..
25.86
..
..
0.91
38.79
1.50
1.55
0.37
..
..
5.00
..
0.71
..
13.62
..
5.53
2.13
30.42
0.64
1.15
0.46
0.35
..
2.12
..
0.35
..
28.01
..
9.69
1.24
44.02
..
1.56
0.40
0.38
..
0.55
..
0.06
..
5.74
..
18.99
1.24
28.93
..
2.34
..
0.65
0.03
1.82
0.04
0.08
..
5.96
..
33.16
0.31
44.39
..
1.98
..
0.58
0.13
1.50
0.05
0.19
..
6.60
..
29.30
0.30
40.64
..
1.92
..
0.71
0.15
2.53
0.06
..
..
7.00
..
33.74
0.39
46.52
..
1.73
..
0.87
0.25
1.26
0.06
0.00
..
7.09
..
37.44
0.39
49.08
..
1.43
..
0.81
0.13
1.02
0.06
..
..
8.27
..
40.83
0.39
52.93
..
2.61
..
0.86
0.12
1.55
0.06
..
..
8.66
..
44.22
0.39
58.47
..
67.5%
..
125.6%
..
180.5%
..
..
..
50.9%
..
132.8%
-68.2%
102.1%
..
..
..
..
0.01
0.55
0.19
..
..
..
..
0.75
..
..
..
..
0.06
0.58
0.08
..
..
..
..
0.72
..
..
..
..
0.05
0.41
0.09
..
..
..
..
0.55
..
..
0.71
..
0.11
0.88
0.06
..
..
..
..
1.75
..
..
0.18
0.15
0.18
1.38
0.09
..
..
..
..
1.97
..
..
0.85
0.10
0.21
2.69
0.14
..
..
..
..
3.99
..
..
0.20
0.06
0.60
3.22
2.07
..
..
..
..
6.14
..
..
0.36
0.07
0.17
3.56
3.09
..
..
..
..
7.25
..
..
0.34
0.08
0.90
3.63
2.09
..
..
0.07
..
7.10
..
..
0.33
0.06
0.91
3.73
2.38
..
..
0.09
..
7.51
..
..
0.16
0.07
0.85
3.84
2.67
0.11
..
0.15
..
7.86
..
..
-10.1%
-49.2%
374.7%
179.2%
+
..
..
..
..
297.9%
Non-OECD Total
Albania
Bosnia and Herzegovina *
Bulgaria
Croatia *
Cyprus
Gibraltar
FYR of Macedonia *
Malta
Romania
Serbia *
Slovenia *
Former Yugoslavia *
Non-OECD Europe
* Data for individual countries of the Former Yugoslavia are not available prior to 1990.
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY
CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION Highlights (2009 Edition) - 61
CO2 emissions from international marine bunkers
million tonnes of CO 2
1971
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2004
2005
2006
2007
% change
90-07
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Belarus
Estonia
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyzstan
Latvia
Lithuania
Republic of Moldova
Russian Federation
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Ukraine
Uzbekistan
Former Soviet Union *
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
13.17
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
14.09
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
14.09
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
13.79
..
0.57
..
..
1.48
0.30
..
5.87
..
..
8.21
..
0.28
0.16
..
0.47
0.44
..
..
..
..
1.35
..
0.33
..
..
0.02
0.29
..
..
..
..
0.64
..
0.47
..
..
0.63
0.36
..
..
..
..
1.46
..
0.38
..
..
0.81
0.45
..
..
..
..
1.64
..
0.67
..
..
0.62
0.44
..
..
..
..
1.72
..
0.78
..
..
0.56
0.37
..
..
..
..
1.71
..
36.6%
..
..
-62.3%
26.1%
..
..
..
..
-79.2%
Argentina
Bolivia
Brazil
Chile
Colombia
Costa Rica
Cuba
Dominican Republic
Ecuador
El Salvador
Guatemala
Haiti
Honduras
Jamaica
Netherlands Antilles
Nicaragua
Panama
Paraguay
Peru
Trinidad and Tobago
Uruguay
Venezuela
Other Latin America
Latin America
0.66
1.00
0.60
0.95
..
0.49
..
0.28
..
0.18
..
..
0.16
7.71
..
..
0.04
5.12
0.27
9.13
3.08
29.66
0.28
1.17
0.37
0.49
..
0.55
..
..
..
0.27
..
..
0.26
7.34
..
..
0.05
3.54
0.20
4.82
2.04
21.38
1.32
1.42
0.27
0.31
..
0.56
..
0.34
..
0.40
..
..
0.10
7.27
..
..
0.38
1.42
0.24
1.99
2.79
18.83
2.00
1.71
0.09
0.22
..
0.68
..
0.11
..
0.38
..
..
0.04
6.13
..
..
0.53
0.31
0.33
1.76
1.87
16.16
2.22
1.72
..
0.33
..
0.75
..
0.57
..
0.38
..
..
0.09
5.18
..
..
0.03
0.11
0.37
2.50
0.86
15.12
1.71
3.64
..
0.58
..
0.26
..
1.05
..
0.38
..
..
0.09
5.32
..
..
0.41
0.16
1.21
2.30
0.71
17.80
1.48
9.27
..
0.72
..
0.32
..
0.87
..
0.38
..
..
0.09
5.31
..
..
0.13
0.87
0.90
2.06
0.79
23.20
1.62
10.08
..
0.94
..
0.22
..
0.70
..
0.38
..
..
0.09
5.49
..
..
0.18
2.80
1.06
2.11
1.03
26.71
2.19
10.96
..
1.05
..
0.23
..
0.69
..
0.38
..
..
0.09
5.57
..
..
0.71
0.82
1.11
2.37
1.07
27.25
2.34
10.63
..
1.21
..
0.20
..
0.77
..
0.38
..
..
0.09
5.67
..
..
0.31
0.85
0.77
2.56
1.06
26.85
2.82
11.44
..
1.22
..
0.17
..
0.85
..
0.38
..
..
0.09
5.77
..
..
0.47
0.82
1.04
2.77
1.10
28.95
27.1%
566.7%
..
271.1%
..
-76.9%
..
48.8%
..
..
..
11.6%
..
..
+
657.2%
181.3%
10.7%
27.5%
91.5%
Bangladesh
Brunei Darussalam
Cambodia
Chinese Taipei
India
Indonesia
DPR of Korea
Malaysia
Mongolia
Myanmar
Nepal
Pakistan
Philippines
Singapore
Sri Lanka
Thailand
Vietnam
Other Asia
Asia
0.06
..
..
0.39
0.71
0.70
..
0.11
..
0.01
0.29
1.27
8.89
1.19
0.21
..
0.57
14.39
0.05
..
..
0.33
0.57
1.09
..
0.22
..
0.00
0.21
0.44
10.43
1.29
0.25
..
0.53
15.42
0.19
..
..
0.66
0.72
0.79
..
0.18
..
0.47
0.59
14.96
1.10
0.50
..
0.46
20.61
0.07
..
..
1.62
0.34
0.68
..
0.31
..
0.08
0.49
15.14
1.01
0.65
..
0.20
20.58
0.06
..
..
4.86
0.47
1.68
..
0.28
..
0.11
0.21
33.87
1.21
1.70
..
0.21
44.66
0.11
..
..
7.57
0.39
1.28
..
0.52
..
0.01
0.05
0.35
35.28
1.09
3.02
..
0.33
49.99
0.11
..
..
11.02
0.27
0.36
..
0.67
..
0.01
0.08
0.67
57.58
0.50
2.46
..
0.32
74.06
0.11
..
..
7.64
0.09
1.12
..
0.31
..
0.01
0.20
0.43
72.71
0.38
4.53
..
0.50
88.01
0.11
..
..
7.72
0.08
1.17
..
0.26
..
0.01
0.25
0.37
78.60
0.53
5.18
..
0.47
94.76
0.11
..
..
7.39
0.05
1.23
..
0.27
..
0.01
0.32
0.40
87.62
0.43
5.26
..
0.47
103.56
0.11
..
..
6.62
0.15
1.31
..
0.21
..
0.01
0.41
0.74
97.28
0.43
5.06
..
0.53
112.86
78.6%
..
..
36.2%
-67.5%
-22.2%
..
-27.3%
..
x
288.3%
260.8%
187.2%
-64.1%
197.6%
..
152.7%
152.7%
0.30
1.96
2.26
0.69
1.69
2.37
1.87
2.86
4.72
2.47
3.10
5.57
4.59
4.52
9.11
6.62
7.15
13.77
12.13
10.58
22.71
25.17
23.98
49.15
24.47
17.76
42.23
26.10
22.76
48.86
28.70
25.95
54.65
525.2%
474.5%
500.1%
People's Rep. of China
Hong Kong, China
China
* Data for individual countries of the Former Soviet Union are not available prior to 1990.
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY
62 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION Highlights (2009 Edition)
CO2 emissions from international aviation bunkers
million tonnes of CO 2
1971
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2004
2005
2006
2007
% change
90-07
168.39
172.58
200.55
223.76
253.62
284.46
344.05
368.07
391.10
400.16
411.60
62.3%
..
58.57
16.61
35.96
6.01
..
..
..
61.75
17.53
37.67
6.55
..
..
..
70.77
21.18
42.70
6.90
..
..
..
81.47
21.83
48.59
11.05
..
..
163.45
126.28
41.50
65.82
18.96
36.64
90.17
174.68
155.41
48.54
82.93
23.94
18.50
109.77
218.66
199.99
60.20
111.33
28.46
17.12
125.39
221.72
199.81
53.10
115.95
30.76
19.04
146.34
231.97
208.06
54.63
121.31
32.12
20.69
159.13
230.68
205.89
50.42
125.70
29.77
21.87
169.48
236.60
210.93
51.75
129.05
30.14
22.25
175.00
44.8%
67.0%
24.7%
96.0%
59.0%
-39.3%
94.1%
..
..
..
..
124.13
127.95
160.00
168.46
176.68
179.87
182.99
47.4%
106.97
106.63
122.72
134.14
118.68
117.08
130.67
151.37
161.88
170.90
175.27
47.7%
OECD Total
61.42
65.95
77.83
89.62
134.95
167.37
213.38
216.70
229.22
229.26
236.33
75.1%
Canada
Mexico
United States
OECD N. America
1.25
1.39
15.35
17.99
1.93
2.40
15.60
19.92
1.35
4.23
19.83
25.41
1.22
4.53
20.61
26.36
2.71
5.48
38.79
46.98
2.58
7.10
45.96
55.64
3.08
8.07
57.11
68.27
2.71
7.62
50.39
60.72
2.55
7.89
52.07
62.52
2.53
8.45
47.90
58.87
1.55
9.37
50.19
61.12
-42.6%
71.1%
29.4%
30.1%
1.57
3.80
0.64
6.01
1.89
4.32
0.36
0.34
6.91
2.40
3.92
0.83
0.57
7.72
2.76
7.63
1.69
0.66
12.74
4.29
13.31
0.84
1.35
19.80
5.75
16.61
2.05
1.58
25.99
7.15
19.57
1.70
1.74
30.16
6.92
21.22
3.92
2.62
34.69
8.10
21.37
7.25
2.65
39.36
7.29
19.84
8.83
2.65
38.60
9.13
18.39
9.39
2.62
39.53
112.6%
38.1%
+
93.9%
99.6%
0.28
1.21
0.69
1.92
0.18
4.57
7.57
1.29
0.15
0.22
0.96
3.47
0.11
2.01
0.70
0.52
0.70
1.74
0.33
1.63
0.09
7.08
37.41
0.24
1.05
0.58
1.56
0.40
5.71
8.16
1.31
0.20
0.13
0.73
2.44
0.15
2.26
0.51
0.53
0.80
2.77
0.33
1.80
0.14
7.32
39.12
0.38
1.22
0.85
1.59
0.46
5.62
8.22
2.23
0.36
0.09
0.60
4.15
0.19
2.72
0.67
0.67
0.88
2.58
0.49
2.02
0.12
8.59
44.70
0.65
1.62
0.63
1.56
0.48
6.43
9.46
2.33
0.44
0.18
0.57
4.33
0.22
3.47
0.92
0.67
1.27
2.67
0.51
2.41
0.18
9.53
50.51
0.82
2.82
0.65
1.70
0.97
9.32
12.58
2.34
0.49
0.22
1.03
4.07
0.39
4.29
1.24
0.68
1.49
3.32
1.07
3.00
0.53
15.14
68.17
1.29
2.61
0.56
1.84
0.86
11.44
14.13
2.52
0.54
0.20
1.11
5.55
0.56
7.38
1.09
0.82
1.49
0.12
6.01
1.76
3.63
0.78
19.45
85.74
1.63
4.37
0.48
2.32
1.02
15.07
17.39
2.41
0.69
0.39
1.73
7.75
0.95
9.65
1.05
0.82
1.69
0.08
8.03
2.06
4.57
1.54
29.24
114.95
1.48
4.01
0.86
2.42
1.23
15.91
18.29
2.39
0.69
0.35
2.04
7.98
1.26
10.38
0.72
0.84
2.05
0.08
9.15
1.85
3.41
2.87
31.02
121.29
1.67
3.80
0.94
2.55
1.24
16.10
19.69
2.30
0.79
0.40
2.35
8.45
1.28
10.67
0.80
0.96
2.13
0.12
9.18
1.87
3.48
3.21
33.36
127.34
1.75
3.49
0.99
2.56
1.38
16.86
20.69
2.76
0.80
0.53
2.40
9.00
1.20
10.81
1.11
1.27
2.28
0.12
9.57
1.96
3.68
2.91
33.66
131.79
1.68
3.00
1.02
2.63
1.59
17.47
21.45
2.82
0.74
0.49
2.87
9.61
1.29
10.87
1.09
1.33
2.61
0.15
10.07
1.93
3.87
3.42
33.70
135.69
105.2%
6.6%
56.3%
54.1%
63.1%
87.4%
70.5%
20.7%
51.2%
128.2%
178.2%
136.2%
230.5%
153.0%
-12.5%
95.6%
75.5%
x
203.2%
79.6%
29.0%
541.7%
122.6%
99.0%
..
..
..
..
66.31
82.89
109.48
116.39
121.98
126.15
129.51
95.3%
World
Annex I Parties
Annex II Parties
North America
Europe
Pacific
Annex I EIT
Non-Annex I Parties
Annex I Kyoto Parties
Non-OECD Total
Australia
Japan
Korea
New Zealand
OECD Pacific
Austria
Belgium
Czech Republic
Denmark
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
Ireland
Italy
Luxembourg
Netherlands
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Slovak Republic
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Turkey
United Kingdom
OECD Europe
European Union - 27
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY
CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION Highlights (2009 Edition) - 63
CO2 emissions from international aviation bunkers
million tonnes of CO 2
Non-OECD Total
Algeria
Angola
Benin
Botswana
Cameroon
Congo
Dem. Rep. of Congo
Côte d'Ivoire
Egypt
Eritrea
Ethiopia
Gabon
Ghana
Kenya
Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
Morocco
Mozambique
Namibia
Nigeria
Senegal
South Africa
Sudan
United Rep. of Tanzania
Togo
Tunisia
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Other Africa
Africa
Bahrain
Islamic Rep. of Iran
Iraq
Israel
Jordan
Kuwait
Lebanon
Oman
Qatar
Saudi Arabia
Syrian Arab Republic
United Arab Emirates
Yemen
Middle East
Albania
Bosnia and Herzegovina *
Bulgaria
Croatia *
Cyprus
Gibraltar
FYR of Macedonia *
Malta
Romania
Serbia *
Slovenia *
Former Yugoslavia *
Non-OECD Europe
1971
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2004
2005
2006
2007
% change
90-07
106.97
106.63
122.72
134.14
118.68
117.08
130.67
151.37
161.88
170.90
175.27
47.7%
0.29
0.23
0.02
..
0.17
0.28
0.13
0.21
..
0.14
0.03
0.13
0.27
0.35
0.12
..
0.24
0.30
0.53
0.34
0.08
0.39
0.04
0.08
4.35
0.66
0.31
0.01
..
0.10
0.24
0.21
0.27
..
0.16
0.04
0.15
0.53
0.44
0.05
..
0.70
0.37
0.73
0.14
0.20
0.38
0.14
0.19
6.01
0.93
0.25
0.03
..
0.15
0.37
0.27
0.51
..
0.20
0.07
0.12
0.89
0.78
0.08
..
1.14
0.58
0.87
0.20
0.17
0.56
0.23
0.21
1.06
9.66
1.31
0.99
0.06
0.01
0.15
0.40
0.29
0.12
..
0.34
0.08
0.10
1.05
0.70
0.09
..
1.33
0.43
0.93
0.21
0.13
0.30
0.12
0.33
0.98
10.47
1.09
1.03
0.05
0.03
0.15
0.32
0.27
0.44
..
0.53
0.20
0.14
0.63
0.79
0.13
..
0.95
0.45
1.09
0.09
0.22
0.10
0.57
0.19
0.25
0.93
10.66
0.96
1.17
0.07
0.02
0.17
0.35
0.26
0.79
0.02
0.20
0.19
0.18
0.91
0.73
0.06
1.25
0.45
1.58
0.10
0.19
0.12
0.74
0.10
0.35
1.32
12.26
1.17
1.42
0.07
0.02
0.18
0.32
0.37
1.71
0.03
0.24
0.24
0.32
1.33
0.90
0.13
1.74
0.75
2.79
0.33
0.18
0.03
0.85
0.13
0.36
2.31
17.91
1.13
0.81
0.08
0.03
0.20
0.36
0.28
2.18
0.03
0.37
0.21
0.35
0.66
1.01
0.13
0.60
0.74
2.28
1.18
0.24
0.12
0.70
0.15
0.03
2.48
16.34
1.16
0.56
0.07
0.03
0.20
0.38
0.28
2.23
0.03
0.46
0.21
0.39
0.58
1.16
0.14
0.71
0.74
2.21
0.24
0.26
0.15
0.65
0.16
0.03
2.53
15.57
1.14
0.24
0.08
0.03
0.13
0.40
0.28
2.45
0.02
0.56
0.20
0.50
0.55
1.32
0.17
0.71
0.80
2.44
0.67
0.28
0.11
0.65
0.17
0.03
2.53
16.43
1.12
0.35
0.08
0.03
0.20
0.42
0.15
3.05
0.02
0.69
0.16
0.24
0.57
1.53
0.20
0.73
0.98
2.58
0.63
0.30
0.09
0.68
0.17
0.03
2.66
17.65
2.6%
-66.0%
56.2%
-9.1%
26.6%
30.3%
-43.5%
590.7%
..
30.4%
-16.4%
70.6%
-9.0%
94.4%
53.7%
..
-23.2%
114.9%
136.1%
564.5%
34.5%
-9.1%
19.8%
-9.5%
-89.9%
184.9%
65.5%
0.43
7.02
0.24
1.79
0.14
0.34
0.83
0.01
0.47
0.24
0.02
0.09
11.63
0.84
7.01
0.81
1.88
0.22
0.34
0.76
0.15
0.16
1.40
0.65
0.34
0.18
14.76
1.53
2.15
1.05
2.21
0.62
1.04
0.58
0.38
0.23
3.45
0.72
0.80
0.21
14.98
1.21
1.64
1.12
1.99
0.68
0.97
0.38
0.57
0.24
4.57
0.87
1.80
0.46
16.50
1.43
1.48
2.89
1.56
0.71
0.51
0.19
0.93
0.34
6.14
0.87
9.79
0.17
27.03
1.15
1.97
1.34
2.10
0.77
1.12
0.66
0.46
0.43
5.71
0.62
10.08
0.28
26.70
1.12
2.70
1.80
2.35
0.77
1.15
0.40
0.65
0.57
5.72
0.41
9.87
0.38
27.87
1.62
2.47
2.02
1.96
0.63
1.69
0.40
1.17
1.07
5.20
0.37
10.02
0.33
28.95
1.72
2.69
2.19
2.19
0.99
1.82
0.46
1.24
1.43
5.22
0.33
11.04
0.36
31.69
1.86
3.14
2.38
1.91
0.95
1.75
0.33
1.28
1.85
5.43
0.31
11.33
0.35
32.85
1.85
3.19
2.56
2.01
0.92
1.92
0.41
1.30
2.34
5.64
0.19
11.81
0.40
34.53
29.6%
114.9%
-11.4%
28.3%
31.1%
274.8%
116.7%
38.9%
580.7%
-8.3%
-78.5%
20.6%
129.2%
27.7%
..
0.61
..
0.15
0.02
..
0.17
0.06
..
..
0.64
1.65
..
0.61
..
0.02
0.02
..
0.18
0.05
..
..
0.88
1.76
..
0.91
..
0.23
0.01
..
0.23
..
..
1.00
2.39
..
1.11
..
0.44
0.01
..
0.14
..
..
0.99
2.70
0.08
0.71
0.15
0.72
0.02
0.02
0.21
0.69
0.43
0.08
3.09
0.98
0.17
0.79
0.01
0.09
0.22
0.54
0.11
0.06
2.98
0.12
0.24
0.10
0.82
0.01
0.09
0.37
0.37
0.09
0.07
2.27
0.17
0.45
0.09
0.90
0.01
0.02
0.30
0.40
0.14
0.06
2.54
0.21
0.56
0.12
0.89
0.01
0.02
0.26
0.33
0.15
0.07
2.61
0.25
0.53
0.12
0.91
0.01
0.01
0.23
0.40
0.16
0.07
2.71
0.30
0.54
0.13
0.87
0.01
0.02
0.27
0.32
0.14
0.09
2.71
x
..
-23.7%
-10.4%
21.6%
-42.9%
40.0%
25.7%
-53.3%
-66.4%
19.2%
-12.4%
* Data for individual countries of the Former Yugoslavia are not available prior to 1990.
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY
64 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION Highlights (2009 Edition)
CO2 emissions from international aviation bunkers
million tonnes of CO 2
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Belarus
Estonia
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyzstan
Latvia
Lithuania
Republic of Moldova
Russian Federation
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Ukraine
Uzbekistan
Former Soviet Union *
Argentina
Bolivia
Brazil
Chile
Colombia
Costa Rica
Cuba
Dominican Republic
Ecuador
El Salvador
Guatemala
Haiti
Honduras
Jamaica
Netherlands Antilles
Nicaragua
Panama
Paraguay
Peru
Trinidad and Tobago
Uruguay
Venezuela
Other Latin America
Latin America
Bangladesh
Brunei Darussalam
Cambodia
Chinese Taipei
India
Indonesia
DPR of Korea
Malaysia
Mongolia
Myanmar
Nepal
Pakistan
Philippines
Singapore
Sri Lanka
Thailand
Vietnam
Other Asia
Asia
People's Rep. of China
Hong Kong, China
China
1971
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2004
2005
2006
2007
% change
90-07
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
66.66
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
62.09
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
70.62
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
76.70
0.59
0.71
0.11
0.60
2.68
0.22
0.40
0.22
26.37
6.11
38.00
0.10
1.27
0.05
0.01
0.78
0.08
0.12
0.03
13.99
0.02
0.47
16.92
0.19
0.36
0.06
0.05
0.34
0.08
0.08
0.06
13.27
0.01
0.78
15.27
0.12
1.01
0.08
0.11
0.65
0.14
0.10
0.03
14.13
0.01
1.11
17.50
0.13
1.45
0.12
0.11
0.70
0.17
0.14
0.04
15.27
0.01
1.11
19.25
0.12
1.48
0.09
0.11
0.75
0.19
0.16
0.04
16.13
0.01
0.99
20.07
0.17
1.16
0.15
0.14
0.93
0.24
0.21
0.04
16.28
0.01
1.06
20.40
-71.1%
63.5%
40.0%
-76.1%
-65.3%
9.9%
-46.6%
-80.6%
-38.2%
x
-82.7%
-46.3%
0.43
0.77
0.02
0.28
0.08
0.27
0.03
0.15
0.02
0.02
0.42
0.15
0.05
0.43
0.03
0.51
0.21
0.29
1.10
5.28
0.35
1.03
0.03
0.45
0.10
0.14
0.05
0.11
0.03
0.03
0.33
0.13
0.06
1.11
0.04
0.74
0.12
0.37
0.63
5.85
0.61
0.54
1.42
0.07
0.49
0.17
0.45
0.05
0.13
0.05
0.06
0.30
0.16
0.06
0.41
0.06
0.92
0.17
0.73
0.91
7.76
0.74
0.49
1.39
0.04
0.67
0.16
0.45
0.10
0.12
0.04
0.12
0.39
0.13
0.04
0.26
0.06
0.71
0.22
0.81
0.86
7.81
1.41
1.56
0.13
1.02
0.11
0.39
0.11
0.13
0.07
0.09
0.46
0.12
0.08
0.20
0.03
0.64
0.20
1.02
1.01
8.79
1.58
2.06
2.14
0.32
0.56
0.17
0.55
0.15
0.14
0.07
0.07
0.52
0.20
0.06
0.31
0.03
1.10
0.17
1.00
1.08
12.28
2.83
2.03
1.89
0.37
0.65
0.22
0.66
0.22
0.15
0.09
0.11
0.53
0.21
0.08
0.54
0.04
1.06
0.18
0.94
1.73
14.53
2.21
3.35
0.01
1.78
0.29
0.56
0.31
0.85
0.23
0.14
0.07
0.09
0.55
0.22
0.06
0.53
0.05
1.35
0.03
1.92
1.19
15.79
2.14
3.35
0.01
1.83
0.59
0.54
0.31
0.96
0.24
0.12
0.07
0.07
0.60
0.22
0.05
0.57
0.05
0.96
0.18
2.31
1.22
16.39
2.06
3.87
0.01
1.75
0.58
0.57
0.30
1.00
0.23
0.12
0.08
0.09
0.78
0.23
0.05
0.67
0.07
1.43
0.22
2.13
1.24
17.48
2.25
4.20
1.53
0.56
0.54
0.29
1.04
0.30
0.09
0.06
0.08
0.76
0.23
0.08
0.81
0.07
0.52
0.25
0.20
0.44
1.28
15.59
x
197.1%
-1.6%
321.3%
-46.7%
158.3%
168.3%
176.5%
-34.0%
-13.0%
-13.8%
63.3%
97.3%
0.1%
301.6%
144.8%
-19.6%
29.0%
x
-56.7%
26.6%
77.3%
0.06
0.00
..
1.48
2.39
0.16
0.42
..
0.09
0.01
1.13
0.75
0.70
1.26
6.88
0.66
16.00
0.08
0.06
..
1.62
2.83
0.32
0.74
..
0.08
0.02
1.08
0.88
1.32
0.00
2.17
2.60
0.52
14.33
0.15
0.07
..
1.66
3.55
0.73
0.80
..
0.13
0.04
1.69
0.69
2.71
0.00
2.39
0.48
15.07
0.22
0.05
..
0.92
4.59
0.65
0.89
0.13
0.06
1.41
1.08
3.19
3.12
0.90
17.19
0.27
0.11
..
1.79
5.29
0.96
1.94
0.01
0.09
0.05
1.39
1.14
5.63
5.59
0.70
24.98
0.30
0.21
0.03
4.09
6.57
1.78
3.44
0.06
0.14
0.11
1.70
1.31
7.81
7.51
0.12
0.54
35.74
0.38
0.21
0.06
5.38
7.10
1.52
4.67
0.06
0.20
0.17
2.28
1.60
8.60
0.32
8.27
0.30
1.29
42.39
0.75
0.24
0.06
6.24
8.87
2.43
6.10
0.07
0.20
0.17
2.70
2.15
9.12
0.40
10.05
0.79
1.97
52.31
0.87
0.25
0.06
6.46
10.40
2.23
5.96
0.06
0.15
0.19
2.84
2.39
9.74
0.93
10.17
0.79
1.97
55.47
0.86
0.23
0.08
6.72
12.57
2.19
6.38
0.13
0.24
0.20
2.72
2.39
10.54
0.95
10.70
0.85
2.28
60.04
0.75
0.24
0.09
6.64
14.38
2.33
6.39
0.12
0.20
0.20
2.27
3.20
11.03
0.32
11.67
0.81
2.58
63.24
175.6%
113.9%
..
270.4%
171.7%
142.3%
229.5%
875.0%
125.0%
313.3%
62.6%
181.2%
95.8%
x
108.8%
x
269.3%
153.2%
1.41
1.41
1.83
1.83
2.24
2.24
0.22
2.55
2.77
0.50
5.62
6.12
0.99
9.22
10.20
2.13
8.31
10.43
4.55
13.38
17.93
6.19
14.71
20.90
7.29
14.02
21.31
6.59
14.56
21.15
+
158.9%
245.6%
* Data for individual countries of the Former Soviet Union are not available prior to 1990.
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY
CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION Highlights (2009 Edition) - 65
Total primary energy supply
petajoules
1971
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2004
2005
2006
2007
% change
90-07
World *
231 665
259 340
302 655
324 559
366 834
386 311
419 463
465 685
478 361
490 696
503 664
37.3%
Annex I Parties
Annex II Parties
North America
Europe
Pacific
Annex I EIT
Non-Annex I Parties
..
130 359
72 382
44 325
13 651
..
..
..
138 423
76 178
46 579
15 666
..
..
..
153 296
83 622
51 959
17 715
..
..
..
154 047
82 358
53 015
18 674
..
..
233 080
167 864
88 838
56 518
22 509
63 007
125 462
228 979
180 459
96 390
58 904
25 165
45 943
148 014
241 429
195 314
106 112
62 263
26 939
42 918
167 032
249 483
200 818
107 982
65 637
27 199
45 280
204 133
251 157
201 683
108 651
65 564
27 468
45 941
214 448
251 382
200 577
107 684
65 362
27 530
46 910
226 026
252 193
201 101
109 247
64 458
27 397
46 905
237 631
8.2%
19.8%
23.0%
14.0%
21.7%
-25.6%
89.4%
..
..
..
..
148 998
138 642
141 602
148 217
149 223
149 874
148 863
-0.1%
4 521
2 381
4 313
2 439
4 517
2 834
3 841
3 162
4 708
3 583
5 299
4 019
6 141
4 861
6 868
5 200
7 231
5 526
7 634
5 654
8 024
5 815
70.4%
62.3%
84 177
101 740
125 699
145 680
171 048
174 713
188 665
226 137
236 556
248 734
259 671
51.8%
140 587
150 848
169 605
171 877
187 494
202 279
219 796
227 479
229 049
228 674
230 154
22.8%
Canada
Mexico
United States
OECD N. America
5 918
1 800
66 464
74 182
6 948
2 477
69 231
78 655
8 064
3 982
75 558
87 604
8 080
4 547
74 278
86 905
8 737
5 073
80 101
93 910
9 668
5 398
86 722
101 788
10 516
6 173
95 596
112 285
11 227
6 839
96 755
114 821
11 375
7 334
97 276
115 984
11 271
7 331
96 414
115 016
11 278
7 715
97 969
116 961
29.1%
52.1%
22.3%
24.5%
Australia
Japan
Korea
New Zealand
OECD Pacific
2 161
11 201
711
289
14 362
2 528
12 772
1 024
366
16 690
2 914
14 424
1 725
376
19 440
3 049
15 157
2 241
469
20 915
3 610
18 342
3 897
557
26 407
3 875
20 650
6 141
640
31 306
4 561
21 674
7 907
704
34 846
4 691
21 807
8 841
700
36 040
5 057
21 725
8 808
686
36 276
5 134
21 700
8 953
696
36 483
5 194
21 500
9 303
702
36 700
43.9%
17.2%
138.7%
26.0%
39.0%
Austria
Belgium
Czech Republic
Denmark
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
Ireland
Italy
Luxembourg
Netherlands
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Slovak Republic
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Turkey
United Kingdom
OECD Europe
788
1 660
1 900
775
761
6 639
12 772
364
797
38
281
4 413
170
2 130
557
3 606
263
597
1 784
1 509
686
818
8 737
52 043
842
1 772
1 828
732
825
6 907
13 126
492
959
46
278
4 889
158
2 471
611
4 314
322
702
2 408
1 634
719
1 120
8 347
55 503
969
1 958
1 965
801
1 030
8 029
14 954
627
1 187
63
345
5 478
149
2 695
767
5 301
418
831
2 834
1 695
839
1 317
8 308
62 561
967
1 846
2 060
808
1 082
8 533
14 956
735
1 246
74
361
5 414
128
2 539
836
5 221
459
868
2 970
1 977
924
1 646
8 406
64 057
1 038
2 020
2 041
726
1 188
9 398
14 713
898
1 200
87
417
6 142
143
2 750
879
4 317
701
893
3 772
1 976
996
2 209
8 674
67 177
1 118
2 249
1 712
814
1 211
9 938
14 112
949
1 083
94
434
6 666
132
2 953
981
4 165
846
744
4 221
2 107
989
2 577
9 089
69 185
1 194
2 449
1 685
778
1 344
10 602
14 122
1 134
1 047
130
569
7 146
139
3 063
1 061
3 731
1 033
743
5 106
1 991
1 024
3 197
9 378
72 665
1 382
2 466
1 905
812
1 541
11 332
14 383
1 244
1 095
141
600
7 562
176
3 314
1 170
3 828
1 082
768
5 823
2 202
1 082
3 385
9 326
76 618
1 412
2 457
1 880
787
1 422
11 363
14 180
1 266
1 155
146
602
7 657
179
3 298
1 183
3 868
1 107
788
5 938
2 159
1 082
3 533
9 326
76 788
1 430
2 433
1 920
841
1 548
11 208
14 287
1 265
1 144
174
613
7 584
180
3 207
1 216
4 074
1 032
780
5 923
2 102
1 130
3 895
9 187
77 175
1 389
2 387
1 916
823
1 527
11 041
13 869
1 347
1 119
205
631
7 459
177
3 367
1 125
4 066
1 049
747
6 027
2 111
1 077
4 187
8 847
76 493
33.9%
18.2%
-6.2%
13.3%
28.5%
17.5%
-5.7%
50.1%
-6.7%
134.4%
51.1%
21.4%
23.6%
22.5%
27.9%
-5.8%
49.7%
-16.3%
59.8%
6.8%
8.1%
89.6%
2.0%
13.9%
..
..
..
..
68 533
68 563
70 579
74 439
74 477
74 477
73 639
7.5%
Annex I Kyoto Parties
Intl. marine bunkers
Intl. aviation bunkers
Non-OECD Total
OECD Total
European Union - 27
* Total world includes non-OECD total, OECD total as well as international marine bunkers and international aviation bunkers.
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY
66 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION Highlights (2009 Edition)
Total primary energy supply
petajoules
1971
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2004
2005
2006
2007
% change
90-07
84 177
101 740
125 699
145 680
171 048
174 713
188 665
226 137
236 556
248 734
259 671
51.8%
Algeria
Angola
Benin
Botswana
Cameroon
Congo
Dem. Rep. of Congo
Côte d'Ivoire
Egypt
Eritrea
Ethiopia
Gabon
Ghana
Kenya
Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
Morocco
Mozambique
Namibia
Nigeria
Senegal
South Africa
Sudan
United Rep. of Tanzania
Togo
Tunisia
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Other Africa
Africa
145
161
46
..
113
21
280
103
325
..
360
45
125
235
66
102
289
..
1 510
52
1 890
294
317
30
69
147
228
1 102
8 057
231
173
52
..
127
24
313
124
411
..
395
54
153
272
153
143
280
..
1 747
58
2 251
313
321
33
91
163
248
1 201
9 331
469
191
57
..
153
27
354
150
635
..
454
58
168
331
288
204
281
..
2 196
65
2 727
350
336
37
137
188
272
1 371
11 500
743
209
65
37
187
33
417
155
1 077
..
518
57
182
384
418
234
267
..
2 572
65
3 619
396
367
41
174
206
310
1 533
14 266
929
246
70
53
208
33
494
181
1 332
..
622
49
222
470
474
291
248
..
2 955
71
3 804
445
407
53
207
226
389
1 750
16 232
1 010
268
77
63
230
33
548
213
1 478
42
687
57
271
535
661
360
263
38
3 350
78
4 394
502
461
66
243
244
412
1 963
18 544
1 132
311
83
77
263
36
613
282
1 891
30
780
61
324
630
694
429
300
43
3 713
100
4 619
565
561
88
306
261
414
2 314
20 918
1 300
390
104
76
292
45
689
389
2 340
31
877
68
348
704
764
508
351
56
4 177
115
5 385
651
677
97
354
288
389
2 732
24 198
1 353
382
107
79
293
51
712
403
2 547
32
899
73
365
726
735
548
356
59
4 388
117
5 307
645
716
99
345
296
406
2 807
24 846
1 454
412
117
82
281
50
735
399
2 672
29
927
74
389
761
738
559
366
62
4 389
115
5 409
633
744
99
357
304
401
2 916
25 472
1 543
445
121
85
305
53
757
418
2 815
30
955
77
398
766
746
601
383
65
4 467
112
5 624
614
765
103
370
312
396
3 009
26 337
66.1%
80.7%
73.5%
60.3%
46.5%
58.8%
53.3%
130.8%
111.3%
..
53.4%
56.4%
79.6%
63.1%
57.3%
106.9%
54.5%
..
51.1%
58.5%
47.8%
38.1%
87.8%
94.6%
78.6%
37.8%
1.6%
71.9%
62.3%
Bahrain
Islamic Rep. of Iran
Iraq
Israel
Jordan
Kuwait
Lebanon
Oman
Qatar
Saudi Arabia
Syrian Arab Republic
United Arab Emirates
Yemen
Middle East
59
700
185
240
20
244
71
4
39
316
110
42
31
2 062
89
1 129
237
294
31
242
83
10
87
385
145
81
29
2 843
118
1 608
441
328
63
621
98
36
146
1 323
214
300
53
5 346
174
2 268
661
317
109
598
112
117
254
1 957
362
559
73
7 560
182
2 861
757
485
136
328
94
178
288
2 481
477
832
105
9 204
206
3 936
1 087
655
180
672
181
256
364
3 640
588
1 141
143
13 049
246
4 936
1 063
772
206
838
206
364
480
4 391
730
1 411
198
15 841
292
6 289
1 403
832
260
1 039
221
464
693
5 451
748
1 766
258
19 715
314
6 640
1 386
857
279
1 153
227
537
686
5 809
733
1 805
275
20 701
347
7 209
1 435
886
287
1 034
195
622
770
6 079
777
1 900
287
21 829
367
7 743
1 385
920
301
1 055
167
648
929
6 294
822
2 162
302
23 096
101.7%
170.6%
82.9%
89.6%
120.9%
222.1%
77.8%
264.5%
222.2%
153.7%
72.5%
159.8%
187.0%
150.9%
Albania
Bosnia and Herzegovina *
Bulgaria
Croatia *
Cyprus
Gibraltar
FYR of Macedonia *
Malta
Romania
Serbia *
Slovenia *
Former Yugoslavia *
Non-OECD Europe
71
..
797
..
25
1
..
9
1 764
..
..
918
3 584
82
..
973
..
24
1
..
9
2 169
..
..
1 068
4 326
128
..
1 189
..
36
2
..
13
2 731
..
..
1 411
5 510
113
..
1 283
..
39
2
..
14
2 719
..
..
1 722
5 892
111
293
1 196
377
57
2
104
29
2 606
810
237
..
5 824
55
64
967
295
73
4
105
30
1 938
569
251
..
4 352
74
182
781
326
89
5
112
28
1 515
557
269
..
3 940
84
202
788
370
91
6
116
34
1 606
730
298
..
4 325
97
211
833
373
93
6
121
36
1 603
629
305
..
4 307
90
226
856
374
97
6
122
34
1 668
658
307
..
4 439
91
235
847
390
102
6
127
36
1 629
662
307
..
4 432
-18.4%
-20.1%
-29.2%
3.5%
79.1%
162.9%
22.0%
24.9%
-37.5%
-18.3%
29.4%
..
-23.9%
Non-OECD Total
* Data for individual countries of the Former Yugoslavia are not available prior to 1990.
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY
CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION Highlights (2009 Edition) - 67
Total primary energy supply
petajoules
1971
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2004
2005
2006
2007
% change
90-07
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
32 169
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
39 351
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
46 453
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
52 248
322
1 082
1 772
401
507
3 046
317
326
675
413
36 425
233
822
10 540
1 941
58 822
68
534
1 038
201
156
2 176
102
192
366
184
26 131
127
582
6 859
1 782
40 499
84
479
1 034
189
120
1 688
102
155
299
119
25 544
119
607
5 601
2 109
38 249
87
529
1 125
214
116
2 138
117
182
384
141
26 693
141
655
6 024
2 069
40 615
105
559
1 125
217
132
2 352
117
185
360
148
27 267
147
692
5 982
1 968
41 355
107
568
1 198
210
127
2 658
118
190
355
141
28 083
155
690
5 750
2 029
42 380
119
499
1 174
236
140
2 783
122
196
387
140
28 141
163
757
5 750
2 038
42 644
-63.0%
-53.9%
-33.7%
-41.1%
-72.4%
-8.6%
-61.5%
-40.0%
-42.6%
-66.2%
-22.7%
-30.0%
-7.9%
-45.4%
5.0%
-27.5%
1 409
43
2 913
364
577
47
457
98
96
73
115
63
58
84
229
52
70
57
382
110
101
818
198
8 417
1 505
63
3 815
320
645
54
546
129
137
95
140
72
64
112
161
62
71
62
434
96
102
1 045
251
9 981
1 751
102
4 763
397
776
63
620
144
211
105
159
87
78
95
164
64
59
87
471
160
111
1 482
250
12 201
1 731
109
5 405
401
876
69
602
153
242
110
158
79
84
72
75
81
65
95
443
212
84
1 651
162
12 960
1 929
116
5 841
579
1 014
83
691
172
251
103
186
65
100
117
61
88
62
129
408
250
94
1 824
203
14 365
2 258
166
6 706
788
1 192
106
429
247
287
141
224
71
118
135
55
98
83
165
459
264
108
2 160
218
16 476
2 552
207
7 920
1 097
1 121
133
472
324
338
166
297
84
125
157
83
114
108
161
510
410
129
2 362
241
19 111
2 616
206
8 792
1 210
1 129
151
408
321
416
182
315
96
161
163
85
137
107
168
535
518
121
2 361
287
20 486
2 642
201
9 031
1 240
1 172
164
397
323
416
188
338
108
168
155
82
139
109
166
571
531
124
2 493
296
21 054
2 869
202
9 334
1 275
1 240
183
413
324
459
194
341
111
169
181
80
144
121
169
553
596
134
2 552
299
21 946
3 059
228
9 862
1 289
1 216
200
415
330
494
205
347
116
199
207
91
145
118
176
589
640
133
2 669
315
23 065
58.6%
96.1%
68.9%
122.7%
19.9%
140.8%
-39.9%
92.5%
96.8%
97.9%
86.8%
78.0%
99.4%
77.7%
49.2%
66.0%
89.4%
36.8%
44.6%
155.9%
40.7%
46.3%
55.2%
60.6%
Bangladesh
Brunei Darussalam
Cambodia
Chinese Taipei
India
Indonesia
DPR of Korea
Malaysia
Mongolia
Myanmar
Nepal
Pakistan
Philippines
Singapore
Sri Lanka
Thailand
Vietnam
Other Asia
Asia
238
7
..
422
6 540
1 511
813
247
..
330
153
713
628
114
159
573
730
185
13 364
282
31
..
602
7 427
1 755
932
300
..
350
169
851
739
155
172
726
776
222
15 490
352
57
..
1 171
8 685
2 397
1 271
507
..
393
191
1 043
917
215
190
921
820
307
19 436
417
75
..
1 432
10 751
2 833
1 507
666
131
459
213
1 356
960
283
209
1 056
907
244
23 499
533
74
..
2 020
13 321
4 291
1 391
949
143
446
242
1 796
1 151
480
231
1 760
1 018
253
30 098
666
97
141
2 672
16 132
5 504
920
1 606
113
493
281
2 247
1 446
789
249
2 614
1 258
285
37 513
778
103
167
3 563
19 150
6 319
828
2 080
99
523
339
2 645
1 715
809
349
3 024
1 552
287
44 330
944
109
194
4 302
21 627
7 169
862
2 284
105
610
370
3 072
1 660
951
368
3 950
2 090
350
51 016
1 000
106
200
4 295
22 362
7 336
898
2 732
109
670
382
3 157
1 661
1 159
377
4 072
2 135
345
52 997
1 031
114
208
4 389
23 486
7 562
907
2 790
121
649
391
3 290
1 649
1 135
380
4 181
2 208
353
54 845
1 078
116
215
4 600
24 908
7 982
769
3 039
129
655
400
3 486
1 674
1 120
389
4 354
2 336
387
57 637
102.3%
57.0%
..
127.7%
87.0%
86.0%
-44.7%
220.2%
-9.7%
46.9%
65.0%
94.2%
45.4%
133.5%
68.3%
147.4%
129.3%
53.1%
91.5%
People's Rep. of China
Hong Kong, China
China
16 400
126
16 526
20 266
152
20 418
25 057
196
25 254
28 973
283
29 256
36 135
368
36 503
43 833
447
44 280
45 726
549
46 275
65 237
545
65 782
70 746
549
71 295
77 264
559
77 823
81 884
575
82 459
126.6%
56.6%
125.9%
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Belarus
Estonia
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyzstan
Latvia
Lithuania
Republic of Moldova
Russian Federation
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Ukraine
Uzbekistan
Former Soviet Union *
Argentina
Bolivia
Brazil
Chile
Colombia
Costa Rica
Cuba
Dominican Republic
Ecuador
El Salvador
Guatemala
Haiti
Honduras
Jamaica
Netherlands Antilles
Nicaragua
Panama
Paraguay
Peru
Trinidad and Tobago
Uruguay
Venezuela
Other Latin America
Latin America
* Data for individual countries of the Former Soviet Union are not available prior to 1990.
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY
68 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION Highlights (2009 Edition)
Total primary energy supply
million tonnes of oil equivalent
2007
% change
90-07
8 761.7
9 226.9 10 018.7 11 122.7 11 425.5 11 720.1 12 029.8
37.3%
..
3 679.3
1 967.1
1 266.2
446.0
..
..
5 567.0
4 009.4
2 121.8
1 349.9
537.6
1 504.9
2 996.6
5 469.1
4 310.2
2 302.2
1 406.9
601.1
1 097.3
3 535.3
5 766.4
4 665.0
2 534.4
1 487.1
643.4
1 025.1
3 989.5
5 958.8
4 796.5
2 579.1
1 567.7
649.6
1 081.5
4 875.6
5 998.8
4 817.1
2 595.1
1 566.0
656.1
1 097.3
5 122.0
6 004.2
4 790.7
2 572.0
1 561.1
657.5
1 120.4
5 398.5
6 023.5
4 803.2
2 609.3
1 539.6
654.4
1 120.3
5 675.7
8.2%
19.8%
23.0%
14.0%
21.7%
-25.6%
89.4%
..
..
3 558.8
3 311.4
3 382.1
3 540.1
3 564.1
3 579.7
3 555.5
-0.1%
103.0
58.3
107.9
67.7
91.7
75.5
112.5
85.6
126.6
96.0
146.7
116.1
164.0
124.2
172.7
132.0
182.3
135.0
191.6
138.9
70.4%
62.3%
2 010.5
2 430.0
3 002.3
3 479.5
4 085.4
4 173.0
4 506.2
5 401.2
5 650.0
5 940.9
6 202.1
51.8%
OECD Total
3 357.9
3 603.0
4 051.0
4 105.2
4 478.2
4 831.4
5 249.7
5 433.2
5 470.7
5 461.8
5 497.1
22.8%
Canada
Mexico
United States
OECD N. America
141.3
43.0
1 587.5
1 771.8
165.9
59.2
1 653.5
1 878.6
192.6
95.1
1 804.7
2 092.4
193.0
108.6
1 774.1
2 075.7
208.7
121.2
1 913.2
2 243.0
230.9
128.9
2 071.3
2 431.2
251.2
147.4
2 283.3
2 681.9
268.2
163.3
2 311.0
2 742.5
271.7
175.2
2 323.4
2 770.2
269.2
175.1
2 302.8
2 747.1
269.4
184.3
2 339.9
2 793.6
29.1%
52.1%
22.3%
24.5%
51.6
267.5
17.0
6.9
343.0
60.4
305.1
24.5
8.8
398.6
69.6
344.5
41.2
9.0
464.3
72.8
362.0
53.5
11.2
499.6
86.2
438.1
93.1
13.3
630.7
92.6
493.2
146.7
15.3
747.7
108.9
517.7
188.9
16.8
832.3
112.1
520.9
211.2
16.7
860.8
120.8
518.9
210.4
16.4
866.4
122.6
518.3
213.8
16.6
871.4
124.1
513.5
222.2
16.8
876.6
43.9%
17.2%
138.7%
26.0%
39.0%
18.8
39.7
45.4
18.5
18.2
158.6
305.0
8.7
19.0
0.9
6.7
105.4
4.1
50.9
13.3
86.1
6.3
14.3
42.6
36.0
16.4
19.5
208.7
1 243.0
20.1
42.3
43.7
17.5
19.7
165.0
313.5
11.7
22.9
1.1
6.6
116.8
3.8
59.0
14.6
103.0
7.7
16.8
57.5
39.0
17.2
26.8
199.4
1 325.7
23.2
46.8
46.9
19.1
24.6
191.8
357.2
15.0
28.4
1.5
8.2
130.8
3.6
64.4
18.3
126.6
10.0
19.8
67.7
40.5
20.0
31.4
198.4
1 494.2
23.1
44.1
49.2
19.3
25.8
203.8
357.2
17.6
29.8
1.8
8.6
129.3
3.1
60.6
20.0
124.7
11.0
20.7
70.9
47.2
22.1
39.3
200.8
1 530.0
24.8
48.2
48.8
17.3
28.4
224.5
351.4
21.4
28.7
2.1
10.0
146.7
3.4
65.7
21.0
103.1
16.7
21.3
90.1
47.2
23.8
52.8
207.2
1 604.5
26.7
53.7
40.9
19.4
28.9
237.4
337.1
22.7
25.9
2.3
10.4
159.2
3.2
70.5
23.4
99.5
20.2
17.8
100.8
50.3
23.6
61.5
217.1
1 652.5
28.5
58.5
40.3
18.6
32.1
253.2
337.3
27.1
25.0
3.1
13.6
170.7
3.3
73.1
25.4
89.1
24.7
17.7
121.9
47.6
24.5
76.3
224.0
1 735.6
33.0
58.9
45.5
19.4
36.8
270.7
343.5
29.7
26.2
3.4
14.3
180.6
4.2
79.2
27.9
91.4
25.8
18.4
139.1
52.6
25.9
80.9
222.7
1 830.0
33.7
58.7
44.9
18.8
34.0
271.4
338.7
30.2
27.6
3.5
14.4
182.9
4.3
78.8
28.2
92.4
26.4
18.8
141.8
51.6
25.8
84.4
222.7
1 834.0
34.2
58.1
45.9
20.1
37.0
267.7
341.2
30.2
27.3
4.2
14.7
181.1
4.3
76.6
29.1
97.3
24.7
18.6
141.5
50.2
27.0
93.0
219.4
1 843.3
33.2
57.0
45.8
19.6
36.5
263.7
331.3
32.2
26.7
4.9
15.1
178.2
4.2
80.4
26.9
97.1
25.1
17.8
144.0
50.4
25.7
100.0
211.3
1 827.0
33.9%
18.2%
-6.2%
13.3%
28.5%
17.5%
-5.7%
50.1%
-6.7%
134.4%
51.1%
21.4%
23.6%
22.5%
27.9%
-5.8%
49.7%
-16.3%
59.8%
6.8%
8.1%
89.6%
2.0%
13.9%
..
..
..
..
1 636.9
1 637.6
1 685.7
1 777.9
1 778.9
1 778.9
1 758.8
7.5%
1971
1975
1980
1985
1990
World *
5 533.2
6 194.2
7 228.8
7 752.0
Annex I Parties
Annex II Parties
North America
Europe
Pacific
Annex I EIT
Non-Annex I Parties
..
3 113.6
1 728.8
1 058.7
326.1
..
..
..
3 306.2
1 819.5
1 112.5
374.2
..
..
..
3 661.4
1 997.3
1 241.0
423.1
..
..
..
..
108.0
56.9
Non-OECD Total
Annex I Kyoto Parties
Intl. marine bunkers
Intl. aviation bunkers
Australia
Japan
Korea
New Zealand
OECD Pacific
Austria
Belgium
Czech Republic
Denmark
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
Ireland
Italy
Luxembourg
Netherlands
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Slovak Republic
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Turkey
United Kingdom
OECD Europe
European Union - 27
1995
2000
2004
2005
2006
* Total world includes non-OECD total, OECD total as well as international marine bunkers and international aviation bunkers.
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY
CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION Highlights (2009 Edition) - 69
Total primary energy supply
million tonnes of oil equivalent
1971
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2004
2005
2006
2007
% change
90-07
2 010.5
2 430.0
3 002.3
3 479.5
4 085.4
4 173.0
4 506.2
5 401.2
5 650.0
5 940.9
6 202.1
51.8%
3.5
3.9
1.1
..
2.7
0.5
6.7
2.5
7.8
..
8.6
1.1
3.0
5.6
1.6
2.4
6.9
..
36.1
1.2
45.1
7.0
7.6
0.7
1.7
3.5
5.4
26.3
192.4
5.5
4.1
1.2
..
3.0
0.6
7.5
3.0
9.8
..
9.4
1.3
3.7
6.5
3.7
3.4
6.7
..
41.7
1.4
53.8
7.5
7.7
0.8
2.2
3.9
5.9
28.7
222.9
11.2
4.6
1.4
..
3.7
0.7
8.5
3.6
15.2
..
10.8
1.4
4.0
7.9
6.9
4.9
6.7
..
52.5
1.6
65.1
8.4
8.0
0.9
3.3
4.5
6.5
32.7
274.7
17.7
5.0
1.5
0.9
4.5
0.8
10.0
3.7
25.7
..
12.4
1.4
4.4
9.2
10.0
5.6
6.4
..
61.4
1.6
86.4
9.5
8.8
1.0
4.2
4.9
7.4
36.6
340.7
22.2
5.9
1.7
1.3
5.0
0.8
11.8
4.3
31.8
..
14.9
1.2
5.3
11.2
11.3
6.9
5.9
..
70.6
1.7
90.9
10.6
9.7
1.3
4.9
5.4
9.3
41.8
387.7
24.1
6.4
1.8
1.5
5.5
0.8
13.1
5.1
35.3
1.0
16.4
1.4
6.5
12.8
15.8
8.6
6.3
0.9
80.0
1.9
104.9
12.0
11.0
1.6
5.8
5.8
9.8
46.9
442.9
27.0
7.4
2.0
1.8
6.3
0.8
14.6
6.7
45.2
0.7
18.6
1.5
7.7
15.0
16.6
10.2
7.2
1.0
88.7
2.4
110.3
13.5
13.4
2.1
7.3
6.2
9.9
55.3
499.6
31.0
9.3
2.5
1.8
7.0
1.1
16.5
9.3
55.9
0.7
20.9
1.6
8.3
16.8
18.2
12.1
8.4
1.3
99.8
2.7
128.6
15.5
16.2
2.3
8.5
6.9
9.3
65.2
578.0
32.3
9.1
2.6
1.9
7.0
1.2
17.0
9.6
60.8
0.8
21.5
1.7
8.7
17.3
17.6
13.1
8.5
1.4
104.8
2.8
126.8
15.4
17.1
2.4
8.2
7.1
9.7
67.0
593.4
34.7
9.8
2.8
1.9
6.7
1.2
17.6
9.5
63.8
0.7
22.1
1.8
9.3
18.2
17.6
13.4
8.7
1.5
104.8
2.8
129.2
15.1
17.8
2.4
8.5
7.3
9.6
69.6
608.4
36.9
10.6
2.9
2.0
7.3
1.3
18.1
10.0
67.2
0.7
22.8
1.8
9.5
18.3
17.8
14.4
9.1
1.6
106.7
2.7
134.3
14.7
18.3
2.5
8.8
7.4
9.4
71.9
629.0
66.1%
80.7%
73.5%
60.3%
46.5%
58.8%
53.3%
130.8%
111.3%
..
53.4%
56.4%
79.6%
63.1%
57.3%
106.9%
54.5%
..
51.1%
58.5%
47.8%
38.1%
87.8%
94.6%
78.6%
37.8%
1.6%
71.9%
62.3%
Bahrain
Islamic Rep. of Iran
Iraq
Israel
Jordan
Kuwait
Lebanon
Oman
Qatar
Saudi Arabia
Syrian Arab Republic
United Arab Emirates
Yemen
Middle East
1.4
16.7
4.4
5.7
0.5
5.8
1.7
0.1
0.9
7.6
2.6
1.0
0.7
49.2
2.1
27.0
5.7
7.0
0.7
5.8
2.0
0.2
2.1
9.2
3.5
1.9
0.7
67.9
2.8
38.4
10.5
7.8
1.5
14.8
2.3
0.9
3.5
31.6
5.1
7.2
1.3
127.7
4.2
54.2
15.8
7.6
2.6
14.3
2.7
2.8
6.1
46.7
8.7
13.3
1.7
180.6
4.4
68.3
18.1
11.6
3.3
7.8
2.2
4.2
6.9
59.3
11.4
19.9
2.5
219.8
4.9
94.0
26.0
15.6
4.3
16.0
4.3
6.1
8.7
86.9
14.0
27.3
3.4
311.7
5.9
117.9
25.4
18.4
4.9
20.0
4.9
8.7
11.5
104.9
17.4
33.7
4.7
378.4
7.0
150.2
33.5
19.9
6.2
24.8
5.3
11.1
16.6
130.2
17.9
42.2
6.2
470.9
7.5
158.6
33.1
20.5
6.7
27.5
5.4
12.8
16.4
138.7
17.5
43.1
6.6
494.4
8.3
172.2
34.3
21.2
6.8
24.7
4.7
14.9
18.4
145.2
18.6
45.4
6.9
521.4
8.8
184.9
33.1
22.0
7.2
25.2
4.0
15.5
22.2
150.3
19.6
51.6
7.2
551.6
101.7%
170.6%
82.9%
89.6%
120.9%
222.1%
77.8%
264.5%
222.2%
153.7%
72.5%
159.8%
187.0%
150.9%
Albania
Bosnia and Herzegovina *
Bulgaria
Croatia *
Cyprus
Gibraltar
FYR of Macedonia *
Malta
Romania
Serbia *
Slovenia *
Former Yugoslavia *
Non-OECD Europe
1.7
..
19.0
..
0.6
0.0
..
0.2
42.1
..
..
21.9
85.6
2.0
..
23.2
..
0.6
0.0
..
0.2
51.8
..
..
25.5
103.3
3.1
..
28.4
..
0.9
0.0
..
0.3
65.2
..
..
33.7
131.6
2.7
..
30.6
..
0.9
0.0
..
0.3
64.9
..
..
41.1
140.7
2.7
7.0
28.6
9.0
1.4
0.1
2.5
0.7
62.3
19.3
5.7
..
139.1
1.3
1.5
23.1
7.0
1.7
0.1
2.5
0.7
46.3
13.6
6.0
..
103.9
1.8
4.4
18.7
7.8
2.1
0.1
2.7
0.7
36.2
13.3
6.4
..
94.1
2.0
4.8
18.8
8.8
2.2
0.1
2.8
0.8
38.4
17.4
7.1
..
103.3
2.3
5.0
19.9
8.9
2.2
0.1
2.9
0.9
38.3
15.0
7.3
..
102.9
2.1
5.4
20.4
8.9
2.3
0.1
2.9
0.8
39.8
15.7
7.3
..
106.0
2.2
5.6
20.2
9.3
2.4
0.2
3.0
0.9
38.9
15.8
7.3
..
105.8
-18.4%
-20.1%
-29.2%
3.5%
79.1%
162.9%
22.0%
24.9%
-37.5%
-18.3%
29.4%
..
-23.9%
Non-OECD Total
Algeria
Angola
Benin
Botswana
Cameroon
Congo
Dem. Rep. of Congo
Côte d'Ivoire
Egypt
Eritrea
Ethiopia
Gabon
Ghana
Kenya
Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
Morocco
Mozambique
Namibia
Nigeria
Senegal
South Africa
Sudan
United Rep. of Tanzania
Togo
Tunisia
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Other Africa
Africa
* Data for individual countries of the Former Yugoslavia are not available prior to 1990.
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY
70 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION Highlights (2009 Edition)
Total primary energy supply
million tonnes of oil equivalent
1971
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2004
2005
2006
2007
% change
90-07
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Belarus
Estonia
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyzstan
Latvia
Lithuania
Republic of Moldova
Russian Federation
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Ukraine
Uzbekistan
Former Soviet Union *
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
768.3
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
939.9
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
1 109.5
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
1 247.9
7.7
25.8
42.3
9.6
12.1
72.7
7.6
7.8
16.1
9.9
870.0
5.6
19.6
251.8
46.4
1 404.9
1.6
12.7
24.8
4.8
3.7
52.0
2.4
4.6
8.7
4.4
624.1
3.0
13.9
163.8
42.6
967.3
2.0
11.4
24.7
4.5
2.9
40.3
2.4
3.7
7.1
2.8
610.1
2.9
14.5
133.8
50.4
913.6
2.1
12.6
26.9
5.1
2.8
51.1
2.8
4.3
9.2
3.4
637.5
3.4
15.7
143.9
49.4
970.1
2.5
13.4
26.9
5.2
3.1
56.2
2.8
4.4
8.6
3.5
651.3
3.5
16.5
142.9
47.0
987.7
2.5
13.6
28.6
5.0
3.0
63.5
2.8
4.5
8.5
3.4
670.8
3.7
16.5
137.3
48.5
1 012.2
2.8
11.9
28.0
5.6
3.3
66.5
2.9
4.7
9.3
3.3
672.1
3.9
18.1
137.3
48.7
1 018.5
-63.0%
-53.9%
-33.7%
-41.1%
-72.4%
-8.6%
-61.5%
-40.0%
-42.6%
-66.2%
-22.7%
-30.0%
-7.9%
-45.4%
5.0%
-27.5%
Argentina
Bolivia
Brazil
Chile
Colombia
Costa Rica
Cuba
Dominican Republic
Ecuador
El Salvador
Guatemala
Haiti
Honduras
Jamaica
Netherlands Antilles
Nicaragua
Panama
Paraguay
Peru
Trinidad and Tobago
Uruguay
Venezuela
Other Latin America
Latin America
33.7
1.0
69.6
8.7
13.8
1.1
10.9
2.3
2.3
1.8
2.7
1.5
1.4
2.0
5.5
1.2
1.7
1.4
9.1
2.6
2.4
19.5
4.7
201.0
35.9
1.5
91.1
7.6
15.4
1.3
13.0
3.1
3.3
2.3
3.3
1.7
1.5
2.7
3.8
1.5
1.7
1.5
10.4
2.3
2.4
25.0
6.0
238.4
41.8
2.4
113.8
9.5
18.5
1.5
14.8
3.4
5.0
2.5
3.8
2.1
1.9
2.3
3.9
1.5
1.4
2.1
11.3
3.8
2.6
35.4
6.0
291.4
41.3
2.6
129.1
9.6
20.9
1.7
14.4
3.6
5.8
2.6
3.8
1.9
2.0
1.7
1.8
1.9
1.6
2.3
10.6
5.1
2.0
39.4
3.9
309.5
46.1
2.8
139.5
13.8
24.2
2.0
16.5
4.1
6.0
2.5
4.4
1.6
2.4
2.8
1.5
2.1
1.5
3.1
9.7
6.0
2.3
43.6
4.8
343.1
53.9
4.0
160.2
18.8
28.5
2.5
10.3
5.9
6.9
3.4
5.4
1.7
2.8
3.2
1.3
2.3
2.0
3.9
11.0
6.3
2.6
51.6
5.2
393.5
61.0
4.9
189.2
26.2
26.8
3.2
11.3
7.7
8.1
4.0
7.1
2.0
3.0
3.7
2.0
2.7
2.6
3.9
12.2
9.8
3.1
56.4
5.8
456.5
62.5
4.9
210.0
28.9
27.0
3.6
9.8
7.7
9.9
4.4
7.5
2.3
3.9
3.9
2.0
3.3
2.6
4.0
12.8
12.4
2.9
56.4
6.9
489.3
63.1
4.8
215.7
29.6
28.0
3.9
9.5
7.7
9.9
4.5
8.1
2.6
4.0
3.7
2.0
3.3
2.6
4.0
13.6
12.7
3.0
59.5
7.1
502.9
68.5
4.8
222.9
30.5
29.6
4.4
9.9
7.7
11.0
4.6
8.1
2.6
4.0
4.3
1.9
3.4
2.9
4.0
13.2
14.2
3.2
61.0
7.2
524.2
73.1
5.4
235.6
30.8
29.0
4.8
9.9
7.9
11.8
4.9
8.3
2.8
4.7
5.0
2.2
3.5
2.8
4.2
14.1
15.3
3.2
63.7
7.5
550.9
58.6%
96.1%
68.9%
122.7%
19.9%
140.8%
-39.9%
92.5%
96.8%
97.9%
86.8%
78.0%
99.4%
77.7%
49.2%
66.0%
89.4%
36.8%
44.6%
155.9%
40.7%
46.3%
55.2%
60.6%
Bangladesh
Brunei Darussalam
Cambodia
Chinese Taipei
India
Indonesia
DPR of Korea
Malaysia
Mongolia
Myanmar
Nepal
Pakistan
Philippines
Singapore
Sri Lanka
Thailand
Vietnam
Other Asia
Asia
5.7
0.2
..
10.1
156.2
36.1
19.4
5.9
..
7.9
3.7
17.0
15.0
2.7
3.8
13.7
17.4
4.4
319.2
6.7
0.7
..
14.4
177.4
41.9
22.3
7.2
..
8.4
4.0
20.3
17.7
3.7
4.1
17.3
18.5
5.3
370.0
8.4
1.4
..
28.0
207.4
57.3
30.4
12.1
..
9.4
4.6
24.9
21.9
5.1
4.5
22.0
19.6
7.3
464.2
9.9
1.8
..
34.2
256.8
67.7
36.0
15.9
3.1
11.0
5.1
32.4
22.9
6.8
5.0
25.2
21.7
5.8
561.3
12.7
1.8
..
48.2
318.2
102.5
33.2
22.7
3.4
10.7
5.8
42.9
27.5
11.5
5.5
42.0
24.3
6.0
718.9
15.9
2.3
3.4
63.8
385.3
131.5
22.0
38.3
2.7
11.8
6.7
53.7
34.5
18.9
5.9
62.4
30.1
6.8
896.0
18.6
2.5
4.0
85.1
457.4
150.9
19.8
49.7
2.4
12.5
8.1
63.2
41.0
19.3
8.3
72.2
37.1
6.9
1 058.8
22.5
2.6
4.6
102.7
516.6
171.2
20.6
54.6
2.5
14.6
8.8
73.4
39.6
22.7
8.8
94.3
49.9
8.4
1 218.5
23.9
2.5
4.8
102.6
534.1
175.2
21.4
65.3
2.6
16.0
9.1
75.4
39.7
27.7
9.0
97.3
51.0
8.2
1 265.8
24.6
2.7
5.0
104.8
561.0
180.6
21.7
66.6
2.9
15.5
9.3
78.6
39.4
27.1
9.1
99.9
52.7
8.4
1 309.9
25.8
2.8
5.1
109.9
594.9
190.6
18.4
72.6
3.1
15.6
9.6
83.3
40.0
26.8
9.3
104.0
55.8
9.2
1 376.6
102.3%
57.0%
..
127.7%
87.0%
86.0%
-44.7%
220.2%
-9.7%
46.9%
65.0%
94.2%
45.4%
133.5%
68.3%
147.4%
129.3%
53.1%
91.5%
People's Rep. of China
Hong Kong, China
China
391.7
3.0
394.7
484.0
3.6
487.7
598.5
4.7
603.2
692.0
6.8
698.8
863.1
8.8
871.9
1 046.9
10.7
1 057.6
1 092.2
13.1
1 105.3
1 558.2
13.0
1 571.2
1 689.8
13.1
1 702.9
1 845.4
13.4
1 858.8
1 955.8
13.7
1 969.5
126.6%
56.6%
125.9%
* Data for individual countries of the Former Soviet Union are not available prior to 1990.
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY
CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION Highlights (2009 Edition) - 71
GDP using exchange rates
billion 2000 US dollars
2007
% change
90-07
World
12 913.4 14 963.9 18 112.3 20 509.0 24 199.8 27 133.3 31 979.8 35 356.1 36 585.9 38 046.5 39 493.3
63.2%
Annex I Parties
Annex II Parties
North America
Europe
Pacific
Annex I EIT
Non-Annex I Parties
..
..
..
.. 19 869.2 21 607.5 25 091.8 27 075.0 27 760.1 28 579.5 29 299.4
10 319.9 11 697.5 13 928.5 15 822.3 18 844.8 20 761.3 24 112.4 25 899.7 26 512.6 27 245.4 27 880.9
4 138.8 4 620.2 5 540.0 6 482.7 7 598.6 8 564.9 10 489.7 11 421.7 11 757.5 12 086.9 12 337.3
4 094.4 4 602.3 5 345.0 5 795.6 6 803.1 7 374.8 8 502.9 9 073.5 9 240.9 9 508.9 9 764.5
2 086.8 2 474.9 3 043.6 3 544.0 4 443.0 4 821.7 5 119.7 5 404.5 5 514.2 5 649.6 5 779.1
..
..
..
..
838.5
628.3
712.9
868.0
914.5
978.2 1 046.7
..
..
..
.. 4 330.6 5 525.9 6 888.0 8 281.1 8 825.8 9 466.9 10 193.9
47.5%
48.0%
62.4%
43.5%
30.1%
24.8%
135.4%
1971
Annex I Kyoto Parties
Non-OECD Total
OECD Total
1975
1980
..
..
..
2 073.7
2 599.1
3 347.1
1985
1990
1995
2000
2004
2005
2006
.. 12 613.9 13 407.5 15 047.7 16 127.1 16 472.1 16 962.8 17 437.8
3 717.4
4 196.2
5 012.0
6 156.1
7 521.4
8 050.3
8 667.0
38.2%
9 383.7
123.6%
10 839.7 12 364.8 14 765.2 16 791.7 20 003.6 22 121.3 25 823.7 27 834.7 28 535.6 29 379.4 30 109.6
50.5%
Canada
Mexico
United States
OECD N. America
288.3
208.0
3 850.5
4 346.8
343.3
274.1
4 276.9
4 894.4
412.0
378.4
5 128.0
5 918.3
471.7
416.5
6 011.0
6 899.2
543.6
452.6
7 055.0
8 051.2
592.1
724.9
797.8
820.8
846.3
869.3
488.2
636.7
676.4
698.1
731.7
755.1
7 972.8 9 764.8 10 623.9 10 936.7 11 240.6 11 468.0
9 053.1 11 126.4 12 098.2 12 455.6 12 818.6 13 092.4
Australia
Japan
Korea
New Zealand
OECD Pacific
163.2
1 894.9
66.1
28.7
2 152.8
181.1
2 259.9
87.8
33.9
2 562.8
210.1
2 800.6
122.8
32.9
3 166.4
243.6
3 261.9
179.0
38.5
3 723.0
281.0
4 122.4
283.6
39.6
4 726.5
330.1
4 445.4
413.0
46.2
5 234.7
399.6
4 667.5
511.7
52.7
5 631.4
457.6
4 885.1
613.6
61.8
6 018.2
471.2
4 979.6
639.4
63.5
6 153.6
507.7
5 205.0
705.6
66.4
6 484.8
80.7%
26.3%
148.9%
67.5%
37.2%
Austria
Belgium
Czech Republic
Denmark
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
Ireland
Italy
Luxembourg
Netherlands
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Slovak Republic
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Turkey
United Kingdom
OECD Europe
87.9
114.5
38.3
83.2
53.0
630.8
950.5
64.8
26.0
3.2
22.2
518.2
6.1
173.6
61.0
89.2
41.3
12.9
241.9
134.8
166.1
79.3
741.4
4 340.0
101.4
131.5
43.7
88.1
64.1
727.7
1 038.9
76.8
33.3
3.8
27.3
594.6
6.8
196.5
73.1
114.1
48.0
14.7
299.4
151.8
166.2
99.6
806.3
4 907.6
119.2
153.7
48.7
101.0
74.5
861.1
1 225.9
94.2
39.6
5.2
34.1
739.1
7.6
223.9
91.2
119.0
61.5
16.3
330.0
162.2
180.7
111.9
879.9
5 680.5
128.2
161.1
51.1
115.5
85.1
929.8
1 311.9
94.8
43.3
5.8
38.7
803.5
8.6
237.6
107.5
120.0
64.3
17.6
353.6
177.7
194.7
141.9
977.1
6 169.5
149.1
187.5
55.3
123.9
100.3
1 091.8
1 543.2
100.8
44.4
6.8
48.7
937.6
12.4
282.0
117.0
118.2
84.7
18.9
440.6
201.5
224.8
186.0
1 150.5
7 225.9
165.0
203.0
52.7
139.1
96.5
1 156.3
1 720.5
107.3
39.4
6.9
61.1
998.7
15.1
315.8
140.5
131.6
92.2
17.3
474.9
208.4
225.9
217.8
1 247.9
7 833.6
191.2
231.9
56.7
160.1
121.9
1 328.0
1 900.2
127.1
48.0
8.7
96.6
1 097.3
20.3
385.1
168.3
171.3
112.7
20.4
580.7
245.6
249.9
266.6
1 477.5
9 065.8
201.9
246.8
64.1
166.3
134.2
1 415.5
1 942.8
151.7
56.8
10.0
119.0
1 139.4
23.0
402.9
182.8
192.4
116.6
24.3
658.1
269.7
259.8
307.2
1 633.0
9 718.3
207.7
214.8
221.3
251.3
258.8
266.0
68.1
72.8
77.1
170.4
176.1
179.0
138.0
144.7
151.3
1 442.3 1 473.6 1 505.6
1 957.8 2 015.8 2 065.4
156.1
163.2
169.7
59.0
61.5
62.1
10.7
11.2
11.6
126.6
133.8
141.9
1 145.7 1 166.8 1 183.8
24.2
25.7
27.1
411.2
425.1
439.8
187.8
192.1
198.1
199.4
211.8
225.9
117.7
119.3
121.6
25.9
28.1
31.1
681.9
708.4
734.3
278.6
290.4
297.8
266.3
275.3
284.5
333.0
356.0
371.8
1 666.6 1 713.9 1 765.8
9 926.4 10 239.0 10 532.4
48.5%
41.8%
39.4%
44.5%
50.8%
37.9%
33.8%
68.3%
39.9%
72.0%
191.4%
26.3%
118.1%
56.0%
69.4%
91.1%
43.5%
64.2%
66.7%
47.8%
26.6%
100.0%
53.5%
45.8%
..
..
..
..
6 808.1
7 341.6
8 480.0
9 091.5
9 268.9
European Union - 27
486.2
5 099.0
672.2
64.5
6 321.8
9 555.2
9 827.3
59.9%
66.9%
62.6%
62.6%
44.3%
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY
72 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION Highlights (2009 Edition)
GDP using exchange rates
billion 2000 US dollars
1971
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2004
2005
2006
2007
% change
90-07
2 073.7
2 599.1
3 347.1
3 717.4
4 196.2
5 012.0
6 156.1
7 521.4
8 050.3
8 667.0
9 383.7
123.6%
Algeria
Angola
Benin
Botswana
Cameroon
Congo
Dem. Rep. of Congo
Côte d'Ivoire
Egypt
Eritrea
Ethiopia
Gabon
Ghana
Kenya
Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
Morocco
Mozambique
Namibia
Nigeria
Senegal
South Africa
Sudan
United Rep. of Tanzania
Togo
Tunisia
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Other Africa
Africa
17.5
6.7
0.8
..
3.5
1.0
7.1
5.1
21.0
..
4.2
1.9
2.7
4.0
34.4
12.8
2.8
..
22.6
2.3
71.5
4.0
3.6
0.6
4.7
2.4
3.5
24.0
264.7
26.1
6.7
0.9
..
4.7
1.4
7.6
6.3
24.1
..
4.6
3.9
2.5
5.2
27.8
15.4
2.4
..
26.0
2.5
82.0
4.9
4.3
0.8
6.3
2.7
4.1
26.0
299.1
35.3
6.7
1.1
..
6.3
1.7
7.0
7.7
38.5
..
5.1
3.6
2.6
7.1
43.8
20.1
2.5
..
31.5
2.7
95.5
5.5
4.9
1.0
8.6
2.7
4.4
30.6
376.6
44.6
7.2
1.4
1.9
9.9
2.8
7.7
7.8
53.3
..
4.9
4.1
2.6
8.0
37.7
23.6
1.9
..
27.0
3.1
102.2
5.7
5.2
0.9
10.6
2.8
5.4
32.3
414.5
46.4
8.5
1.4
3.4
8.8
2.8
7.7
8.3
65.6
..
6.2
4.3
3.3
10.5
29.8
29.3
2.5
..
35.0
3.5
110.9
7.1
6.8
1.1
12.2
3.0
6.7
37.3
462.3
47.0
6.7
1.7
4.1
8.0
2.9
5.3
8.9
77.5
0.6
6.6
5.0
4.0
11.4
31.8
30.7
3.0
2.9
39.5
3.8
115.8
9.1
7.4
1.1
14.8
2.8
7.1
38.3
497.8
54.8
9.1
2.3
6.2
10.1
3.2
4.3
10.4
99.8
0.6
8.2
5.1
5.0
12.7
34.5
37.0
4.2
3.4
46.0
4.7
132.9
12.4
9.1
1.3
19.4
3.2
7.4
48.5
595.8
66.2
12.4
2.7
7.7
11.8
3.7
4.9
10.3
113.7
0.7
10.0
5.4
6.0
14.3
42.5
45.8
5.9
4.1
58.7
5.6
153.0
15.6
11.7
1.5
23.2
3.9
5.9
59.8
707.0
69.6
14.9
2.7
8.1
12.1
4.0
5.2
10.4
118.8
0.7
11.2
5.5
6.4
15.2
44.0
47.2
6.4
4.3
61.9
5.9
160.7
16.6
12.5
1.5
24.1
4.1
5.6
62.7
742.2
70.8
17.7
2.8
8.4
12.5
4.2
5.5
10.5
126.9
0.7
12.4
5.6
6.8
16.1
46.5
50.9
7.0
4.4
65.7
6.0
169.3
18.4
13.4
1.5
25.5
4.3
5.3
65.6
784.9
73.0
21.4
3.0
8.8
12.9
4.2
5.9
10.7
135.9
0.7
13.8
5.9
7.2
17.2
49.6
52.2
7.5
4.7
69.6
6.3
178.0
20.3
14.3
1.6
27.1
4.6
5.0
68.9
830.3
57.5%
153.4%
109.7%
160.0%
46.9%
48.6%
-23.5%
28.6%
107.2%
..
120.8%
37.2%
120.3%
63.6%
66.6%
78.2%
198.9%
..
99.1%
82.4%
60.5%
187.6%
110.6%
46.2%
121.6%
52.0%
-25.4%
84.7%
79.6%
Bahrain
Islamic Rep. of Iran
Iraq
Israel
Jordan
Kuwait
Lebanon
Oman
Qatar
Saudi Arabia
Syrian Arab Republic
United Arab Emirates
Yemen
Middle East
1.3
46.6
50.5
31.8
2.1
31.9
12.7
3.2
9.0
52.9
4.0
8.8
1.3
256.1
2.4
66.1
64.2
41.3
2.0
26.4
12.4
4.1
9.1
110.0
6.9
22.7
1.9
369.6
4.0
57.3
96.6
49.8
4.2
27.9
10.5
5.4
10.6
153.7
9.5
47.3
3.3
480.1
3.7
69.4
61.8
57.6
5.4
22.0
14.8
10.9
9.0
121.8
10.9
41.3
4.7
433.2
4.6
70.3
33.0
71.1
5.1
25.3
8.4
12.7
8.8
144.1
11.8
46.4
5.5
447.2
6.5
83.1
12.6
97.4
7.2
34.3
14.9
16.8
10.2
166.0
17.3
54.8
7.2
528.4
8.0
101.3
25.9
123.7
8.5
37.7
16.8
19.9
17.8
188.4
19.3
70.6
9.4
647.3
9.9
127.1
19.1
130.8
10.7
50.8
20.3
23.5
24.6
215.0
22.7
90.4
11.0
756.0
10.7
133.0
19.8
137.6
11.4
56.6
20.5
24.9
26.1
226.9
23.8
97.8
11.6
800.7
11.5
140.8
19.9
144.7
12.1
59.4
20.5
26.8
28.4
234.1
25.0
107.3
12.0
842.6
12.3
151.8
20.9
152.5
12.9
62.2
20.9
28.9
32.4
242.0
26.6
115.2
12.4
891.0
164.7%
116.0%
-36.7%
114.3%
150.7%
145.3%
149.7%
128.1%
267.2%
67.9%
126.2%
148.4%
125.4%
99.2%
1.7
..
6.4
..
2.1
0.4
..
0.6
18.8
..
..
33.7
63.7
2.1
..
8.8
..
1.9
0.4
..
0.9
28.4
..
..
41.3
83.9
2.8
..
11.8
..
3.4
0.4
..
1.6
40.9
..
..
55.6
116.7
3.1
..
13.9
..
4.4
0.5
..
1.8
48.2
..
..
56.6
128.5
3.2
1.4
15.0
21.5
6.2
0.6
3.9
2.4
44.0
10.2
16.6
..
125.0
2.8
1.5
13.1
15.6
7.7
0.6
3.1
3.1
39.5
10.0
16.1
..
113.2
3.7
5.1
12.6
18.4
9.3
0.7
3.6
3.9
37.1
9.9
19.9
..
124.2
4.5
6.1
15.3
22.3
10.5
0.8
3.7
3.9
46.9
12.0
22.8
..
149.0
4.8
6.4
16.3
23.2
10.9
0.8
3.8
4.1
48.9
11.6
23.8
..
154.7
5.0
6.8
17.3
24.4
11.4
0.9
4.0
4.2
52.8
12.2
25.2
..
164.1
5.3
7.2
18.4
25.7
11.9
0.9
4.2
4.3
55.9
13.1
26.9
..
173.9
65.9%
416.7%
22.6%
19.7%
91.3%
52.0%
6.8%
81.8%
27.1%
28.9%
61.9%
..
39.1%
Non-OECD Total
Albania
Bosnia and Herzegovina *
Bulgaria
Croatia *
Cyprus
Gibraltar
FYR of Macedonia *
Malta
Romania
Serbia *
Slovenia *
Former Yugoslavia *
Non-OECD Europe
* Data for individual countries of the Former Yugoslavia are not available prior to 1990.
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY
CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION Highlights (2009 Edition) - 73
GDP using exchange rates
billion 2000 US dollars
1971
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2004
2005
2006
2007
% change
90-07
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Belarus
Estonia
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyzstan
Latvia
Lithuania
Republic of Moldova
Russian Federation
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Ukraine
Uzbekistan
Former Soviet Union *
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
404.4
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
505.6
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
616.9
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
685.7
2.8
9.0
14.4
5.9
8.2
26.3
2.1
10.4
16.1
3.6
385.9
2.3
3.7
72.0
14.0
576.7
1.5
3.7
9.4
4.2
2.3
16.2
1.0
5.9
9.3
1.5
239.7
0.9
2.3
34.5
11.4
343.9
1.9
5.3
12.7
5.6
3.1
18.3
1.4
7.8
11.4
1.3
259.7
0.9
2.9
31.3
13.8
377.2
3.0
7.9
16.7
7.5
4.0
27.3
1.7
10.5
15.4
1.7
328.8
1.3
5.3
44.0
16.7
491.8
3.4
9.9
18.3
8.2
4.4
30.0
1.6
11.6
16.6
1.8
349.9
1.3
5.8
45.2
17.9
526.0
3.9
13.4
20.1
9.1
4.8
33.2
1.7
13.0
17.9
1.9
375.7
1.4
6.3
48.5
19.2
570.1
4.4
16.7
21.8
9.6
5.4
36.1
1.8
14.4
19.5
2.0
406.2
1.6
7.1
52.2
21.0
619.7
55.5%
86.4%
51.5%
62.1%
-34.3%
37.1%
-10.5%
37.9%
21.0%
-45.9%
5.3%
-31.3%
89.2%
-27.4%
49.8%
7.5%
Argentina
Bolivia
Brazil
Chile
Colombia
Costa Rica
Cuba
Dominican Republic
Ecuador
El Salvador
Guatemala
Haiti
Honduras
Jamaica
Netherlands Antilles
Nicaragua
Panama
Paraguay
Peru
Trinidad and Tobago
Uruguay
Venezuela
Other Latin America
Latin America
167.5
4.1
212.7
23.0
32.0
4.6
15.5
4.9
5.9
7.2
7.2
3.3
2.5
5.6
..
3.2
4.5
2.0
28.5
4.5
11.4
68.3
10.0
628.5
184.7
5.2
311.6
19.7
39.7
5.8
18.5
6.8
8.4
8.7
8.9
3.5
2.9
6.0
..
4.0
5.2
2.7
34.9
5.1
12.3
77.8
10.3
782.8
212.1
5.7
430.4
28.0
51.6
7.5
21.8
8.8
10.9
8.7
11.8
4.6
4.0
5.1
1.0
3.2
6.2
4.5
39.1
7.5
15.4
87.8
13.9
989.6
186.6
5.2
454.2
29.2
57.7
7.5
32.8
9.6
11.7
7.6
11.2
4.4
4.4
5.2
1.0
3.3
7.3
4.9
39.7
6.7
12.7
83.8
14.8
1 001.4
182.2
5.8
501.8
40.5
73.4
9.6
32.5
11.1
13.3
8.4
12.9
4.4
5.1
6.6
1.0
2.8
7.1
5.9
36.1
6.0
15.4
95.3
19.4
1 096.5
250.3
7.1
583.6
61.4
89.9
12.5
22.5
13.6
15.2
11.3
15.9
3.4
6.1
8.0
1.2
3.1
9.3
7.1
47.1
6.4
18.6
112.9
20.7
1 327.3
284.2
8.4
644.7
75.2
94.1
15.9
28.2
19.8
15.9
13.1
19.3
3.8
7.1
8.0
1.2
3.9
11.6
7.1
53.3
8.2
20.7
117.1
24.8
1 485.7
287.3
9.4
717.0
87.5
107.8
18.4
31.7
21.4
19.6
14.2
21.7
3.7
8.4
8.6
1.2
4.4
13.4
7.8
61.3
11.3
20.3
120.5
26.6
1 623.4
313.6
9.8
739.6
92.4
114.0
19.5
35.5
23.4
20.8
14.7
22.4
3.7
8.9
8.7
1.3
4.6
14.3
8.0
65.4
12.0
21.6
132.9
27.5
1 714.7
340.2
10.2
767.4
96.4
121.9
21.2
39.9
25.9
21.6
15.3
23.6
3.8
9.5
8.9
1.3
4.8
15.6
8.4
70.5
13.5
23.2
146.6
28.5
1 818.1
369.6
10.7
808.9
101.3
131.1
22.8
42.7
28.1
22.1
16.0
24.9
4.0
10.1
8.3
1.3
5.0
17.4
8.9
76.7
14.2
24.9
159.0
29.5
1 937.6
102.9%
84.7%
61.2%
150.5%
78.6%
138.5%
31.4%
153.6%
66.1%
91.2%
93.5%
-10.0%
95.9%
24.9%
24.8%
75.7%
144.9%
50.8%
112.6%
138.0%
62.1%
66.9%
51.9%
76.7%
Bangladesh
Brunei Darussalam
Cambodia
Chinese Taipei
India
Indonesia
DPR of Korea
Malaysia
Mongolia
Myanmar
Nepal
Pakistan
Philippines
Singapore
Sri Lanka
Thailand
Vietnam
Other Asia
Asia
17.8
2.2
..
35.1
119.1
29.5
3.0
13.1
..
2.6
1.7
17.4
28.2
10.5
4.3
20.1
8.1
10.6
323.4
16.7
2.7
..
47.7
135.2
40.2
4.7
17.5
..
2.9
1.9
20.2
35.4
14.5
5.0
25.4
8.2
11.8
390.1
20.4
4.4
..
79.4
157.6
58.8
8.2
26.4
..
4.0
2.1
27.3
47.6
21.8
6.5
37.3
8.6
13.8
524.2
24.5
3.7
..
109.9
202.6
77.4
13.1
33.9
0.9
5.0
2.7
37.9
44.6
29.7
8.3
48.6
11.9
15.6
670.2
29.5
3.8
..
170.9
270.5
109.2
15.6
47.2
1.1
4.5
3.4
50.2
56.2
44.7
9.8
79.4
15.0
17.9
928.8
36.5
4.1
2.6
242.4
346.6
159.4
12.2
74.2
1.0
5.9
4.3
63.0
62.6
68.2
12.8
120.0
22.3
22.0
1 260.2
47.1
4.3
3.7
321.2
460.2
165.0
10.9
93.8
1.1
8.9
5.5
74.0
75.9
92.7
16.3
122.7
31.2
23.7
1 558.2
57.9
4.8
5.2
361.3
589.6
196.7
11.1
112.2
1.4
14.4
6.3
87.6
90.1
106.3
18.7
150.5
41.3
30.7
1 885.9
61.4
4.8
5.9
376.0
644.7
207.9
11.3
118.2
1.5
16.2
6.5
94.4
94.5
114.1
19.8
157.3
44.8
32.3
2 011.5
65.4
5.0
6.5
393.6
707.0
219.3
11.5
125.1
1.6
17.4
6.7
100.2
99.6
123.4
21.4
165.3
48.5
35.2
2 152.7
69.6
5.1
7.1
416.0
771.1
233.2
11.4
133.0
1.8
18.3
6.9
106.2
106.8
132.9
22.8
173.2
52.6
39.9
2 307.8
136.3%
34.8%
..
143.4%
185.1%
113.7%
-26.9%
181.7%
62.3%
307.9%
105.1%
111.4%
89.9%
197.6%
132.2%
118.2%
250.0%
122.6%
148.5%
People's Rep. of China
Hong Kong, China
China
107.1
25.9
133.0
133.4
34.6
168.0
182.9
60.2
243.1
304.5
79.4
383.8
444.6
115.2
559.8
792.8
148.5
941.3
1 198.5
169.1
1 367.6
1 715.0
193.4
1 908.4
1 893.4
207.1
2 100.4
2 113.0
221.6
2 334.6
2 387.7
235.7
2 623.4
437.0%
104.7%
368.7%
* Data for individual countries of the Former Soviet Union are not available prior to 1990.
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY
74 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION Highlights (2009 Edition)
GDP using purchasing power parities
billion 2000 US dollars
2007
% change
90-07
World
17 506.0 20 608.5 25 055.8 28 618.6 33 299.1 37 759.5 45 572.7 52 626.0 55 156.7 58 179.4 61 428.0
84.5%
Annex I Parties
Annex II Parties
North America
Europe
Pacific
Annex I EIT
Non-Annex I Parties
..
..
..
.. 22 366.9 23 480.2 27 338.1 29 844.8
10 521.3 11 910.8 14 138.7 15 982.2 18 948.5 20 888.6 24 416.6 26 279.0
4 197.7 4 690.4 5 624.1 6 579.1 7 709.7 8 685.8 10 637.8 11 584.7
4 747.6 5 359.1 6 240.8 6 755.9 7 942.3 8 607.2 9 927.5 10 601.6
1 575.9 1 861.2 2 273.8 2 647.2 3 296.5 3 595.6 3 851.2 4 092.7
..
..
..
.. 3 007.8 2 110.7 2 333.0 2 887.4
..
..
..
.. 10 932.2 14 279.3 18 234.6 22 781.2
1971
Annex I Kyoto Parties
Non-OECD Total
OECD Total
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2004
2005
32 627.2
28 311.0
12 514.9
11 408.1
4 388.0
3 495.2
28 800.8
45.9%
49.4%
62.3%
43.6%
33.1%
16.2%
163.5%
.. 14 847.2 14 991.2 16 936.7 18 479.5 18 939.4 19 596.3 20 256.1
36.4%
9 335.2 10 822.1 12 211.6 14 404.2 18 066.8 22 848.1 24 589.4 26 653.6 29 067.1
138.0%
11 537.6 13 204.7 15 720.6 17 796.5 21 087.5 23 355.3 27 505.9 29 777.9 30 567.3 31 525.8 32 360.9
53.5%
..
..
5 968.4
7 403.8
..
30 680.4
26 901.1
11 925.2
10 797.2
4 178.7
3 044.0
24 476.3
2006
31 698.8
27 652.7
12 259.8
11 109.9
4 283.0
3 260.1
26 480.6
Canada
Mexico
United States
OECD N. America
347.2
322.1
3 850.5
4 519.8
413.5
424.5
4 276.9
5 114.9
496.1
585.8
5 128.0
6 210.0
568.1
644.9
6 011.0
7 224.0
654.7
700.7
7 055.0
8 410.4
713.0
873.0
960.8
988.5 1 019.2 1 046.9
756.0
985.9 1 047.4 1 080.9 1 133.0 1 169.2
7 972.8 9 764.8 10 623.9 10 936.7 11 240.6 11 468.0
9 441.8 11 623.7 12 632.1 13 006.1 13 392.8 13 684.1
Australia
Japan
Korea
New Zealand
OECD Pacific
214.3
1 317.9
99.8
43.7
1 675.7
237.9
1 571.8
132.7
51.6
1 993.9
275.8
1 947.9
185.5
50.1
2 459.3
319.9
2 268.7
270.3
58.6
2 917.5
369.0
2 867.2
428.3
60.3
3 724.7
433.5
3 091.8
623.8
70.3
4 219.4
666.8
3 620.2
1 065.7
101.1
5 453.8
80.7%
26.3%
148.9%
67.5%
46.4%
Austria
Belgium
Czech Republic
Denmark
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
Ireland
Italy
Luxembourg
Netherlands
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Slovak Republic
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Turkey
United Kingdom
OECD Europe
105.8
139.3
103.9
79.9
57.7
728.2
1 065.6
102.3
67.8
2.9
25.1
687.4
7.0
210.8
58.7
210.3
64.0
37.3
357.1
135.1
151.4
175.1
769.5
5 342.1
122.1
159.9
118.6
84.6
69.9
840.0
1 164.7
121.3
86.9
3.5
30.8
788.8
7.9
238.6
70.4
269.0
74.3
42.6
442.1
152.0
151.4
219.8
836.8
6 096.0
143.5
187.0
132.0
97.0
81.1
994.0
1 374.3
148.7
103.6
4.8
38.5
980.5
8.8
271.9
87.9
280.5
95.3
47.4
487.3
162.4
164.6
247.1
913.2
7 051.4
154.3
196.0
138.6
110.9
92.7
1 073.3
1 470.7
149.8
113.0
5.4
43.6
1 065.9
10.0
288.6
103.5
283.0
99.6
51.2
522.2
178.0
177.4
313.3
1 014.1
7 655.0
179.5
228.2
150.0
118.9
109.3
1 260.3
1 730.0
159.3
116.0
6.3
54.9
1 243.8
14.3
342.4
112.6
278.6
131.3
54.9
650.7
201.9
204.8
410.6
1 194.0
8 952.4
198.7
230.2
243.2
250.1
258.6
266.5
246.9
282.2
300.2
305.8
314.9
323.6
142.9
153.8
173.8
184.8
197.4
209.1
133.5
153.7
159.7
163.6
169.0
171.8
105.2
132.8
146.2
150.4
157.7
164.8
1 334.7 1 532.9 1 633.9 1 664.9 1 701.0 1 738.0
1 928.7 2 130.2 2 177.9 2 194.8 2 259.7 2 315.3
169.5
200.8
239.7
246.6
257.7
268.1
102.9
125.3
148.4
154.2
160.6
162.3
6.4
8.1
9.3
10.0
10.4
10.8
68.8
108.9
134.1
142.7
150.8
159.9
1 324.9 1 455.7 1 511.5 1 519.8 1 547.8 1 570.4
17.4
23.4
26.5
27.9
29.7
31.2
383.5
467.7
489.3
499.3
516.2
534.1
135.2
162.1
176.0
180.8
185.0
190.8
310.2
403.8
453.6
470.0
499.3
532.4
142.9
174.5
180.6
182.3
184.8
188.3
50.1
59.2
70.6
75.2
81.6
90.1
701.2
857.4
971.8 1 006.9 1 046.0 1 084.3
208.7
246.0
270.2
279.1
290.9
298.3
205.8
227.7
236.7
242.6
250.8
259.2
480.9
588.6
678.3
735.3
786.0
821.0
1 295.2 1 533.5 1 694.8 1 729.7 1 778.8 1 832.6
9 694.2 11 258.2 12 126.3 12 416.8 12 834.8 13 223.1
48.5%
41.8%
39.4%
44.5%
50.8%
37.9%
33.8%
68.3%
39.9%
71.9%
191.3%
26.3%
118.1%
56.0%
69.4%
91.1%
43.5%
64.2%
66.7%
47.8%
26.6%
100.0%
53.5%
47.7%
..
..
..
..
8 557.2
9 151.5 10 570.2 11 398.6 11 641.5 12 025.8 12 392.8
44.8%
European Union - 27
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY
524.8
3 246.3
772.8
80.2
4 624.0
601.0
3 397.6
926.8
94.1
5 019.5
618.7
3 463.4
965.7
96.6
5 144.4
638.4
3 546.4
1 015.3
98.2
5 298.2
59.9%
66.9%
62.6%
62.7%
CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION Highlights (2009 Edition) - 75
GDP using purchasing power parities
billion 2000 US dollars
2007
% change
90-07
9 335.2 10 822.1 12 211.6 14 404.2 18 066.8 22 848.1 24 589.4 26 653.6 29 067.1
138.0%
77.4
14.9
2.8
..
12.9
1.6
52.9
16.1
57.4
..
30.6
5.7
19.3
13.0
37.8
46.5
9.1
..
59.6
8.6
238.0
19.7
8.3
4.2
19.6
7.0
17.3
102.4
882.6
104.5
15.0
3.4
..
17.6
2.0
49.1
19.7
91.5
..
34.1
5.3
20.3
17.7
59.6
60.7
9.3
..
72.2
9.1
277.2
22.1
9.5
5.3
26.6
7.1
18.6
117.5
1 074.8
132.2
16.0
4.2
4.6
27.4
3.2
53.8
20.0
126.8
..
32.2
6.0
19.8
20.0
51.2
71.3
7.3
..
61.9
10.4
296.5
22.9
10.0
5.2
32.7
7.3
22.9
124.3
1 190.0
137.3
18.8
4.4
8.1
24.4
3.1
53.6
21.2
155.9
..
41.3
6.3
25.1
26.3
40.5
88.5
9.5
..
80.3
11.7
322.0
28.3
13.2
5.9
37.8
7.9
28.6
140.5
1 340.3
139.1
14.9
5.4
9.8
22.1
3.2
36.8
22.8
184.2
3.5
43.4
7.3
30.9
28.5
43.2
92.7
11.2
9.3
90.8
13.0
336.1
36.3
14.4
5.9
45.7
7.3
30.4
141.6
1 429.9
162.3
20.2
7.0
14.7
27.9
3.6
30.1
26.6
237.3
3.6
54.2
7.4
38.2
31.7
46.9
111.8
16.1
11.1
105.6
15.8
385.6
49.6
17.6
7.3
60.1
8.4
31.5
176.0
1 708.2
196.0
27.5
8.2
18.3
32.7
4.2
34.4
26.2
270.2
4.0
66.2
7.9
46.1
35.7
57.8
138.4
22.4
13.3
134.9
18.8
444.1
62.4
22.7
8.0
71.7
10.1
25.2
209.5
2 017.3
206.0
33.1
8.5
19.2
33.5
4.5
36.6
26.6
282.3
4.1
74.1
8.1
48.8
37.8
59.8
142.6
24.3
14.0
142.2
19.9
466.3
66.4
24.3
8.1
74.5
10.6
23.9
219.2
2 119.4
209.7
39.3
8.8
19.9
34.6
4.8
38.5
26.8
301.6
4.1
82.1
8.2
52.0
40.2
63.1
153.6
26.4
14.4
151.0
20.4
491.5
73.9
26.0
8.4
78.8
11.3
22.8
229.1
2 241.0
216.2
47.6
9.2
20.9
35.8
4.7
41.0
27.2
323.0
4.1
91.2
8.7
55.2
43.0
67.4
157.8
28.3
15.2
159.9
21.3
516.6
81.4
27.8
8.6
83.8
12.0
21.4
243.1
2 372.5
57.5%
153.4%
109.7%
160.0%
46.9%
48.7%
-23.5%
28.6%
107.2%
..
120.8%
37.2%
120.3%
63.6%
66.6%
78.2%
198.9%
..
99.1%
82.4%
60.5%
187.6%
110.6%
46.2%
121.6%
52.0%
-25.4%
73.1%
77.0%
1.7
170.0
69.0
39.9
4.9
36.3
12.2
4.9
8.1
78.8
11.1
8.7
2.1
447.7
3.2
241.3
87.8
51.8
4.8
30.0
12.0
6.4
8.2
164.0
18.9
22.4
2.9
653.6
5.2
209.1
132.0
62.4
10.0
31.7
10.2
8.3
9.5
229.1
26.1
46.7
5.1
785.5
4.9
253.3
84.5
72.2
12.9
25.1
14.2
16.8
8.0
181.5
30.1
40.8
7.3
751.6
6.1
256.5
45.1
89.2
12.2
28.8
8.1
19.6
7.9
214.8
32.4
45.8
8.6
775.1
8.5
303.2
17.2
122.1
17.2
39.1
14.4
26.1
9.1
247.4
47.5
54.2
11.3
917.2
10.4
369.7
35.4
155.0
20.1
42.9
16.2
30.8
15.9
280.8
53.2
69.7
14.7
1 115.0
13.0
463.8
26.1
164.0
25.4
57.8
19.6
36.5
22.0
320.4
62.5
89.3
17.2
1 317.7
14.0
485.2
27.1
172.4
27.2
64.4
19.8
38.7
23.3
338.2
65.4
96.7
18.1
1 390.5
15.1
513.8
27.2
181.3
28.9
67.6
19.8
41.6
25.4
348.9
68.7
106.0
18.7
1 463.1
16.1
554.0
28.5
191.1
30.6
70.7
20.2
44.7
29.0
360.7
73.2
113.9
19.4
1 552.2
164.7%
116.0%
-36.7%
114.3%
150.7%
145.3%
149.7%
128.1%
267.2%
67.9%
126.2%
148.4%
125.4%
100.3%
5.3
..
24.9
..
3.1
0.4
..
1.1
67.0
..
..
73.0
174.8
6.6
..
34.0
..
2.8
0.4
..
1.7
101.4
..
..
89.6
236.5
8.8
..
45.8
..
4.9
0.5
..
2.9
146.2
..
..
120.6
329.6
9.7
..
54.0
..
6.4
0.5
..
3.2
172.0
..
..
122.7
368.5
9.9
5.7
58.2
47.8
9.0
0.6
13.3
4.2
157.0
37.5
28.8
..
372.2
8.7
6.1
51.0
34.7
11.2
0.7
10.5
5.5
141.0
36.8
27.9
..
334.1
11.4
20.5
48.9
41.0
13.6
0.8
12.2
6.9
132.3
36.6
34.5
..
358.6
14.0
24.9
59.5
49.6
15.3
0.9
12.5
7.0
167.6
44.1
39.5
..
435.0
14.8
26.2
63.2
51.8
15.9
0.9
13.1
7.2
174.6
42.6
41.3
..
451.4
15.5
27.8
67.2
54.2
16.5
0.9
13.6
7.4
188.4
45.0
43.7
..
480.2
16.5
29.3
71.4
57.3
17.2
0.9
14.2
7.7
199.7
48.4
46.7
..
509.3
65.9%
416.0%
22.6%
19.7%
91.4%
52.2%
6.8%
81.8%
27.1%
28.9%
61.9%
..
36.8%
1971
1975
5 968.4
7 403.8
Algeria
Angola
Benin
Botswana
Cameroon
Congo
Dem. Rep. of Congo
Côte d'Ivoire
Egypt
Eritrea
Ethiopia
Gabon
Ghana
Kenya
Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
Morocco
Mozambique
Namibia
Nigeria
Senegal
South Africa
Sudan
United Rep. of Tanzania
Togo
Tunisia
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Other Africa
Africa
51.8
14.8
2.5
..
9.7
1.1
49.9
12.9
50.0
..
28.0
2.8
20.6
10.0
46.7
38.6
10.8
..
51.9
7.6
207.5
16.0
6.9
3.5
14.5
6.2
14.9
95.9
775.2
Bahrain
Islamic Rep. of Iran
Iraq
Israel
Jordan
Kuwait
Lebanon
Oman
Qatar
Saudi Arabia
Syrian Arab Republic
United Arab Emirates
Yemen
Middle East
Albania
Bosnia and Herzegovina *
Bulgaria
Croatia *
Cyprus
Gibraltar
FYR of Macedonia *
Malta
Romania
Serbia *
Slovenia *
Former Yugoslavia *
Non-OECD Europe
Non-OECD Total
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2004
2005
2006
* Data for individual countries of the Former Yugoslavia are not available prior to 1990.
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY
76 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION Highlights (2009 Edition)
GDP using purchasing power parities
billion 2000 US dollars
1971
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2004
2005
2006
2007
% change
90-07
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Belarus
Estonia
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyzstan
Latvia
Lithuania
Republic of Moldova
Russian Federation
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Ukraine
Uzbekistan
Former Soviet Union *
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
1 665.5
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
2 082.2
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
2 540.8
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
2 823.8
11.0
33.8
54.2
13.6
25.1
93.2
11.0
25.2
43.0
15.9
1 523.6
11.5
20.2
456.9
37.7
2 375.9
5.8
14.2
35.4
9.6
7.1
57.2
5.6
14.4
25.0
6.4
946.5
4.4
12.6
219.3
30.6
1 393.8
7.5
19.9
48.1
12.9
9.4
64.7
7.4
18.9
30.5
5.6
1 025.4
4.4
15.4
198.5
36.9
1 505.4
11.7
29.7
63.1
17.2
12.3
96.5
8.9
25.4
41.2
7.4
1 298.3
6.4
28.8
279.7
44.9
1 971.3
13.3
37.5
69.0
18.8
13.4
105.9
8.9
28.0
44.5
7.9
1 381.3
6.9
31.4
287.2
48.0
2 102.1
15.0
50.5
75.9
20.7
14.7
117.2
9.1
31.5
47.9
8.3
1 483.6
7.3
34.2
308.2
51.6
2 275.7
17.1
63.1
82.1
22.0
16.5
127.7
9.9
34.7
52.1
8.6
1 603.7
7.9
38.2
331.6
56.4
2 471.6
55.5%
86.4%
51.5%
62.1%
-34.3%
37.1%
-10.5%
38.0%
21.0%
-45.9%
5.3%
-31.3%
89.2%
-27.4%
49.8%
4.0%
Argentina
Bolivia
Brazil
Chile
Colombia
Costa Rica
Cuba
Dominican Republic
Ecuador
El Salvador
Guatemala
Haiti
Honduras
Jamaica
Netherlands Antilles
Nicaragua
Panama
Paraguay
Peru
Trinidad and Tobago
Uruguay
Venezuela
Other Latin America
Latin America
263.1
9.7
410.5
43.0
95.0
9.3
35.7
13.8
14.7
15.9
16.9
10.9
7.7
6.5
..
12.6
7.0
6.4
65.6
6.5
16.2
81.6
15.5
1 163.9
290.0
12.2
601.4
36.8
118.1
11.7
42.8
19.2
21.0
19.2
21.0
11.6
8.9
7.0
..
15.7
8.0
8.4
80.3
7.3
17.4
93.0
16.3
1 467.1
333.1
13.6
830.6
52.3
153.4
15.0
50.3
24.8
27.1
19.1
27.7
15.3
12.5
5.9
2.3
12.7
9.5
14.2
89.9
10.7
21.8
105.0
20.7
1 867.5
292.9
12.3
876.7
54.7
171.4
15.0
75.7
27.3
29.0
16.6
26.2
14.5
13.7
6.0
2.2
13.1
11.3
15.4
91.4
9.6
18.0
100.2
21.4
1 914.5
286.1
13.7
968.4
75.7
218.1
19.3
75.0
31.3
33.2
18.4
30.2
14.7
15.9
7.7
2.4
11.0
10.9
18.7
83.0
8.6
21.7
113.8
27.1
2 104.9
392.9
16.8
1 126.4
114.8
267.1
25.2
52.0
38.4
37.9
24.8
37.2
11.4
19.0
9.3
2.7
12.1
14.2
22.5
108.4
9.2
26.4
134.9
29.4
2 533.0
446.3
19.9
1 244.3
140.7
279.5
32.1
65.1
55.9
39.7
28.9
45.2
12.9
22.0
9.3
2.7
15.4
17.8
22.3
122.6
11.7
29.3
140.0
34.7
2 838.2
451.0
22.1
1 383.7
163.8
320.4
37.0
73.2
60.5
48.8
31.3
50.8
12.3
26.1
10.0
2.8
17.3
20.6
24.6
140.9
16.2
28.7
144.0
37.4
3 123.6
492.4
23.1
1 427.4
172.9
338.7
39.2
81.8
66.2
51.8
32.3
52.5
12.5
27.6
10.1
2.8
18.0
22.0
25.3
150.5
17.2
30.6
158.8
38.6
3 292.6
534.1
24.2
1 481.0
180.4
362.3
42.7
92.1
73.2
53.8
33.6
55.3
12.8
29.4
10.4
2.9
18.7
23.9
26.4
162.2
19.3
32.8
175.2
40.3
3 486.9
580.4
25.3
1 561.3
189.6
389.6
46.0
98.5
79.5
55.2
35.2
58.4
13.2
31.2
9.6
2.9
19.4
26.7
28.1
176.5
20.3
35.2
190.0
41.7
3 713.9
102.9%
84.7%
61.2%
150.5%
78.6%
138.5%
31.4%
153.6%
66.1%
91.2%
93.5%
-10.0%
96.0%
24.9%
24.8%
75.7%
144.9%
50.8%
112.6%
137.9%
62.1%
66.9%
54.1%
76.4%
Bangladesh
Brunei Darussalam
Cambodia
Chinese Taipei
India
Indonesia
DPR of Korea
Malaysia
Mongolia
Myanmar
Nepal
Pakistan
Philippines
Singapore
Sri Lanka
Thailand
Vietnam
Other Asia
Asia
75.3
2.7
..
53.6
621.7
107.2
10.6
28.7
..
15.8
10.1
61.5
113.6
10.8
17.5
63.8
41.0
36.0
1 269.9
70.4
3.3
..
73.0
705.5
145.9
16.7
38.3
..
17.6
11.2
71.7
142.6
14.8
20.6
80.4
41.4
39.0
1 492.2
86.4
5.3
..
121.4
822.5
213.6
28.7
57.7
..
23.9
12.5
96.8
191.5
22.3
26.6
118.0
43.8
44.3
1 915.2
103.7
4.4
..
168.1
1 057.5
280.9
45.9
74.0
3.5
30.3
15.9
134.3
179.6
30.4
33.9
153.8
60.4
51.1
2 427.7
124.5
4.5
..
261.4
1 411.9
396.4
54.8
103.0
4.3
27.2
19.9
178.0
226.3
45.7
40.1
251.1
76.3
52.8
3 278.1
154.3
4.9
16.0
370.8
1 809.1
578.8
43.0
162.0
3.7
35.9
25.6
223.2
251.9
69.8
52.1
379.8
113.2
57.3
4 351.4
199.0
5.2
22.8
491.4
2 402.0
599.3
38.2
204.7
4.2
53.9
32.4
262.0
305.5
94.8
66.7
388.4
158.4
62.5
5 391.1
244.6
5.8
31.5
552.6
3 077.3
714.3
39.1
245.0
5.4
86.8
37.0
310.4
362.4
108.7
76.2
476.1
209.7
80.8
6 663.8
259.2
5.8
35.6
575.1
3 365.1
754.9
39.8
258.1
5.8
98.2
38.2
334.2
380.4
116.6
81.0
497.7
227.5
86.0
7 159.2
276.4
6.0
39.5
602.0
3 690.5
796.6
40.5
273.0
6.3
105.1
39.6
354.9
400.9
126.2
87.2
523.1
246.2
91.9
7 705.7
294.1
6.0
43.5
636.3
4 024.9
846.9
40.0
290.3
6.9
110.9
40.8
376.2
429.7
135.9
93.1
548.0
267.0
101.0
8 291.7
136.3%
34.7%
..
143.4%
185.1%
113.7%
-26.9%
181.7%
62.3%
307.9%
105.1%
111.4%
89.9%
197.6%
132.2%
118.2%
250.0%
91.4%
152.9%
444.5
26.8
471.3
553.6
35.9
589.5
759.4
62.3
821.7
1 263.9
82.2
1 346.1
1 845.6
119.2
1 964.9
3 291.0
153.8
3 444.8
4 975.2
175.1
5 150.2
7 119.3
200.2
7 319.6
7 859.8
214.4
8 074.2
8 771.5 9 911.8
229.4
244.1
9 000.9 10 155.8
437.0%
104.7%
416.9%
People's Rep. of China
Hong Kong, China
China
* Data for individual countries of the Former Soviet Union are not available prior to 1990.
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY
CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION Highlights (2009 Edition) - 77
Population
millions
1971
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2004
2005
2006
2007
% change
90-07
World
3 758.4
4 063.9
4 435.4
4 828.5
5 259.2
5 675.7
6 072.7
6 382.3
6 458.9
6 535.2
6 609.3
25.7%
Annex I Parties
Annex II Parties
North America
Europe
Pacific
Annex I EIT
Non-Annex I Parties
827.8
705.1
229.7
354.6
120.8
86.6
2 930.5
858.5
729.1
239.1
361.4
128.6
89.3
3 205.3
891.8
754.8
252.2
367.8
134.8
92.7
3 543.5
920.9
775.7
264.3
371.3
140.0
94.9
3 907.6
1 176.5
799.2
277.9
377.3
144.0
321.1
4 082.8
1 208.7
827.6
295.9
384.4
147.3
319.5
4 467.0
1 234.3
853.0
313.1
389.9
150.0
313.9
4 838.3
1 256.0
876.2
325.6
398.5
152.1
308.0
5 126.3
1 260.8
881.9
328.7
400.8
152.4
306.8
5 198.2
1 266.2
887.6
331.8
403.0
152.7
305.6
5 269.0
1 271.5
893.3
335.1
405.2
153.1
304.3
5 337.8
8.1%
11.8%
20.6%
7.4%
6.3%
-5.2%
30.7%
583.9
602.5
619.7
632.1
859.9
870.3
874.4
880.7
882.5
884.3
885.8
3.0%
2 876.8
3 143.3
3 470.7
3 824.9
4 215.7
4 586.0
4 942.8
5 219.5
5 289.1
5 357.7
5 424.0
28.7%
OECD Total
881.6
920.6
964.6
1 003.6
1 043.6
1 089.8
1 129.9
1 162.7
1 169.8
1 177.4
1 185.3
13.6%
Canada
Mexico
United States
OECD N. America
22.0
49.9
207.7
279.5
23.1
56.7
216.0
295.9
24.5
65.7
227.7
317.9
25.8
73.5
238.5
337.9
27.7
81.3
250.2
359.1
29.3
91.1
266.6
387.0
30.7
98.3
282.4
411.4
32.0
102.9
293.6
428.5
32.3
103.8
296.4
432.5
32.6
104.7
299.2
436.6
33.0
105.7
302.1
440.7
19.1%
30.1%
20.7%
22.7%
Australia
Japan
Korea
New Zealand
OECD Pacific
13.2
104.8
32.9
2.9
153.7
14.0
111.5
35.3
3.1
163.9
14.8
116.8
38.1
3.1
172.9
15.9
120.8
40.8
3.3
180.8
17.2
123.5
42.9
3.4
186.9
18.2
125.5
45.1
3.7
192.4
19.3
126.8
47.0
3.9
197.0
20.2
127.8
48.0
4.1
200.1
20.5
127.8
48.1
4.1
200.5
20.8
127.8
48.3
4.1
201.0
21.1
127.8
48.5
4.2
201.5
23.1%
3.5%
13.0%
24.5%
7.8%
Austria
Belgium
Czech Republic
Denmark
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
Ireland
Italy
Luxembourg
Netherlands
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Slovak Republic
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Turkey
United Kingdom
OECD Europe
7.5
9.7
9.8
5.0
4.6
52.4
78.3
9.0
10.4
0.2
3.0
54.1
0.3
13.2
3.9
32.8
8.7
4.6
34.3
8.1
6.3
36.2
55.9
448.4
7.6
9.8
10.1
5.1
4.7
53.9
78.7
9.2
10.5
0.2
3.2
55.4
0.4
13.7
4.0
34.0
9.2
4.7
35.7
8.2
6.4
40.1
56.2
460.9
7.5
9.9
10.3
5.1
4.8
55.1
78.3
9.8
10.7
0.2
3.4
56.4
0.4
14.1
4.1
35.6
9.9
5.0
37.7
8.3
6.4
44.4
56.3
473.8
7.6
9.9
10.3
5.1
4.9
56.6
77.7
10.1
10.6
0.2
3.5
56.6
0.4
14.5
4.2
37.2
10.1
5.2
38.6
8.4
6.5
50.3
56.6
484.9
7.7
10.0
10.4
5.1
5.0
58.2
79.4
10.3
10.4
0.3
3.5
56.7
0.4
14.9
4.2
38.0
10.0
5.3
39.0
8.6
6.8
56.2
57.2
497.6
7.9
10.1
10.3
5.2
5.1
59.4
81.7
10.6
10.3
0.3
3.6
56.8
0.4
15.5
4.4
38.3
10.0
5.4
39.4
8.8
7.0
61.6
58.0
510.3
8.0
10.2
10.3
5.3
5.2
60.8
82.2
10.9
10.2
0.3
3.8
56.9
0.4
15.9
4.5
38.3
10.2
5.4
40.3
8.9
7.2
67.5
58.9
521.5
8.2
10.4
10.2
5.4
5.2
62.4
82.5
11.1
10.1
0.3
4.1
58.2
0.5
16.3
4.6
38.2
10.5
5.4
42.7
9.0
7.4
71.8
59.8
534.1
8.2
10.5
10.2
5.4
5.2
62.8
82.5
11.1
10.1
0.3
4.1
58.6
0.5
16.3
4.6
38.2
10.5
5.4
43.4
9.0
7.4
72.1
60.2
536.8
8.3
10.5
10.3
5.4
5.3
63.2
82.4
11.1
10.1
0.3
4.3
58.9
0.5
16.3
4.7
38.1
10.6
5.4
44.1
9.1
7.5
73.0
60.6
539.8
8.3
10.6
10.3
5.5
5.3
63.6
82.3
11.2
10.1
0.3
4.4
59.3
0.5
16.4
4.7
38.1
10.6
5.4
44.9
9.1
7.5
73.9
60.8
543.0
8.3%
6.6%
-0.4%
6.2%
6.1%
9.3%
3.7%
8.3%
-3.0%
22.0%
24.3%
4.6%
25.7%
9.6%
11.0%
0.2%
6.1%
1.9%
15.0%
6.9%
10.5%
31.5%
6.2%
9.1%
European Union - 27
431.7
441.0
450.6
456.2
472.9
478.7
482.9
489.8
492.0
493.9
495.9
4.9%
Annex I Kyoto Parties
Non-OECD Total
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY
78 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION Highlights (2009 Edition)
Population
millions
1971
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2004
2005
2006
2007
% change
90-07
2 876.8
3 143.3
3 470.7
3 824.9
4 215.7
4 586.0
4 942.8
5 219.5
5 289.1
5 357.7
5 424.0
28.7%
14.2
6.2
2.9
..
7.0
1.4
21.2
5.5
36.0
..
30.7
0.5
9.3
11.7
2.1
15.4
9.7
..
55.1
4.5
22.6
14.9
14.0
2.2
5.2
4.4
5.4
68.9
371.0
16.0
6.8
3.2
..
7.8
1.5
24.0
6.6
39.2
..
34.2
0.6
10.3
13.5
2.5
17.1
10.6
..
61.2
5.1
24.7
16.8
16.0
2.4
5.6
5.0
6.2
75.9
412.9
18.8
7.8
3.7
..
9.1
1.8
28.1
8.3
43.7
..
37.1
0.7
11.4
16.3
3.1
19.4
12.1
..
71.1
5.9
27.6
19.6
18.7
2.8
6.4
5.9
7.3
88.7
475.3
22.1
9.3
4.4
1.2
10.5
2.1
32.4
10.5
49.2
..
43.5
0.8
13.5
19.7
3.9
21.8
13.3
..
81.6
6.8
31.3
23.1
21.8
3.4
7.3
7.0
8.9
99.8
549.0
25.3
10.5
5.2
1.4
12.2
2.4
37.9
12.8
55.1
..
51.2
0.9
15.6
23.4
4.4
24.2
13.5
..
94.5
7.9
35.2
25.9
25.5
4.0
8.2
8.1
10.5
116.0
631.8
28.3
12.3
6.2
1.6
14.1
2.8
45.3
15.0
60.6
3.2
56.6
1.1
17.9
27.4
4.8
26.4
15.9
1.7
109.0
9.1
39.1
29.5
29.9
4.5
9.0
9.3
11.8
127.0
719.3
30.5
13.9
7.2
1.7
15.9
3.2
50.7
17.0
66.5
3.7
65.8
1.2
20.1
31.3
5.3
28.5
18.2
1.9
124.8
10.3
44.0
33.3
33.8
5.4
9.6
10.5
12.7
148.1
815.2
32.4
15.6
8.2
1.8
17.4
3.5
56.9
18.3
71.6
4.4
73.2
1.3
22.1
34.7
5.8
29.8
20.1
2.0
138.0
11.5
46.3
36.1
37.5
6.1
9.9
11.3
13.0
166.4
895.2
32.9
16.1
8.5
1.8
17.8
3.6
58.7
18.6
72.9
4.5
75.2
1.3
22.5
35.6
5.9
30.1
20.5
2.0
141.4
11.8
46.9
36.9
38.5
6.2
10.0
11.5
13.1
171.3
916.2
33.4
16.6
8.8
1.9
18.2
3.7
60.6
18.9
74.2
4.7
77.2
1.3
23.0
36.6
6.0
30.5
21.0
2.0
144.7
12.1
47.4
37.7
39.5
6.4
10.1
11.7
13.2
176.3
937.5
33.9
17.0
9.0
1.9
18.5
3.8
62.4
19.3
75.5
4.8
79.1
1.3
23.5
37.5
6.2
30.9
21.4
2.1
148.0
12.4
47.6
38.6
40.4
6.6
10.2
11.9
13.4
181.4
958.4
33.9%
61.6%
74.3%
37.6%
51.4%
55.5%
64.5%
50.8%
36.9%
..
54.5%
44.9%
50.6%
60.1%
41.1%
27.7%
57.8%
..
56.7%
57.2%
35.2%
48.7%
58.6%
66.1%
25.7%
46.8%
27.8%
56.4%
51.7%
Bahrain
Islamic Rep. of Iran
Iraq
Israel
Jordan
Kuwait
Lebanon
Oman
Qatar
Saudi Arabia
Syrian Arab Republic
United Arab Emirates
Yemen
Middle East
0.2
29.4
9.7
3.1
1.6
0.8
2.5
0.8
0.1
6.0
6.6
0.3
6.5
67.5
0.3
33.2
11.1
3.5
1.8
1.0
2.7
0.9
0.2
7.3
7.5
0.5
7.1
77.1
0.3
39.1
13.2
3.9
2.2
1.4
2.8
1.2
0.2
9.6
9.0
1.0
8.4
92.3
0.4
47.1
15.7
4.2
2.6
1.7
2.9
1.5
0.4
12.9
10.8
1.4
10.1
111.8
0.5
54.4
18.1
4.7
3.2
2.1
3.0
1.8
0.5
16.4
12.7
1.8
12.3
131.5
0.6
59.0
19.6
5.5
4.2
1.8
3.5
2.2
0.5
18.5
14.6
2.4
15.5
147.9
0.7
63.9
22.7
6.3
4.8
2.2
3.8
2.4
0.6
20.7
16.5
3.2
18.2
165.9
0.7
68.1
25.4
6.8
5.3
2.5
4.0
2.5
0.8
22.5
18.4
3.9
20.5
181.3
0.7
69.1
26.1
6.9
5.4
2.5
4.0
2.5
0.8
23.1
18.9
4.1
21.1
185.3
0.7
70.1
26.8
7.0
5.5
2.6
4.1
2.5
0.8
23.7
19.4
4.2
21.7
189.3
0.8
71.0
27.5
7.2
5.7
2.7
4.1
2.6
0.8
24.2
19.9
4.4
22.4
193.2
52.7%
30.6%
51.6%
53.9%
80.4%
25.3%
37.8%
41.1%
79.0%
47.7%
56.4%
146.2%
81.8%
47.0%
Albania
Bosnia and Herzegovina *
Bulgaria
Croatia *
Cyprus
Gibraltar
FYR of Macedonia *
Malta
Romania
Serbia *
Slovenia *
Former Yugoslavia *
Non-OECD Europe
2.2
..
8.5
..
0.6
0.0
..
0.3
20.5
..
..
20.0
52.2
2.4
..
8.7
..
0.5
0.0
..
0.3
21.2
..
..
20.7
54.0
2.7
..
8.9
..
0.5
0.0
..
0.4
22.2
..
..
21.6
56.3
3.0
..
8.9
..
0.5
0.0
..
0.3
22.7
..
..
22.2
57.7
3.3
4.3
8.7
4.8
0.6
0.0
1.9
0.4
23.2
9.9
2.0
..
59.1
3.2
3.3
8.4
4.7
0.7
0.0
2.0
0.4
22.7
10.9
2.0
..
58.1
3.1
3.7
8.1
4.5
0.7
0.0
2.0
0.4
22.4
8.2
2.0
..
55.1
3.1
3.8
7.8
4.4
0.7
0.0
2.0
0.4
21.7
8.1
2.0
..
54.1
3.2
3.8
7.7
4.4
0.8
0.0
2.0
0.4
21.6
7.4
2.0
..
53.4
3.2
3.8
7.7
4.4
0.8
0.0
2.0
0.4
21.6
7.4
2.0
..
53.3
3.2
3.8
7.6
4.4
0.8
0.0
2.0
0.4
21.5
7.4
2.0
..
53.2
-3.3%
-12.4%
-12.3%
-7.2%
35.7%
-3.4%
6.7%
13.6%
-7.2%
-25.6%
1.0%
..
-9.9%
Non-OECD Total
Algeria
Angola
Benin
Botswana
Cameroon
Congo
Dem. Rep. of Congo
Côte d'Ivoire
Egypt
Eritrea
Ethiopia
Gabon
Ghana
Kenya
Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
Morocco
Mozambique
Namibia
Nigeria
Senegal
South Africa
Sudan
United Rep. of Tanzania
Togo
Tunisia
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Other Africa
Africa
* Data for individual countries of the Former Yugoslavia are not available prior to 1990.
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY
CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION Highlights (2009 Edition) - 79
Population
millions
1971
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2004
2005
2006
2007
% change
90-07
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Belarus
Estonia
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyzstan
Latvia
Lithuania
Republic of Moldova
Russian Federation
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Ukraine
Uzbekistan
Former Soviet Union *
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
244.9
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
254.5
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
265.9
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
277.8
3.5
7.2
10.2
1.6
5.5
16.3
4.4
2.7
3.7
4.4
148.3
5.3
3.7
51.9
20.5
289.1
3.2
7.7
10.2
1.4
5.0
15.8
4.6
2.5
3.6
4.4
148.1
5.8
4.2
51.5
22.8
290.9
3.1
8.0
10.0
1.4
4.7
14.9
4.9
2.4
3.5
4.1
146.3
6.2
4.5
49.2
24.7
287.8
3.0
8.3
9.8
1.3
4.5
15.0
5.1
2.3
3.4
3.9
143.9
6.5
4.8
47.5
25.9
285.2
3.0
8.4
9.8
1.3
4.5
15.1
5.1
2.3
3.4
3.9
143.2
6.6
4.8
47.1
26.2
284.7
3.0
8.5
9.7
1.3
4.4
15.3
5.2
2.3
3.4
3.8
142.5
6.6
4.9
46.8
26.5
284.3
3.0
8.6
9.7
1.3
4.4
15.5
5.2
2.3
3.4
3.8
141.6
6.7
5.0
46.4
26.9
283.8
-15.3%
19.7%
-4.8%
-14.5%
-19.5%
-5.3%
18.5%
-14.8%
-8.7%
-13.6%
-4.5%
27.1%
35.3%
-10.6%
31.0%
-1.8%
Argentina
Bolivia
Brazil
Chile
Colombia
Costa Rica
Cuba
Dominican Republic
Ecuador
El Salvador
Guatemala
Haiti
Honduras
Jamaica
Netherlands Antilles
Nicaragua
Panama
Paraguay
Peru
Trinidad and Tobago
Uruguay
Venezuela
Other Latin America
Latin America
24.4
4.3
98.4
9.7
23.1
1.9
8.9
4.7
6.1
3.7
5.6
4.8
2.8
1.9
0.2
2.5
1.5
2.4
13.6
1.0
2.8
11.1
2.6
237.8
26.0
4.8
108.1
10.4
25.3
2.1
9.4
5.3
6.9
4.1
6.2
5.1
3.1
2.0
0.2
2.8
1.7
2.7
15.2
1.0
2.8
12.7
2.7
260.6
28.1
5.4
121.6
11.2
28.4
2.3
9.8
5.9
8.0
4.6
7.0
5.7
3.6
2.1
0.2
3.3
1.9
3.1
17.3
1.1
2.9
15.1
2.7
291.4
30.3
6.0
136.1
12.1
31.6
2.7
10.1
6.6
9.1
4.8
7.9
6.4
4.2
2.3
0.2
3.7
2.2
3.6
19.5
1.2
3.0
17.5
2.9
323.9
32.6
6.7
149.5
13.2
34.9
3.1
10.6
7.3
10.3
5.1
8.9
7.1
4.9
2.4
0.2
4.1
2.4
4.2
21.8
1.2
3.1
19.8
3.0
356.3
34.8
7.5
161.6
14.4
38.3
3.5
10.9
8.0
11.4
5.6
10.0
7.8
5.6
2.5
0.2
4.7
2.7
4.8
23.9
1.3
3.2
22.0
3.2
387.8
36.9
8.3
174.2
15.4
41.7
3.9
11.1
8.7
12.3
6.2
11.2
8.6
6.2
2.6
0.2
5.1
3.0
5.3
25.7
1.3
3.3
24.3
3.3
418.9
38.4
9.0
184.3
16.1
44.3
4.3
11.2
9.3
12.9
6.6
12.4
9.1
6.7
2.6
0.2
5.4
3.2
5.8
27.0
1.3
3.3
26.1
3.5
443.1
38.7
9.2
186.8
16.3
44.9
4.3
11.3
9.5
13.1
6.7
12.7
9.3
6.8
2.7
0.2
5.5
3.2
5.9
27.3
1.3
3.3
26.6
3.6
449.1
39.1
9.4
189.3
16.4
45.6
4.4
11.3
9.6
13.2
6.8
13.0
9.4
7.0
2.7
0.2
5.5
3.3
6.0
27.6
1.3
3.3
27.0
3.6
455.0
39.5
9.5
191.6
16.6
46.1
4.5
11.3
9.8
13.3
6.9
13.3
9.6
7.1
2.7
0.2
5.6
3.3
6.1
27.9
1.3
3.3
27.5
3.6
460.6
21.2%
42.7%
28.1%
25.9%
32.2%
45.1%
6.1%
33.7%
29.9%
34.1%
49.8%
35.2%
45.0%
12.0%
..
35.4%
38.6%
45.1%
28.2%
8.9%
6.9%
39.1%
20.2%
29.3%
71.6
0.1
..
14.9
560.3
120.4
14.6
11.1
..
27.0
12.4
62.5
37.6
2.1
12.6
38.2
43.7
28.9
1 058.3
79.0
0.2
..
16.1
613.5
132.6
16.1
12.3
..
29.8
13.5
71.0
42.0
2.3
13.5
42.2
48.0
31.3
1 163.4
88.9
0.2
..
17.8
687.3
148.3
17.2
13.8
..
33.3
15.2
82.7
48.1
2.4
14.7
46.8
53.7
32.8
1 303.3
100.5
0.2
..
19.3
765.1
163.0
18.7
15.7
1.9
36.8
17.0
94.8
54.3
2.7
15.8
50.8
58.9
32.4
1 448.2
113.0
0.3
..
20.3
849.5
178.2
20.1
18.1
2.1
40.1
19.1
108.0
61.2
3.0
17.0
54.3
66.2
36.3
1 607.0
126.3
0.3
11.4
21.3
932.2
192.8
21.7
20.6
2.3
43.1
21.7
122.4
68.6
3.5
18.1
57.5
73.0
34.3
1 771.0
139.4
0.3
12.8
22.2
1 015.9
206.3
22.9
23.3
2.4
45.9
24.4
138.1
76.2
4.0
19.4
60.7
77.6
38.8
1 930.6
150.5
0.4
13.7
22.6
1 079.7
217.6
23.5
25.2
2.5
47.6
26.6
152.1
82.9
4.2
19.5
62.6
82.0
44.7
2 057.7
153.3
0.4
14.0
22.7
1 094.6
220.6
23.6
25.7
2.6
48.0
27.1
155.8
84.6
4.3
19.7
63.0
83.1
46.4
2 089.1
156.0
0.4
14.2
22.8
1 109.8
223.0
23.7
26.1
2.6
48.4
27.6
159.0
86.3
4.4
19.9
63.4
84.1
47.9
2 119.6
158.6
0.4
14.4
22.9
1 123.3
225.6
23.8
26.6
2.6
48.8
28.1
162.4
87.9
4.6
19.9
63.8
85.1
49.0
2 147.9
40.3%
51.4%
..
12.7%
32.2%
26.6%
18.1%
46.7%
24.0%
21.5%
47.1%
50.4%
43.6%
50.6%
17.2%
17.6%
28.6%
35.0%
33.7%
841.1
4.0
845.2
916.4
4.5
920.9
981.2
5.1
986.3
1 051.0
5.5
1 056.5
1 135.2
5.7
1 140.9
1 204.9
6.2
1 211.0
1 262.6
6.7
1 269.3
1 296.2
6.8
1 302.9
1 304.5
6.8
1 311.3
1 311.8
6.9
1 318.7
1 320.0
6.9
1 326.9
16.3%
21.4%
16.3%
Bangladesh
Brunei Darussalam
Cambodia
Chinese Taipei
India
Indonesia
DPR of Korea
Malaysia
Mongolia
Myanmar
Nepal
Pakistan
Philippines
Singapore
Sri Lanka
Thailand
Vietnam
Other Asia
Asia
People's Rep. of China
Hong Kong, China
China
* Data for individual countries of the Former Soviet Union are not available prior to 1990.
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY
80 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION Highlights (2009 Edition)
CO2 emissions / TPES
tonnes CO 2 / terajoule
1971
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2004
2005
2006
2007
% change
90-07
World *
60.8
60.5
59.7
57.4
57.2
56.5
56.0
56.6
56.7
57.1
57.5
0.5%
Annex I Parties
Annex II Parties
North America
Europe
Pacific
Annex I EIT
Non-Annex I Parties
..
66.0
64.0
69.0
67.1
..
..
..
64.2
62.2
66.4
67.2
..
..
..
62.2
60.9
64.2
62.4
..
..
..
59.5
60.1
58.5
59.8
..
..
59.6
58.4
59.6
55.9
59.8
63.0
51.6
57.5
56.5
58.1
53.3
57.8
61.6
53.7
57.0
56.3
58.7
51.7
57.6
59.6
53.5
56.7
56.3
58.6
51.5
59.4
57.8
55.4
56.4
56.2
58.4
51.0
59.7
57.0
56.2
56.3
55.9
57.9
51.2
59.2
57.5
57.1
56.5
56.1
58.1
50.9
60.9
57.6
57.6
-5.2%
-3.8%
-2.6%
-8.9%
1.8%
-8.6%
11.6%
..
..
..
..
59.0
56.5
55.1
54.6
54.3
54.4
54.8
-7.1%
Non-OECD Total
50.4
53.3
54.5
53.0
54.4
54.7
54.0
55.5
56.2
57.0
57.5
5.8%
OECD Total
66.4
64.7
62.8
60.4
59.1
57.2
56.8
56.6
56.4
56.3
56.5
-4.3%
Canada
Mexico
United States
OECD N. America
57.4
53.9
64.6
63.7
54.3
56.0
63.0
62.0
52.9
53.3
61.7
60.5
49.8
55.3
61.2
59.8
49.5
57.7
60.7
59.5
48.1
57.3
59.2
58.0
50.7
57.8
59.6
58.6
49.0
55.0
59.7
58.3
48.9
55.1
59.5
58.2
47.7
57.0
59.1
57.9
50.8
56.8
58.9
58.0
2.7%
-1.7%
-3.0%
-2.6%
Australia
Japan
Korea
New Zealand
OECD Pacific
66.7
67.7
73.3
47.5
67.5
71.2
67.0
75.0
46.5
67.7
71.4
61.1
72.1
43.6
63.2
72.5
57.8
68.4
41.8
60.7
72.0
58.1
58.8
38.3
59.7
73.6
55.5
59.4
38.0
58.2
74.3
54.5
54.5
45.8
56.9
78.5
55.5
54.2
50.8
58.1
76.3
56.1
53.3
52.8
58.1
76.2
55.4
53.2
53.5
57.7
76.3
57.5
52.5
50.5
58.8
6.0%
-1.0%
-10.7%
32.0%
-1.5%
Austria
Belgium
Czech Republic
Denmark
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
Ireland
Italy
Luxembourg
Netherlands
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Slovak Republic
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Turkey
United Kingdom
OECD Europe
61.8
70.4
79.4
71.0
52.3
65.1
76.6
69.2
78.1
37.0
77.2
66.4
90.7
60.8
42.2
79.5
55.0
65.4
67.3
54.6
56.8
50.6
71.4
69.9
59.5
65.2
83.5
71.7
53.8
62.3
74.3
70.3
75.4
34.7
75.8
65.4
76.6
57.0
39.4
78.4
56.3
62.4
65.0
48.6
51.0
52.9
69.4
67.7
57.4
64.2
84.0
78.1
53.6
57.5
70.6
72.3
71.9
27.7
75.1
65.7
80.0
56.8
36.5
77.9
56.9
66.6
66.3
43.3
46.8
53.9
68.7
66.0
56.2
55.2
81.8
74.9
44.9
42.2
67.8
74.3
66.0
21.8
73.0
64.2
77.4
57.8
32.5
80.3
53.7
62.7
59.1
29.7
44.8
57.5
64.8
61.2
54.2
53.4
76.2
69.4
45.8
37.5
64.6
78.1
55.6
21.5
73.4
64.8
73.3
56.9
32.2
79.6
56.1
63.5
54.6
26.7
40.9
57.5
63.8
58.2
52.6
51.2
72.4
70.8
46.3
35.6
61.6
76.6
52.9
20.7
76.1
61.5
61.9
58.0
33.5
79.5
57.1
54.9
55.4
27.3
41.5
59.2
57.1
55.6
51.4
48.4
72.4
64.1
40.1
35.5
58.6
76.9
51.7
16.5
72.3
59.3
57.8
56.5
31.7
78.2
57.6
50.3
55.6
26.5
40.7
62.7
56.0
54.0
53.2
47.3
64.1
62.4
43.4
34.0
58.6
75.0
51.0
15.8
70.2
59.5
62.4
55.9
31.4
77.1
55.3
48.5
56.2
24.3
40.6
61.2
57.4
53.4
52.4
45.8
63.7
60.1
38.7
34.2
57.2
75.0
48.6
15.0
72.6
59.3
62.5
55.4
30.0
76.0
56.7
48.3
57.2
23.3
41.1
61.2
57.3
53.0
51.7
45.1
62.9
65.5
43.1
33.7
57.6
74.4
48.7
12.8
73.7
60.0
62.0
55.6
29.6
75.0
54.6
48.0
56.1
22.8
39.0
61.5
58.3
53.2
50.2
44.4
63.8
61.3
42.2
33.4
57.6
72.6
48.2
11.4
70.0
58.7
60.7
54.1
32.8
74.9
52.6
49.2
57.2
21.9
39.2
63.3
59.1
53.1
-7.4%
-16.9%
-16.3%
-11.6%
-7.8%
-10.7%
-10.9%
-7.1%
-13.3%
-46.8%
-4.6%
-9.4%
-17.1%
-5.0%
2.1%
-5.9%
-6.2%
-22.5%
4.8%
-18.0%
-4.1%
10.2%
-7.3%
-8.7%
..
..
..
..
59.2
56.1
54.3
53.8
53.3
53.5
53.3
-10.0%
Annex I Kyoto Parties
European Union - 27
* The ratio for the world has been calculated to include international marine bunkers and international aviation bunkers.
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY
CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION Highlights (2009 Edition) - 81
CO2 emissions / TPES
tonnes CO 2 / terajoule
1971
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2004
2005
2006
2007
% change
90-07
Non-OECD Total
50.4
53.3
54.5
53.0
54.4
54.7
54.0
55.5
56.2
57.0
57.5
5.8%
Algeria
Angola
Benin
Botswana
Cameroon
Congo
Dem. Rep. of Congo
Côte d'Ivoire
Egypt
Eritrea
Ethiopia
Gabon
Ghana
Kenya
Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
Morocco
Mozambique
Namibia
Nigeria
Senegal
South Africa
Sudan
United Rep. of Tanzania
Togo
Tunisia
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Other Africa
Africa
59.6
10.3
6.5
..
6.4
27.1
9.0
23.2
62.8
..
3.7
10.5
15.4
16.2
56.8
67.2
10.0
..
3.9
23.3
92.0
11.1
4.8
11.2
53.1
23.4
31.8
6.9
33.0
60.6
11.6
8.8
..
8.2
27.6
8.2
24.3
63.0
..
3.0
13.8
15.3
16.1
59.8
69.4
8.4
..
6.7
27.6
92.9
10.5
4.7
9.6
52.7
26.9
29.0
7.7
35.7
60.5
14.0
6.9
..
10.8
29.2
8.8
22.5
66.7
..
3.1
22.2
13.5
16.8
64.3
68.4
8.2
..
12.2
30.5
78.7
10.6
4.7
9.8
57.3
17.8
29.3
9.5
35.6
58.1
13.8
7.2
42.5
13.0
25.4
7.7
19.6
60.8
..
2.7
29.7
11.9
14.2
53.9
70.5
5.6
..
12.6
32.3
63.3
10.6
4.2
7.1
54.9
13.6
30.9
7.7
33.5
55.6
16.3
3.6
55.6
12.8
20.9
6.0
14.6
59.4
..
3.6
18.2
12.2
13.5
57.7
67.6
4.4
..
9.9
28.5
66.9
12.4
4.2
10.8
58.3
11.5
41.1
8.3
33.7
55.2
14.8
2.8
53.2
10.8
16.0
3.8
15.1
56.8
18.5
3.4
23.4
12.2
13.6
53.1
70.7
4.3
47.7
9.1
31.7
63.0
9.1
5.5
8.8
58.9
8.4
36.0
8.6
32.3
55.2
16.4
17.0
54.5
10.6
16.6
3.3
21.7
58.3
20.3
4.1
22.5
15.9
14.1
57.2
66.0
4.4
44.0
11.1
35.8
64.6
9.6
4.6
10.8
58.9
6.5
30.7
8.0
32.9
56.8
22.2
23.1
54.1
10.3
19.7
3.2
14.0
58.9
22.1
5.3
24.9
17.9
12.5
57.3
68.3
4.8
47.2
11.8
39.0
62.7
14.5
5.6
10.6
55.6
7.0
24.9
8.3
33.2
58.1
18.4
23.5
54.6
10.0
19.7
3.2
14.5
59.7
18.8
5.4
29.2
18.0
13.9
57.8
71.5
4.3
47.9
12.7
39.7
62.3
15.1
7.2
9.8
56.0
7.2
25.5
8.2
33.3
56.2
21.1
25.8
55.4
11.0
23.5
3.2
14.6
59.9
17.8
5.7
28.8
21.8
14.9
57.6
70.8
4.4
48.8
11.7
38.7
61.3
17.4
7.6
9.0
55.4
7.4
24.7
8.6
33.3
55.5
24.0
26.0
56.2
15.2
23.8
3.2
12.1
59.9
16.9
6.2
33.0
22.6
14.9
57.8
67.9
5.1
48.9
11.5
37.9
61.5
17.7
7.1
8.7
55.3
7.6
23.6
8.7
33.5
-0.2%
47.1%
611.4%
1.1%
18.6%
13.9%
-46.3%
-16.8%
0.8%
..
75.9%
81.3%
84.9%
10.5%
0.3%
0.5%
17.6%
..
16.6%
33.1%
-8.2%
43.0%
69.2%
-19.2%
-5.2%
-34.0%
-42.7%
5.0%
-0.5%
Bahrain
Islamic Rep. of Iran
Iraq
Israel
Jordan
Kuwait
Lebanon
Oman
Qatar
Saudi Arabia
Syrian Arab Republic
United Arab Emirates
Yemen
Middle East
51.1
59.2
66.4
59.9
64.8
95.2
65.3
71.4
57.3
42.0
61.7
57.8
38.7
61.4
59.5
66.3
65.6
58.0
67.5
94.8
68.0
71.5
56.1
61.5
70.9
60.2
60.0
66.7
62.9
57.4
73.2
59.8
66.9
49.6
67.5
61.5
53.4
76.6
70.7
63.7
64.6
64.0
59.7
64.5
66.2
77.3
67.7
63.3
68.5
46.7
49.1
65.9
65.1
63.4
66.1
64.6
64.2
61.3
69.8
69.2
67.4
74.3
67.9
55.8
50.2
65.1
65.0
62.0
61.1
63.9
56.3
63.3
66.0
70.7
67.5
61.0
69.5
56.2
52.5
56.2
65.7
61.3
65.3
61.4
57.5
61.8
77.0
71.9
69.3
59.8
68.7
54.3
50.6
57.2
62.7
61.0
66.6
61.6
57.6
60.5
60.4
73.2
64.3
64.5
69.2
54.0
50.2
55.7
63.8
60.9
66.5
59.7
57.8
60.2
61.6
71.3
64.1
64.5
69.4
52.1
54.3
55.4
65.1
60.9
68.4
59.7
58.2
61.0
61.9
70.7
63.8
64.5
68.2
49.2
54.5
55.9
65.3
60.9
68.7
60.0
57.9
60.2
66.0
71.7
63.6
63.3
67.9
55.3
52.2
56.9
65.3
60.4
68.0
60.1
-9.9%
-1.8%
-5.4%
3.5%
-5.7%
-14.8%
-0.0%
-0.9%
4.1%
-12.6%
0.5%
-2.6%
11.4%
-5.9%
Albania
Bosnia and Herzegovina *
Bulgaria
Croatia *
Cyprus
Gibraltar
FYR of Macedonia *
Malta
Romania
Serbia *
Slovenia *
Former Yugoslavia *
Non-OECD Europe
54.5
..
78.9
..
72.2
72.1
..
73.5
65.1
..
..
68.9
69.0
54.0
..
74.2
..
70.8
72.4
..
73.6
64.8
..
..
70.4
68.1
59.4
..
70.5
..
71.9
73.6
..
73.9
64.5
..
..
62.1
65.1
63.5
..
63.2
..
72.3
72.8
..
79.6
63.7
..
..
70.7
65.7
56.0
80.5
62.6
57.2
67.4
72.6
82.1
78.6
64.1
75.8
55.4
..
65.7
33.5
52.2
55.2
53.6
71.5
72.9
78.1
79.2
60.4
77.4
55.0
..
61.0
42.7
74.9
53.8
54.1
70.1
72.9
75.4
74.5
56.9
76.3
51.9
..
60.0
41.8
74.1
57.5
55.1
75.1
72.9
73.3
74.8
57.0
75.5
51.5
..
61.2
47.1
74.1
55.0
55.6
75.3
73.0
72.7
74.8
57.2
71.9
51.1
..
60.0
45.9
76.0
55.1
55.4
73.0
73.0
72.0
74.8
56.9
73.0
51.8
..
60.1
44.2
76.7
59.3
56.5
72.1
73.0
72.1
74.9
56.4
75.1
51.9
..
61.3
-21.1%
-4.8%
-5.3%
-1.3%
6.9%
0.5%
-12.2%
-4.6%
-12.0%
-1.0%
-6.3%
..
-6.8%
* Data for individual countries of the Former Yugoslavia are not available prior to 1990.
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY
82 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION Highlights (2009 Edition)
CO2 emissions / TPES
tonnes CO 2 / terajoule
1971
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2004
2005
2006
2007
% change
90-07
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Belarus
Estonia
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyzstan
Latvia
Lithuania
Republic of Moldova
Russian Federation
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Ukraine
Uzbekistan
Former Soviet Union *
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
62.0
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
65.3
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
65.8
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
61.2
63.5
60.1
65.5
90.3
56.6
77.6
71.6
56.3
49.1
73.1
59.8
50.0
56.7
65.3
61.7
62.1
50.0
59.0
58.3
79.7
45.3
76.7
45.0
45.8
38.7
59.4
60.6
37.2
59.2
57.3
57.0
60.3
40.6
61.3
54.3
76.7
36.4
73.1
44.7
43.8
37.5
54.4
59.3
35.1
59.6
52.1
55.2
58.1
39.6
56.7
53.6
77.1
28.3
72.3
48.4
41.0
33.1
53.4
57.1
38.7
59.9
51.9
55.9
56.6
39.3
57.2
54.0
74.6
29.5
70.2
46.4
40.9
37.5
53.1
56.2
39.0
59.8
51.2
55.8
55.9
38.9
53.2
53.4
72.6
34.6
69.9
44.4
42.1
38.5
52.5
56.5
40.5
59.8
54.0
55.6
56.5
40.2
55.3
53.4
76.5
36.6
68.4
46.8
42.6
37.3
53.7
56.4
42.3
59.9
54.6
55.6
56.6
-36.7%
-7.9%
-18.5%
-15.3%
-35.3%
-11.8%
-34.6%
-24.3%
-24.0%
-26.5%
-5.7%
-15.5%
5.5%
-16.3%
-9.9%
-8.9%
Argentina
Bolivia
Brazil
Chile
Colombia
Costa Rica
Cuba
Dominican Republic
Ecuador
El Salvador
Guatemala
Haiti
Honduras
Jamaica
Netherlands Antilles
Nicaragua
Panama
Paraguay
Peru
Trinidad and Tobago
Uruguay
Venezuela
Other Latin America
Latin America
58.9
49.4
31.1
57.2
45.3
26.7
40.3
35.2
38.2
17.9
19.9
5.9
19.2
65.5
63.0
28.4
36.2
10.0
40.7
56.0
51.6
63.6
39.5
43.5
57.1
50.8
35.7
53.1
43.9
31.9
46.6
39.8
45.4
21.0
21.8
5.7
20.4
66.0
63.1
29.4
45.5
11.2
42.5
60.4
53.3
60.1
43.1
44.3
54.8
42.2
37.4
53.5
43.6
34.6
45.9
43.4
50.4
15.9
26.6
7.0
21.5
68.2
53.2
27.9
49.3
15.5
43.6
49.7
50.2
62.4
40.9
44.8
51.2
41.0
30.9
48.5
43.7
28.8
50.8
40.2
50.1
15.3
20.6
10.0
19.8
64.3
60.9
22.2
40.3
14.8
41.1
45.2
37.3
57.6
56.6
40.6
52.0
46.9
33.0
56.5
44.3
31.5
39.9
44.5
52.6
20.9
17.8
14.5
21.4
61.5
45.0
20.9
39.4
14.9
47.1
45.5
39.8
57.6
61.3
42.1
52.3
49.2
35.6
52.5
48.7
41.9
51.4
46.1
56.8
33.4
26.8
12.8
29.9
62.2
51.4
25.4
49.4
21.0
51.6
46.5
42.0
54.8
61.5
44.2
54.5
36.9
38.3
51.0
52.3
34.2
52.4
53.8
54.9
31.6
29.7
16.7
35.4
62.3
48.7
31.0
43.6
20.2
51.9
43.7
41.2
53.7
62.1
45.3
55.9
45.3
36.5
51.7
49.8
36.4
64.1
55.7
53.5
31.7
33.2
19.8
41.6
65.5
47.5
30.0
50.9
22.3
54.0
42.7
44.4
54.2
59.2
45.0
56.5
53.2
36.2
51.3
48.6
33.0
63.5
54.1
56.6
31.6
32.6
18.3
41.3
68.3
51.4
29.5
51.8
20.8
49.8
43.8
42.2
54.8
59.1
44.8
55.6
50.1
35.7
51.9
45.9
32.3
59.5
57.5
55.4
30.2
32.5
18.3
38.0
64.8
51.8
27.7
53.9
21.1
50.5
45.2
46.0
56.4
59.0
44.6
53.1
54.1
35.2
55.1
46.0
32.9
63.1
58.3
54.6
30.4
33.7
19.9
41.1
61.1
49.4
30.3
54.9
21.0
51.4
45.5
43.2
53.9
60.0
44.0
2.1%
15.3%
6.5%
-2.4%
3.7%
4.4%
58.0%
31.1%
4.0%
45.4%
89.8%
37.6%
91.9%
-0.6%
9.9%
44.8%
39.2%
41.2%
9.1%
0.1%
8.6%
-6.5%
-2.1%
4.7%
Bangladesh
Brunei Darussalam
Cambodia
Chinese Taipei
India
Indonesia
DPR of Korea
Malaysia
Mongolia
Myanmar
Nepal
Pakistan
Philippines
Singapore
Sri Lanka
Thailand
Vietnam
Other Asia
Asia
13.4
53.7
..
73.4
30.5
16.6
83.1
51.5
..
13.6
1.2
23.3
36.7
52.1
17.4
30.1
22.1
45.3
32.5
16.5
45.4
..
70.6
32.3
21.6
82.3
53.7
..
11.3
1.9
24.6
39.2
54.1
15.7
30.1
21.5
46.0
34.4
20.5
46.5
..
61.7
33.7
28.8
83.0
47.7
..
12.9
2.7
25.3
36.0
59.0
19.6
37.1
18.0
53.5
37.0
21.2
39.3
..
50.1
39.0
29.9
83.8
50.8
88.5
12.6
2.6
29.1
28.9
57.4
17.1
38.4
19.0
39.8
39.2
25.4
45.6
..
56.8
44.2
32.7
82.0
52.4
88.5
8.9
3.6
32.7
34.3
60.0
16.2
44.7
17.0
39.8
42.5
30.7
48.6
9.9
59.0
48.5
34.9
81.3
50.5
88.8
13.7
6.2
35.5
40.8
48.2
22.2
54.0
22.3
31.5
45.2
32.4
45.3
14.5
61.6
51.0
41.9
83.1
55.8
89.0
15.5
9.0
36.9
40.8
47.1
30.5
52.7
28.7
36.3
48.0
35.6
47.8
18.1
59.3
51.4
44.1
82.4
61.2
87.9
17.4
7.2
37.7
43.8
41.4
34.0
54.0
38.3
42.4
49.2
36.3
47.9
18.7
61.0
51.6
45.1
82.7
58.3
88.4
20.0
7.9
37.4
43.4
37.3
35.3
52.6
38.2
42.5
49.2
36.3
50.5
19.5
61.5
53.0
45.5
83.2
59.3
87.8
18.6
8.0
38.5
41.1
38.1
31.2
51.9
39.0
42.1
49.9
37.1
50.3
20.6
60.0
53.2
47.3
81.0
58.4
87.3
18.9
8.0
39.7
42.9
40.1
33.0
51.8
40.1
43.5
50.3
45.9%
10.3%
..
5.8%
20.2%
44.6%
-1.2%
11.5%
-1.4%
111.6%
119.7%
21.3%
24.8%
-33.1%
103.7%
16.1%
136.1%
9.2%
18.3%
People's Rep. of China
Hong Kong, China
China
48.8
72.9
49.0
51.9
71.1
52.0
56.1
75.0
56.2
58.8
78.9
59.0
61.2
89.9
61.5
68.1
80.2
68.2
66.4
72.5
66.5
69.7
73.9
69.7
71.5
74.2
71.5
72.5
74.6
72.5
73.6
75.4
73.6
20.3%
-16.2%
19.8%
* Data for individual countries of the Former Soviet Union are not available prior to 1990.
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY
CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION Highlights (2009 Edition) - 83
CO2 emissions / GDP using exchange rates
kilogrammes CO 2 / US dollar using 2000 prices
1971
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2004
2005
2006
2007
% change
90-07
World *
1.09
1.05
1.00
0.91
0.87
0.80
0.73
0.74
0.74
0.74
0.73
-15.4%
Annex I Parties
Annex II Parties
North America
Europe
Pacific
Annex I EIT
Non-Annex I Parties
..
0.83
1.12
0.75
0.44
..
..
..
0.76
1.03
0.67
0.43
..
..
..
0.68
0.92
0.62
0.36
..
..
..
0.58
0.76
0.53
0.32
..
..
0.70
0.52
0.70
0.46
0.30
4.74
1.49
0.61
0.49
0.65
0.43
0.30
4.50
1.44
0.55
0.46
0.59
0.38
0.30
3.59
1.30
0.52
0.44
0.55
0.37
0.30
3.01
1.37
0.51
0.43
0.54
0.36
0.30
2.86
1.37
0.50
0.41
0.52
0.35
0.29
2.76
1.36
0.49
0.41
0.51
0.34
0.29
2.58
1.34
-30.4%
-22.1%
-26.2%
-27.6%
-4.8%
-45.5%
-10.2%
..
..
..
..
0.70
0.58
0.52
0.50
0.49
0.48
0.47
-32.8%
Non-OECD Total
2.04
2.08
2.05
2.08
2.22
1.91
1.66
1.67
1.65
1.64
1.59
-28.1%
OECD Total
0.86
0.79
0.72
0.62
0.55
0.52
0.48
0.46
0.45
0.44
0.43
-22.0%
Canada
Mexico
United States
OECD N. America
1.18
0.47
1.11
1.09
1.10
0.51
1.02
1.00
1.04
0.56
0.91
0.90
0.85
0.60
0.76
0.75
0.80
0.65
0.69
0.69
0.79
0.63
0.64
0.65
0.74
0.56
0.58
0.59
0.69
0.56
0.54
0.55
0.68
0.58
0.53
0.54
0.64
0.57
0.51
0.52
0.66
0.58
0.50
0.52
-17.1%
-10.4%
-27.0%
-25.4%
Australia
Japan
Korea
New Zealand
OECD Pacific
0.88
0.40
0.79
0.48
0.45
0.99
0.38
0.87
0.50
0.44
0.99
0.31
1.01
0.50
0.39
0.91
0.27
0.86
0.51
0.34
0.92
0.26
0.81
0.54
0.33
0.86
0.26
0.88
0.53
0.35
0.85
0.25
0.84
0.61
0.35
0.80
0.25
0.78
0.58
0.35
0.82
0.24
0.73
0.57
0.34
0.80
0.24
0.71
0.58
0.33
0.78
0.24
0.69
0.53
0.33
-15.6%
-8.1%
-14.3%
-0.7%
-0.2%
Austria
Belgium
Czech Republic
Denmark
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
Ireland
Italy
Luxembourg
Netherlands
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Slovak Republic
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Turkey
United Kingdom
OECD Europe
0.55
1.02
3.94
0.66
0.75
0.68
1.03
0.39
2.40
0.44
0.98
0.57
2.54
0.75
0.39
3.21
0.35
3.04
0.50
0.61
0.23
0.52
0.84
0.84
0.49
0.88
3.49
0.60
0.69
0.59
0.94
0.45
2.17
0.42
0.77
0.54
1.77
0.72
0.33
2.96
0.38
2.99
0.52
0.52
0.22
0.59
0.72
0.77
0.47
0.82
3.39
0.62
0.74
0.54
0.86
0.48
2.15
0.34
0.76
0.49
1.56
0.68
0.31
3.47
0.39
3.39
0.57
0.45
0.22
0.63
0.65
0.73
0.42
0.63
3.30
0.52
0.57
0.39
0.77
0.58
1.90
0.28
0.68
0.43
1.15
0.62
0.25
3.50
0.38
3.08
0.50
0.33
0.21
0.67
0.56
0.64
0.38
0.58
2.81
0.41
0.54
0.32
0.62
0.70
1.50
0.28
0.63
0.42
0.84
0.56
0.24
2.91
0.46
3.00
0.47
0.26
0.18
0.68
0.48
0.54
0.36
0.57
2.35
0.41
0.58
0.31
0.51
0.68
1.45
0.28
0.54
0.41
0.54
0.54
0.23
2.52
0.52
2.37
0.49
0.28
0.18
0.70
0.42
0.49
0.32
0.51
2.15
0.31
0.44
0.28
0.44
0.69
1.13
0.25
0.43
0.39
0.40
0.45
0.20
1.70
0.53
1.83
0.49
0.21
0.17
0.75
0.36
0.43
0.36
0.47
1.90
0.30
0.50
0.27
0.43
0.61
0.98
0.22
0.35
0.40
0.48
0.46
0.20
1.53
0.51
1.53
0.50
0.20
0.17
0.67
0.33
0.42
0.36
0.45
1.76
0.28
0.40
0.27
0.41
0.61
0.95
0.20
0.35
0.40
0.46
0.44
0.19
1.47
0.53
1.47
0.50
0.18
0.17
0.65
0.32
0.41
0.34
0.42
1.66
0.31
0.46
0.26
0.41
0.58
0.91
0.20
0.34
0.39
0.43
0.42
0.19
1.44
0.47
1.33
0.47
0.17
0.16
0.67
0.31
0.40
0.31
0.40
1.58
0.28
0.43
0.25
0.39
0.58
0.87
0.20
0.31
0.37
0.40
0.41
0.19
1.35
0.45
1.19
0.47
0.16
0.15
0.71
0.30
0.39
-16.5%
-30.7%
-43.6%
-30.7%
-21.5%
-23.9%
-37.2%
-17.1%
-42.2%
-27.5%
-50.5%
-12.9%
-53.0%
-25.4%
-22.9%
-53.6%
-2.0%
-60.5%
0.5%
-40.8%
-18.1%
4.4%
-38.4%
-28.7%
..
..
..
..
0.60
0.52
0.45
0.44
0.43
0.42
0.40
-33.0%
Annex I Kyoto Parties
European Union - 27
* The ratio for the world has been calculated to include international marine bunkers and international aviation bunkers.
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY
84 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION Highlights (2009 Edition)
CO2 emissions / GDP using exchange rates
kilogrammes CO 2 / US dollar using 2000 prices
1971
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2004
2005
2006
2007
% change
90-07
Non-OECD Total
2.04
2.08
2.05
2.08
2.22
1.91
1.66
1.67
1.65
1.64
1.59
-28.1%
Algeria
Angola
Benin
Botswana
Cameroon
Congo
Dem. Rep. of Congo
Côte d'Ivoire
Egypt
Eritrea
Ethiopia
Gabon
Ghana
Kenya
Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
Morocco
Mozambique
Namibia
Nigeria
Senegal
South Africa
Sudan
United Rep. of Tanzania
Togo
Tunisia
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Other Africa
Africa
0.49
0.25
0.37
..
0.21
0.57
0.35
0.47
0.97
..
0.31
0.25
0.72
0.95
0.11
0.54
1.01
..
0.26
0.53
2.43
0.82
0.43
0.53
0.79
1.44
2.07
0.32
1.01
0.54
0.30
0.52
..
0.22
0.48
0.34
0.48
1.07
..
0.26
0.19
0.93
0.84
0.33
0.65
0.97
..
0.45
0.63
2.55
0.67
0.35
0.41
0.76
1.64
1.77
0.35
1.11
0.81
0.40
0.36
..
0.26
0.46
0.44
0.44
1.10
..
0.27
0.36
0.86
0.78
0.42
0.69
0.94
..
0.85
0.74
2.25
0.67
0.32
0.38
0.91
1.23
1.82
0.43
1.09
0.97
0.40
0.35
0.81
0.25
0.30
0.42
0.39
1.23
..
0.29
0.42
0.84
0.68
0.60
0.70
0.78
..
1.20
0.69
2.24
0.74
0.30
0.31
0.90
1.00
1.78
0.36
1.15
1.12
0.47
0.18
0.86
0.30
0.25
0.39
0.32
1.21
..
0.35
0.21
0.83
0.60
0.92
0.67
0.43
..
0.83
0.58
2.30
0.78
0.25
0.53
0.99
0.86
2.38
0.39
1.18
1.19
0.59
0.13
0.81
0.31
0.18
0.40
0.36
1.08
1.27
0.36
0.27
0.82
0.64
1.11
0.83
0.39
0.63
0.77
0.64
2.39
0.50
0.34
0.53
0.97
0.73
2.08
0.44
1.20
1.14
0.56
0.63
0.68
0.28
0.18
0.47
0.59
1.10
0.95
0.39
0.27
1.03
0.70
1.15
0.76
0.31
0.55
0.89
0.77
2.25
0.44
0.28
0.72
0.93
0.52
1.72
0.38
1.16
1.12
0.70
0.91
0.53
0.25
0.24
0.45
0.53
1.21
0.98
0.47
0.32
1.04
0.61
1.03
0.76
0.29
0.65
0.84
0.80
2.21
0.61
0.33
0.71
0.85
0.52
1.63
0.38
1.14
1.13
0.47
0.92
0.53
0.24
0.25
0.44
0.56
1.28
0.84
0.43
0.38
1.03
0.66
0.97
0.83
0.24
0.66
0.90
0.79
2.06
0.59
0.41
0.66
0.80
0.52
1.84
0.37
1.12
1.15
0.49
1.06
0.54
0.25
0.28
0.43
0.56
1.26
0.73
0.43
0.38
1.25
0.70
0.92
0.78
0.23
0.68
0.78
0.74
1.96
0.60
0.42
0.58
0.78
0.52
1.85
0.38
1.08
1.17
0.50
1.06
0.54
0.36
0.30
0.42
0.47
1.24
0.71
0.43
0.43
1.25
0.66
0.87
0.78
0.26
0.68
0.74
0.67
1.94
0.54
0.38
0.57
0.75
0.51
1.86
0.38
1.06
5.3%
4.9%
488.8%
-37.7%
18.3%
21.7%
7.5%
49.4%
2.8%
..
22.3%
106.5%
50.7%
10.2%
-5.3%
16.7%
-39.2%
..
-11.5%
15.6%
-15.4%
-31.3%
50.9%
7.5%
-23.6%
-40.1%
-21.9%
-2.3%
-10.1%
Bahrain
Islamic Rep. of Iran
Iraq
Israel
Jordan
Kuwait
Lebanon
Oman
Qatar
Saudi Arabia
Syrian Arab Republic
United Arab Emirates
Yemen
Middle East
2.29
0.89
0.24
0.45
0.63
0.73
0.37
0.08
0.25
0.25
1.68
0.28
0.90
0.49
2.18
1.13
0.24
0.41
1.03
0.87
0.46
0.17
0.54
0.22
1.50
0.22
0.93
0.51
1.86
1.61
0.33
0.39
1.00
1.10
0.62
0.42
0.73
0.66
1.59
0.40
1.05
0.71
2.80
2.11
0.71
0.43
1.36
1.72
0.52
0.50
1.39
1.06
2.16
0.86
1.03
1.13
2.52
2.49
1.60
0.47
1.79
0.96
0.76
0.78
1.64
1.12
2.63
1.11
1.17
1.32
1.80
3.00
5.69
0.48
1.68
1.19
0.84
0.86
1.88
1.23
2.24
1.28
1.29
1.52
1.77
3.01
3.16
0.45
1.69
1.33
0.84
0.99
1.37
1.33
2.37
1.22
1.40
1.51
1.69
2.99
4.44
0.47
1.57
1.32
0.75
1.06
1.42
1.41
2.10
1.19
1.56
1.56
1.69
3.01
4.31
0.44
1.57
1.31
0.77
1.12
1.43
1.42
2.01
1.12
1.62
1.54
1.75
3.13
4.47
0.43
1.51
1.12
0.65
1.14
1.48
1.45
2.03
1.08
1.65
1.55
1.73
3.07
4.38
0.43
1.49
1.08
0.54
1.24
1.50
1.48
2.02
1.13
1.65
1.56
-31.3%
23.1%
173.5%
-8.4%
-16.9%
11.9%
-28.8%
58.3%
-8.7%
32.0%
-23.3%
1.9%
41.8%
18.5%
Albania
Bosnia and Herzegovina *
Bulgaria
Croatia *
Cyprus
Gibraltar
FYR of Macedonia *
Malta
Romania
Serbia *
Slovenia *
Former Yugoslavia *
Non-OECD Europe
2.27
..
9.78
..
0.83
0.26
..
1.05
6.12
..
..
1.88
3.88
2.07
..
8.24
..
0.87
0.24
..
0.68
4.95
..
..
1.82
3.51
2.68
..
7.10
..
0.77
0.26
..
0.60
4.30
..
..
1.58
3.08
2.29
..
5.82
..
0.63
0.24
..
0.65
3.60
..
..
2.15
3.01
1.94
16.90
5.00
1.00
0.62
0.31
2.17
0.96
3.80
6.03
0.79
..
3.06
0.66
2.22
4.06
1.02
0.68
0.51
2.64
0.75
2.96
4.41
0.86
..
2.35
0.86
2.71
3.34
0.96
0.67
0.53
2.35
0.54
2.33
4.28
0.70
..
1.90
0.77
2.44
2.95
0.91
0.65
0.52
2.29
0.65
1.95
4.60
0.67
..
1.78
0.95
2.43
2.81
0.89
0.64
0.53
2.29
0.67
1.88
3.91
0.66
..
1.67
0.82
2.52
2.72
0.85
0.62
0.53
2.20
0.61
1.80
3.93
0.63
..
1.63
0.75
2.49
2.73
0.86
0.62
0.53
2.17
0.63
1.64
3.78
0.59
..
1.56
-61.2%
-85.3%
-45.3%
-14.7%
0.0%
73.9%
0.3%
-34.5%
-56.7%
-37.2%
-25.2%
..
-49.0%
* Data for individual countries of the Former Yugoslavia are not available prior to 1990.
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY
CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION Highlights (2009 Edition) - 85
CO2 emissions / GDP using exchange rates
kilogrammes CO 2 / US dollar using 2000 prices
1971
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2004
2005
2006
2007
% change
90-07
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Belarus
Estonia
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyzstan
Latvia
Lithuania
Republic of Moldova
Russian Federation
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Ukraine
Uzbekistan
Former Soviet Union *
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
4.94
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
5.08
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
4.95
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
4.66
7.26
7.26
8.09
6.09
3.52
8.97
11.05
1.76
2.06
8.34
5.65
5.16
12.47
9.56
8.53
6.33
2.30
8.40
6.45
3.82
3.07
10.32
4.42
1.48
1.52
7.52
6.60
5.52
14.77
11.37
8.92
7.10
1.78
5.57
4.40
2.57
1.43
6.74
3.34
0.87
0.98
5.03
5.83
4.86
12.70
9.34
8.46
5.89
1.16
3.83
3.61
2.20
0.83
5.66
3.42
0.71
0.82
4.45
4.64
4.32
7.36
7.10
6.91
4.67
1.21
3.22
3.32
1.97
0.89
5.51
3.29
0.65
0.81
4.33
4.38
4.25
7.11
6.77
6.13
4.39
1.08
2.26
3.18
1.69
0.92
5.60
3.07
0.62
0.76
3.91
4.22
4.35
6.51
6.39
5.87
4.20
1.09
1.65
2.88
1.87
0.96
5.27
3.10
0.58
0.74
3.83
3.91
4.45
6.40
6.01
5.39
3.89
-85.0%
-77.2%
-64.4%
-69.2%
-72.8%
-41.2%
-71.9%
-67.1%
-64.0%
-54.1%
-30.8%
-13.9%
-48.6%
-37.1%
-36.8%
-38.6%
Argentina
Bolivia
Brazil
Chile
Colombia
Costa Rica
Cuba
Dominican Republic
Ecuador
El Salvador
Guatemala
Haiti
Honduras
Jamaica
Netherlands Antilles
Nicaragua
Panama
Paraguay
Peru
Trinidad and Tobago
Uruguay
Venezuela
Other Latin America
Latin America
0.50
0.52
0.43
0.91
0.82
0.27
1.19
0.71
0.62
0.18
0.32
0.12
0.45
0.98
..
0.46
0.56
0.28
0.55
1.36
0.46
0.76
0.78
0.56
0.47
0.62
0.44
0.86
0.71
0.30
1.37
0.76
0.74
0.23
0.34
0.12
0.46
1.23
..
0.46
0.62
0.26
0.53
1.14
0.44
0.81
1.05
0.55
0.45
0.75
0.41
0.76
0.66
0.29
1.31
0.71
0.98
0.19
0.36
0.13
0.42
1.28
8.41
0.55
0.47
0.30
0.53
1.06
0.36
1.05
0.74
0.55
0.47
0.86
0.37
0.67
0.66
0.27
0.93
0.64
1.04
0.22
0.29
0.18
0.38
0.89
4.61
0.54
0.36
0.29
0.46
1.44
0.25
1.14
0.62
0.53
0.55
0.94
0.38
0.81
0.61
0.27
0.85
0.69
0.99
0.26
0.26
0.22
0.42
1.09
2.62
0.65
0.35
0.32
0.53
1.90
0.24
1.10
0.64
0.55
0.47
1.15
0.41
0.67
0.65
0.35
0.98
0.84
1.07
0.42
0.38
0.26
0.58
1.04
2.32
0.81
0.44
0.48
0.50
1.92
0.24
1.05
0.65
0.55
0.49
0.91
0.47
0.74
0.62
0.29
0.88
0.88
1.16
0.40
0.46
0.37
0.62
1.22
3.36
0.90
0.40
0.46
0.50
2.20
0.26
1.08
0.60
0.58
0.51
1.00
0.45
0.71
0.52
0.30
0.83
0.84
1.14
0.41
0.48
0.52
0.80
1.25
3.26
0.94
0.41
0.48
0.47
1.96
0.26
1.06
0.64
0.57
0.48
1.09
0.44
0.69
0.50
0.28
0.71
0.75
1.14
0.41
0.49
0.53
0.78
1.21
3.32
0.89
0.40
0.43
0.44
1.94
0.24
1.03
0.63
0.55
0.47
0.99
0.43
0.69
0.47
0.28
0.62
0.72
1.18
0.38
0.47
0.53
0.68
1.32
3.24
0.83
0.42
0.43
0.40
2.00
0.27
0.98
0.62
0.54
0.44
1.15
0.43
0.70
0.43
0.29
0.61
0.69
1.22
0.39
0.47
0.59
0.81
1.53
3.44
0.89
0.37
0.41
0.40
2.05
0.23
0.90
0.64
0.52
-20.2%
22.4%
11.5%
-13.2%
-30.4%
5.4%
-27.8%
-0.5%
23.2%
50.5%
83.2%
172.1%
95.3%
41.3%
31.3%
36.7%
7.7%
28.0%
-25.8%
7.6%
-5.8%
-18.0%
0.0%
-4.8%
0.18
0.18
..
0.88
1.67
0.85
22.35
0.97
..
1.72
0.11
0.96
0.82
0.57
0.64
0.86
2.00
0.79
1.34
0.28
0.52
..
0.89
1.78
0.94
16.20
0.92
..
1.35
0.17
1.03
0.82
0.58
0.53
0.86
2.05
0.86
1.37
0.35
0.59
..
0.91
1.86
1.17
12.93
0.92
..
1.28
0.24
0.96
0.70
0.58
0.57
0.92
1.72
1.19
1.37
0.36
0.80
..
0.65
2.07
1.10
9.67
1.00
12.75
1.15
0.20
1.04
0.62
0.55
0.43
0.83
1.45
0.62
1.37
0.46
0.90
..
0.67
2.18
1.28
7.32
1.05
11.52
0.89
0.26
1.17
0.70
0.64
0.38
0.99
1.15
0.56
1.38
0.56
1.16
0.53
0.65
2.26
1.21
6.12
1.09
10.55
1.13
0.40
1.27
0.94
0.56
0.43
1.18
1.26
0.41
1.34
0.53
1.08
0.64
0.68
2.12
1.60
6.34
1.24
8.09
0.91
0.56
1.32
0.92
0.41
0.65
1.30
1.43
0.44
1.37
0.58
1.07
0.68
0.71
1.89
1.61
6.40
1.24
6.63
0.74
0.43
1.32
0.81
0.37
0.67
1.42
1.94
0.48
1.33
0.59
1.05
0.64
0.70
1.79
1.59
6.57
1.35
6.44
0.82
0.47
1.25
0.76
0.38
0.67
1.36
1.82
0.45
1.30
0.57
1.15
0.63
0.69
1.76
1.57
6.55
1.32
6.57
0.70
0.47
1.26
0.68
0.35
0.55
1.31
1.78
0.42
1.27
0.57
1.15
0.62
0.66
1.72
1.62
5.48
1.33
6.32
0.68
0.46
1.30
0.67
0.34
0.56
1.30
1.78
0.42
1.26
24.9%
28.5%
..
-1.0%
-21.2%
25.9%
-25.2%
26.7%
-45.1%
-23.8%
76.8%
11.4%
-4.4%
-47.5%
47.6%
31.6%
54.7%
-24.9%
-8.8%
7.47
0.35
6.09
7.88
0.31
6.32
7.68
0.24
5.84
5.60
0.28
4.50
4.97
0.29
4.01
3.77
0.24
3.21
2.53
0.24
2.25
2.65
0.21
2.40
2.67
0.20
2.43
2.65
0.19
2.42
2.52
0.18
2.31
-49.2%
-35.9%
-42.3%
Bangladesh
Brunei Darussalam
Cambodia
Chinese Taipei
India
Indonesia
DPR of Korea
Malaysia
Mongolia
Myanmar
Nepal
Pakistan
Philippines
Singapore
Sri Lanka
Thailand
Vietnam
Other Asia
Asia
People's Rep. of China
Hong Kong, China
China
* Data for individual countries of the Former Soviet Union are not available prior to 1990.
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY
86 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION Highlights (2009 Edition)
CO2 Emissions / GDP using purchasing power parities
kilogrammes CO 2 / US dollar using 2000 prices
1971
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2004
2005
2006
2007
% change
90-07
World *
0.80
0.76
0.72
0.65
0.63
0.58
0.52
0.50
0.49
0.48
0.47
-25.2%
Annex I Parties
Annex II Parties
North America
Europe
Pacific
Annex I EIT
Non-Annex I Parties
..
0.82
1.10
0.64
0.58
..
..
..
0.75
1.01
0.58
0.57
..
..
..
0.67
0.90
0.53
0.49
..
..
..
0.57
0.75
0.46
0.42
..
..
0.62
0.52
0.69
0.40
0.41
1.32
0.59
0.56
0.49
0.64
0.36
0.40
1.34
0.56
0.50
0.45
0.59
0.32
0.40
1.10
0.49
0.47
0.43
0.55
0.32
0.39
0.91
0.50
0.46
0.42
0.53
0.31
0.39
0.86
0.49
0.45
0.41
0.51
0.30
0.38
0.83
0.49
0.44
0.40
0.51
0.29
0.38
0.77
0.48
-29.7%
-22.9%
-26.2%
-27.7%
-7.0%
-41.4%
-19.8%
..
..
..
..
0.59
0.52
0.46
0.44
0.43
0.42
0.40
-32.0%
Non-OECD Total
0.71
0.73
0.73
0.71
0.76
0.66
0.56
0.55
0.54
0.53
0.51
-32.5%
OECD Total
0.81
0.74
0.68
0.58
0.53
0.50
0.45
0.43
0.42
0.41
0.40
-23.5%
Canada
Mexico
United States
OECD N. America
0.98
0.30
1.11
1.05
0.91
0.33
1.02
0.95
0.86
0.36
0.91
0.85
0.71
0.39
0.76
0.72
0.66
0.42
0.69
0.66
0.65
0.41
0.64
0.63
0.61
0.36
0.58
0.57
0.57
0.36
0.54
0.53
0.56
0.37
0.53
0.52
0.53
0.37
0.51
0.50
0.55
0.37
0.50
0.50
-17.1%
-10.4%
-27.0%
-25.4%
Australia
Japan
Korea
New Zealand
OECD Pacific
0.67
0.58
0.52
0.31
0.58
0.76
0.54
0.58
0.33
0.57
0.75
0.45
0.67
0.33
0.50
0.69
0.39
0.57
0.33
0.44
0.70
0.37
0.54
0.35
0.42
0.66
0.37
0.58
0.35
0.43
0.65
0.36
0.56
0.40
0.43
0.61
0.36
0.52
0.38
0.42
0.62
0.35
0.49
0.38
0.41
0.61
0.34
0.47
0.38
0.40
0.59
0.34
0.46
0.35
0.40
-15.6%
-8.1%
-14.3%
-0.7%
-6.5%
Austria
Belgium
Czech Republic
Denmark
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
Ireland
Italy
Luxembourg
Netherlands
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Slovak Republic
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Turkey
United Kingdom
OECD Europe
0.46
0.84
1.45
0.69
0.69
0.59
0.92
0.25
0.92
0.48
0.87
0.43
2.20
0.61
0.40
1.36
0.23
1.05
0.34
0.61
0.26
0.24
0.81
0.68
0.41
0.72
1.29
0.62
0.64
0.51
0.84
0.28
0.83
0.45
0.69
0.41
1.53
0.59
0.34
1.26
0.24
1.03
0.35
0.52
0.24
0.27
0.69
0.62
0.39
0.67
1.25
0.65
0.68
0.46
0.77
0.30
0.82
0.36
0.67
0.37
1.35
0.56
0.32
1.47
0.25
1.17
0.39
0.45
0.24
0.29
0.63
0.59
0.35
0.52
1.22
0.55
0.52
0.34
0.69
0.36
0.73
0.30
0.60
0.33
0.99
0.51
0.26
1.48
0.25
1.06
0.34
0.33
0.23
0.30
0.54
0.51
0.31
0.47
1.04
0.42
0.50
0.28
0.55
0.44
0.58
0.30
0.56
0.32
0.73
0.46
0.25
1.23
0.30
1.03
0.32
0.26
0.20
0.31
0.46
0.44
0.30
0.47
0.87
0.43
0.53
0.27
0.45
0.43
0.56
0.31
0.48
0.31
0.47
0.45
0.24
1.07
0.34
0.81
0.33
0.28
0.20
0.32
0.40
0.40
0.27
0.42
0.79
0.32
0.41
0.25
0.39
0.43
0.43
0.26
0.38
0.29
0.34
0.37
0.21
0.72
0.34
0.63
0.33
0.21
0.18
0.34
0.34
0.35
0.30
0.39
0.70
0.32
0.46
0.24
0.39
0.39
0.38
0.24
0.31
0.30
0.41
0.38
0.21
0.65
0.33
0.53
0.34
0.20
0.19
0.31
0.32
0.34
0.30
0.37
0.65
0.29
0.37
0.23
0.37
0.39
0.36
0.22
0.31
0.30
0.40
0.37
0.20
0.63
0.34
0.51
0.34
0.18
0.18
0.29
0.31
0.33
0.29
0.35
0.61
0.33
0.42
0.22
0.36
0.37
0.35
0.21
0.30
0.29
0.38
0.35
0.19
0.61
0.30
0.46
0.32
0.17
0.18
0.30
0.30
0.32
0.26
0.33
0.58
0.29
0.39
0.21
0.34
0.36
0.33
0.22
0.28
0.28
0.34
0.34
0.19
0.57
0.29
0.41
0.32
0.15
0.16
0.32
0.29
0.31
-16.5%
-30.8%
-43.6%
-30.7%
-21.5%
-23.9%
-37.2%
-17.1%
-42.2%
-27.5%
-50.5%
-12.9%
-53.0%
-25.4%
-22.9%
-53.6%
-2.0%
-60.5%
0.5%
-40.7%
-18.1%
4.4%
-38.4%
-29.6%
..
..
..
..
0.47
0.42
0.36
0.35
0.34
0.33
0.32
-33.2%
Annex I Kyoto Parties
European Union - 27
* The ratio for the world has been calculated to include international marine bunkers and international aviation bunkers.
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY
CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION Highlights (2009 Edition) - 87
CO2 Emissions / GDP using purchasing power parities
kilogrammes CO 2 / US dollar using 2000 prices
1971
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2004
2005
2006
2007
% change
90-07
Non-OECD Total
0.71
0.73
0.73
0.71
0.76
0.66
0.56
0.55
0.54
0.53
0.51
-32.5%
Algeria
Angola
Benin
Botswana
Cameroon
Congo
Dem. Rep. of Congo
Côte d'Ivoire
Egypt
Eritrea
Ethiopia
Gabon
Ghana
Kenya
Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
Morocco
Mozambique
Namibia
Nigeria
Senegal
South Africa
Sudan
United Rep. of Tanzania
Togo
Tunisia
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Other Africa
Africa
0.17
0.11
0.12
..
0.08
0.51
0.05
0.18
0.41
..
0.05
0.17
0.09
0.38
0.08
0.18
0.27
..
0.11
0.16
0.84
0.20
0.22
0.10
0.25
0.55
0.49
0.08
0.34
0.18
0.13
0.17
..
0.08
0.42
0.05
0.19
0.45
..
0.04
0.13
0.12
0.34
0.24
0.21
0.26
..
0.20
0.19
0.88
0.17
0.18
0.08
0.24
0.63
0.42
0.09
0.38
0.27
0.18
0.12
..
0.09
0.41
0.06
0.17
0.46
..
0.04
0.24
0.11
0.31
0.31
0.23
0.25
..
0.37
0.22
0.77
0.17
0.17
0.07
0.29
0.47
0.43
0.11
0.38
0.33
0.18
0.11
0.34
0.09
0.26
0.06
0.15
0.52
..
0.04
0.28
0.11
0.27
0.44
0.23
0.20
..
0.52
0.20
0.77
0.18
0.15
0.06
0.29
0.39
0.42
0.09
0.40
0.38
0.21
0.06
0.36
0.11
0.22
0.06
0.12
0.51
..
0.05
0.14
0.11
0.24
0.68
0.22
0.11
..
0.36
0.17
0.79
0.19
0.13
0.10
0.32
0.33
0.56
0.10
0.41
0.40
0.27
0.04
0.34
0.11
0.16
0.06
0.14
0.46
0.22
0.05
0.18
0.11
0.26
0.81
0.27
0.10
0.19
0.33
0.19
0.82
0.13
0.17
0.10
0.31
0.28
0.49
0.12
0.42
0.38
0.25
0.20
0.29
0.10
0.16
0.07
0.23
0.46
0.17
0.06
0.19
0.13
0.28
0.85
0.25
0.08
0.17
0.39
0.23
0.77
0.11
0.15
0.13
0.30
0.20
0.40
0.10
0.40
0.38
0.32
0.29
0.22
0.09
0.21
0.06
0.21
0.51
0.17
0.07
0.22
0.14
0.25
0.76
0.25
0.08
0.20
0.36
0.24
0.76
0.15
0.17
0.13
0.28
0.20
0.38
0.11
0.40
0.38
0.21
0.30
0.22
0.09
0.22
0.06
0.22
0.54
0.15
0.07
0.26
0.13
0.27
0.71
0.27
0.06
0.20
0.39
0.23
0.71
0.15
0.21
0.12
0.26
0.20
0.43
0.11
0.39
0.39
0.22
0.34
0.23
0.09
0.25
0.06
0.22
0.53
0.13
0.06
0.26
0.16
0.28
0.67
0.26
0.06
0.21
0.34
0.22
0.67
0.15
0.22
0.11
0.25
0.20
0.43
0.11
0.38
0.40
0.22
0.34
0.23
0.13
0.27
0.06
0.19
0.52
0.12
0.07
0.30
0.16
0.27
0.64
0.26
0.07
0.21
0.32
0.20
0.67
0.13
0.19
0.10
0.24
0.20
0.44
0.11
0.37
5.3%
4.9%
488.4%
-37.7%
18.3%
21.7%
7.4%
49.4%
2.8%
..
22.2%
106.6%
50.7%
10.2%
-5.3%
16.7%
-39.2%
..
-11.5%
15.6%
-15.4%
-31.3%
50.9%
7.5%
-23.6%
-40.1%
-21.9%
4.2%
-8.8%
Bahrain
Islamic Rep. of Iran
Iraq
Israel
Jordan
Kuwait
Lebanon
Oman
Qatar
Saudi Arabia
Syrian Arab Republic
United Arab Emirates
Yemen
Middle East
1.74
0.24
0.18
0.36
0.27
0.64
0.38
0.05
0.28
0.17
0.61
0.28
0.58
0.28
1.66
0.31
0.18
0.33
0.43
0.76
0.47
0.11
0.60
0.14
0.54
0.22
0.60
0.29
1.42
0.44
0.24
0.31
0.42
0.97
0.65
0.27
0.82
0.44
0.58
0.41
0.67
0.44
2.14
0.58
0.52
0.34
0.57
1.51
0.54
0.32
1.55
0.71
0.78
0.87
0.66
0.65
1.92
0.68
1.17
0.38
0.75
0.84
0.79
0.51
1.83
0.75
0.96
1.13
0.75
0.76
1.37
0.82
4.16
0.38
0.71
1.05
0.87
0.55
2.09
0.83
0.81
1.29
0.83
0.87
1.35
0.82
2.31
0.36
0.71
1.17
0.87
0.64
1.53
0.89
0.86
1.23
0.90
0.87
1.29
0.82
3.25
0.37
0.66
1.16
0.78
0.69
1.58
0.95
0.76
1.20
1.00
0.89
1.29
0.82
3.15
0.35
0.66
1.15
0.80
0.72
1.60
0.95
0.73
1.14
1.04
0.89
1.34
0.86
3.27
0.35
0.63
0.99
0.67
0.74
1.65
0.97
0.74
1.09
1.05
0.89
1.32
0.84
3.21
0.34
0.63
0.94
0.56
0.80
1.67
0.99
0.73
1.15
1.06
0.89
-31.4%
23.1%
173.5%
-8.4%
-16.9%
11.9%
-28.8%
58.3%
-8.7%
32.0%
-23.3%
1.9%
41.8%
17.9%
Albania
Bosnia and Herzegovina *
Bulgaria
Croatia *
Cyprus
Gibraltar
FYR of Macedonia *
Malta
Romania
Serbia *
Slovenia *
Former Yugoslavia *
Non-OECD Europe
0.73
..
2.52
..
0.57
0.25
..
0.59
1.71
..
..
0.87
1.41
0.67
..
2.12
..
0.60
0.23
..
0.38
1.39
..
..
0.84
1.25
0.87
..
1.83
..
0.53
0.25
..
0.34
1.20
..
..
0.73
1.09
0.74
..
1.50
..
0.43
0.23
..
0.36
1.01
..
..
0.99
1.05
0.63
4.16
1.29
0.45
0.43
0.29
0.64
0.54
1.06
1.64
0.46
..
1.03
0.21
0.55
1.05
0.46
0.47
0.49
0.78
0.42
0.83
1.20
0.50
..
0.79
0.28
0.67
0.86
0.43
0.46
0.51
0.69
0.30
0.65
1.16
0.40
..
0.66
0.25
0.60
0.76
0.41
0.45
0.50
0.68
0.37
0.55
1.25
0.39
..
0.61
0.31
0.60
0.72
0.40
0.44
0.50
0.68
0.37
0.53
1.06
0.38
..
0.57
0.27
0.62
0.70
0.38
0.43
0.51
0.65
0.35
0.50
1.07
0.36
..
0.56
0.24
0.61
0.70
0.38
0.43
0.51
0.64
0.35
0.46
1.03
0.34
..
0.53
-61.1%
-85.2%
-45.3%
-14.7%
0.0%
73.6%
0.3%
-34.5%
-56.7%
-37.2%
-25.2%
..
-48.2%
* Data for individual countries of the Former Yugoslavia are not available prior to 1990.
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY
88 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION Highlights (2009 Edition)
CO2 Emissions / GDP using purchasing power parities
kilogrammes CO 2 / US dollar using 2000 prices
1971
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2004
2005
2006
2007
% change
90-07
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Belarus
Estonia
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyzstan
Latvia
Lithuania
Republic of Moldova
Russian Federation
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Ukraine
Uzbekistan
Former Soviet Union *
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
1.20
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
1.23
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
1.20
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
1.13
1.86
1.92
2.14
2.66
1.14
2.54
2.06
0.73
0.77
1.90
1.43
1.01
2.31
1.51
3.18
1.54
0.59
2.22
1.71
1.67
0.99
2.92
0.82
0.61
0.57
1.72
1.67
1.08
2.74
1.79
3.32
1.75
0.46
1.47
1.17
1.13
0.46
1.91
0.62
0.36
0.37
1.15
1.48
0.95
2.35
1.47
3.15
1.48
0.30
1.01
0.96
0.96
0.27
1.60
0.64
0.29
0.31
1.02
1.17
0.85
1.36
1.12
2.58
1.17
0.31
0.85
0.88
0.86
0.29
1.56
0.61
0.27
0.30
0.99
1.11
0.83
1.32
1.07
2.28
1.10
0.28
0.60
0.84
0.74
0.30
1.58
0.57
0.25
0.29
0.89
1.07
0.85
1.21
1.01
2.19
1.05
0.28
0.44
0.76
0.82
0.31
1.49
0.58
0.24
0.28
0.87
0.99
0.87
1.19
0.95
2.01
0.98
-84.9%
-77.2%
-64.4%
-69.2%
-72.8%
-41.2%
-71.9%
-67.1%
-64.0%
-54.1%
-30.8%
-13.9%
-48.7%
-37.1%
-36.8%
-36.5%
Argentina
Bolivia
Brazil
Chile
Colombia
Costa Rica
Cuba
Dominican Republic
Ecuador
El Salvador
Guatemala
Haiti
Honduras
Jamaica
Netherlands Antilles
Nicaragua
Panama
Paraguay
Peru
Trinidad and Tobago
Uruguay
Venezuela
Other Latin America
Latin America
0.32
0.22
0.22
0.48
0.28
0.14
0.52
0.25
0.25
0.08
0.14
0.03
0.14
0.84
..
0.12
0.37
0.09
0.24
0.95
0.32
0.64
0.50
0.30
0.30
0.26
0.23
0.46
0.24
0.15
0.59
0.27
0.30
0.10
0.15
0.04
0.15
1.06
..
0.12
0.41
0.08
0.23
0.79
0.31
0.68
0.67
0.29
0.29
0.32
0.21
0.41
0.22
0.14
0.57
0.25
0.39
0.09
0.15
0.04
0.13
1.10
3.74
0.14
0.31
0.10
0.23
0.74
0.25
0.88
0.49
0.29
0.30
0.36
0.19
0.36
0.22
0.13
0.40
0.23
0.42
0.10
0.12
0.05
0.12
0.77
2.05
0.14
0.23
0.09
0.20
1.00
0.17
0.95
0.43
0.28
0.35
0.40
0.20
0.43
0.21
0.14
0.37
0.24
0.40
0.12
0.11
0.06
0.13
0.94
1.16
0.17
0.23
0.10
0.23
1.33
0.17
0.92
0.46
0.29
0.30
0.49
0.21
0.36
0.22
0.18
0.42
0.30
0.43
0.19
0.16
0.08
0.19
0.90
1.03
0.21
0.29
0.15
0.22
1.34
0.17
0.88
0.46
0.29
0.31
0.38
0.24
0.40
0.21
0.14
0.38
0.31
0.47
0.18
0.20
0.11
0.20
1.05
1.49
0.23
0.26
0.15
0.22
1.54
0.18
0.91
0.43
0.31
0.32
0.42
0.23
0.38
0.18
0.15
0.36
0.30
0.46
0.18
0.21
0.15
0.26
1.07
1.45
0.24
0.27
0.15
0.20
1.37
0.19
0.89
0.45
0.29
0.30
0.46
0.23
0.37
0.17
0.14
0.31
0.26
0.46
0.18
0.21
0.16
0.25
1.04
1.48
0.23
0.26
0.14
0.19
1.35
0.17
0.86
0.45
0.29
0.30
0.42
0.22
0.37
0.16
0.14
0.27
0.25
0.47
0.17
0.20
0.16
0.22
1.14
1.44
0.21
0.27
0.14
0.17
1.40
0.19
0.82
0.44
0.28
0.28
0.49
0.22
0.37
0.14
0.14
0.27
0.24
0.49
0.18
0.20
0.18
0.26
1.32
1.53
0.23
0.24
0.13
0.17
1.43
0.16
0.76
0.45
0.27
-20.2%
22.4%
11.5%
-13.2%
-30.4%
5.5%
-27.8%
-0.5%
23.2%
50.5%
83.2%
172.0%
95.2%
41.3%
31.3%
36.8%
7.7%
28.0%
-25.8%
7.7%
-5.7%
-18.0%
-1.4%
-4.7%
Bangladesh
Brunei Darussalam
Cambodia
Chinese Taipei
India
Indonesia
DPR of Korea
Malaysia
Mongolia
Myanmar
Nepal
Pakistan
Philippines
Singapore
Sri Lanka
Thailand
Vietnam
Other Asia
Asia
0.04
0.15
..
0.58
0.32
0.23
6.35
0.44
..
0.28
0.02
0.27
0.20
0.55
0.16
0.27
0.39
0.23
0.34
0.07
0.43
..
0.58
0.34
0.26
4.61
0.42
..
0.22
0.03
0.29
0.20
0.57
0.13
0.27
0.40
0.26
0.36
0.08
0.50
..
0.59
0.36
0.32
3.68
0.42
..
0.21
0.04
0.27
0.17
0.57
0.14
0.29
0.34
0.37
0.38
0.09
0.67
..
0.43
0.40
0.30
2.75
0.46
3.29
0.19
0.03
0.29
0.15
0.53
0.11
0.26
0.28
0.19
0.38
0.11
0.75
..
0.44
0.42
0.35
2.08
0.48
2.97
0.15
0.04
0.33
0.17
0.63
0.09
0.31
0.23
0.19
0.39
0.13
0.97
0.09
0.43
0.43
0.33
1.74
0.50
2.72
0.19
0.07
0.36
0.23
0.55
0.11
0.37
0.25
0.16
0.39
0.13
0.90
0.11
0.45
0.41
0.44
1.80
0.57
2.09
0.15
0.09
0.37
0.23
0.40
0.16
0.41
0.28
0.17
0.39
0.14
0.90
0.11
0.46
0.36
0.44
1.82
0.57
1.71
0.12
0.07
0.37
0.20
0.36
0.16
0.45
0.38
0.18
0.38
0.14
0.88
0.10
0.46
0.34
0.44
1.87
0.62
1.66
0.14
0.08
0.35
0.19
0.37
0.16
0.43
0.36
0.17
0.36
0.14
0.96
0.10
0.45
0.34
0.43
1.86
0.61
1.70
0.11
0.08
0.36
0.17
0.34
0.14
0.42
0.35
0.16
0.36
0.14
0.97
0.10
0.43
0.33
0.45
1.56
0.61
1.63
0.11
0.08
0.37
0.17
0.33
0.14
0.41
0.35
0.17
0.35
24.9%
28.6%
..
-1.0%
-21.2%
25.9%
-25.2%
26.7%
-45.1%
-23.8%
76.8%
11.4%
-4.4%
-47.5%
47.5%
31.7%
54.7%
-12.6%
-10.4%
People's Rep. of China
Hong Kong, China
China
1.80
0.34
1.72
1.90
0.30
1.80
1.85
0.24
1.73
1.35
0.27
1.28
1.20
0.28
1.14
0.91
0.23
0.88
0.61
0.23
0.60
0.64
0.20
0.63
0.64
0.19
0.63
0.64
0.18
0.63
0.61
0.18
0.60
-49.2%
-35.9%
-47.7%
* Data for individual countries of the Former Soviet Union are not available prior to 1990.
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY
CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION Highlights (2009 Edition) - 89
CO2 emissions / population
tonnes CO 2 / capita
1971
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2004
2005
2006
2007
% change
90-07
3.75
3.86
4.07
3.86
3.99
3.84
3.87
4.13
4.20
4.29
4.38
9.8%
..
12.21
20.16
8.63
7.59
..
..
..
12.18
19.81
8.56
8.19
..
..
..
12.63
20.17
9.08
8.20
..
..
..
11.81
18.72
8.35
7.97
..
..
11.81
12.26
19.06
8.37
9.35
12.37
1.59
10.90
12.32
18.92
8.17
9.88
8.85
1.78
11.15
12.89
19.88
8.26
10.35
8.16
1.85
11.26
12.91
19.42
8.48
10.62
8.50
2.21
11.23
12.84
19.29
8.34
10.76
8.53
2.32
11.17
12.63
18.79
8.30
10.67
8.82
2.45
11.21
12.64
18.93
8.10
10.90
8.88
2.56
-5.1%
3.1%
-0.7%
-3.3%
16.5%
-28.2%
61.7%
..
..
..
..
10.22
9.00
8.93
9.20
9.17
9.21
9.21
-9.9%
1.48
1.73
1.97
2.02
2.21
2.08
2.06
2.41
2.51
2.65
2.75
24.9%
OECD Total
10.59
10.61
11.05
10.35
10.61
10.62
11.06
11.08
11.05
10.93
10.97
3.4%
Canada
Mexico
United States
OECD N. America
15.46
1.95
20.66
16.91
16.30
2.45
20.19
16.48
17.41
3.23
20.47
16.67
15.56
3.42
19.06
15.39
15.61
3.61
19.44
15.56
15.88
3.40
19.26
15.27
17.36
3.63
20.16
16.00
17.21
3.65
19.66
15.63
17.22
3.89
19.52
15.59
16.47
3.99
19.05
15.24
17.37
4.14
19.10
15.38
11.3%
14.9%
-1.8%
-1.1%
Australia
Japan
Korea
New Zealand
OECD Pacific
10.92
7.24
1.58
4.80
6.30
12.89
7.68
2.18
5.52
6.90
14.05
7.54
3.26
5.22
7.11
13.90
7.25
3.76
5.99
7.02
15.13
8.63
5.35
6.34
8.43
15.68
9.14
8.09
6.62
9.46
17.57
9.31
9.17
8.36
10.07
18.20
9.48
9.97
8.75
10.46
18.80
9.53
9.75
8.84
10.52
18.78
9.41
9.87
8.99
10.48
18.75
9.68
10.09
8.48
10.70
23.9%
12.2%
88.6%
33.7%
26.9%
Austria
Belgium
Czech Republic
Denmark
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
Ireland
Italy
Luxembourg
Netherlands
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Slovak Republic
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Turkey
United Kingdom
OECD Europe
6.49
12.09
15.35
11.09
8.62
8.24
12.49
2.80
6.00
6.79
7.29
5.42
45.11
9.82
6.02
8.74
1.66
8.57
3.49
10.18
6.14
1.14
11.15
8.12
6.62
11.82
15.17
10.37
9.42
7.99
12.40
3.75
6.87
7.37
6.64
5.76
33.69
10.31
6.01
9.94
1.97
9.25
4.39
9.69
5.73
1.48
10.31
8.16
7.37
12.75
15.98
12.21
11.54
8.37
13.48
4.62
7.97
7.62
7.62
6.38
32.75
10.82
6.85
11.61
2.41
11.10
4.99
8.84
6.14
1.60
10.14
8.71
7.18
10.34
16.31
11.83
9.91
6.37
13.06
5.41
7.77
6.71
7.45
6.14
27.03
10.13
6.54
11.28
2.44
10.54
4.55
7.04
6.34
1.88
9.63
8.08
7.32
10.82
15.00
9.80
10.91
6.05
11.98
6.78
6.43
7.37
8.74
7.01
27.40
10.48
6.67
9.04
3.93
10.71
5.28
6.16
5.99
2.26
9.66
7.85
7.39
11.36
11.99
11.02
10.97
5.95
10.65
6.84
5.54
7.30
9.17
7.21
19.92
11.08
7.53
8.66
4.82
7.61
5.93
6.52
5.85
2.48
8.95
7.54
7.66
11.57
11.88
9.34
10.42
6.20
10.06
7.99
5.30
7.60
10.84
7.44
18.27
10.87
7.50
7.63
5.82
6.92
7.05
5.95
5.81
2.97
8.93
7.53
8.99
11.19
11.95
9.38
12.79
6.17
10.22
8.43
5.53
7.62
10.38
7.74
23.92
11.37
7.99
7.73
5.70
6.93
7.67
5.96
5.97
2.89
8.95
7.67
8.99
10.75
11.70
8.73
10.49
6.18
9.84
8.56
5.56
7.36
10.53
7.74
24.11
11.19
7.67
7.71
5.94
7.07
7.83
5.58
6.00
3.00
8.87
7.58
8.92
10.40
11.77
10.14
12.67
5.99
10.00
8.44
5.53
7.31
10.62
7.73
23.64
10.91
7.72
8.02
5.32
6.95
7.54
5.29
5.91
3.28
8.84
7.60
8.38
9.97
11.83
9.24
12.19
5.81
9.71
8.74
5.36
7.53
10.13
7.38
22.35
11.13
7.85
7.99
5.20
6.82
7.68
5.05
5.62
3.59
8.60
7.48
14.5%
-7.8%
-21.1%
-5.7%
11.7%
-4.0%
-19.0%
28.8%
-16.7%
2.2%
16.0%
5.2%
-18.4%
6.2%
17.7%
-11.6%
32.4%
-36.3%
45.6%
-18.1%
-6.2%
58.8%
-10.9%
-4.7%
..
..
..
..
8.58
8.04
7.93
8.17
8.07
8.07
7.92
-7.8%
World *
Annex I Parties
Annex II Parties
North America
Europe
Pacific
Annex I EIT
Non-Annex I Parties
Annex I Kyoto Parties
Non-OECD Total
European Union - 27
* The ratio for the world has been calculated to include international marine bunkers and international aviation bunkers.
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY
90 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION Highlights (2009 Edition)
CO2 emissions / population
tonnes CO 2 / capita
1971
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2004
2005
2006
2007
% change
90-07
Non-OECD Total
1.48
1.73
1.97
2.02
2.21
2.08
2.06
2.41
2.51
2.65
2.75
24.9%
Algeria
Angola
Benin
Botswana
Cameroon
Congo
Dem. Rep. of Congo
Côte d'Ivoire
Egypt
Eritrea
Ethiopia
Gabon
Ghana
Kenya
Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
Morocco
Mozambique
Namibia
Nigeria
Senegal
South Africa
Sudan
United Rep. of Tanzania
Togo
Tunisia
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Other Africa
Africa
0.61
0.27
0.10
..
0.10
0.42
0.12
0.43
0.57
..
0.04
0.87
0.21
0.32
1.79
0.45
0.30
..
0.11
0.27
7.69
0.22
0.11
0.15
0.71
0.78
1.34
0.11
0.72
0.88
0.29
0.14
..
0.13
0.43
0.11
0.46
0.66
..
0.03
1.26
0.23
0.32
3.72
0.58
0.22
..
0.19
0.31
8.46
0.20
0.09
0.13
0.85
0.87
1.17
0.12
0.81
1.51
0.34
0.11
..
0.18
0.45
0.11
0.40
0.97
..
0.04
1.87
0.20
0.34
6.06
0.72
0.19
..
0.38
0.34
7.78
0.19
0.09
0.13
1.23
0.56
1.09
0.15
0.86
1.95
0.31
0.11
1.34
0.23
0.40
0.10
0.29
1.33
..
0.03
2.14
0.16
0.28
5.84
0.76
0.11
..
0.40
0.31
7.32
0.18
0.07
0.09
1.32
0.40
1.08
0.12
0.87
2.05
0.38
0.05
2.15
0.22
0.29
0.08
0.21
1.44
..
0.04
0.98
0.17
0.27
6.27
0.81
0.08
..
0.31
0.25
7.24
0.21
0.07
0.14
1.48
0.32
1.53
0.13
0.86
1.97
0.32
0.04
2.13
0.18
0.19
0.05
0.21
1.38
0.24
0.04
1.26
0.19
0.27
7.27
0.96
0.07
1.09
0.28
0.27
7.08
0.15
0.08
0.13
1.60
0.22
1.26
0.13
0.83
2.05
0.37
0.20
2.42
0.18
0.18
0.04
0.36
1.66
0.16
0.05
1.17
0.25
0.29
7.42
0.99
0.07
1.00
0.33
0.35
6.78
0.16
0.08
0.18
1.88
0.16
1.00
0.12
0.84
2.28
0.55
0.29
2.26
0.17
0.25
0.04
0.30
1.93
0.16
0.06
1.33
0.28
0.25
7.54
1.16
0.08
1.34
0.36
0.39
7.28
0.26
0.10
0.17
1.99
0.18
0.74
0.14
0.90
2.39
0.44
0.30
2.35
0.16
0.28
0.04
0.31
2.09
0.13
0.06
1.64
0.29
0.28
7.18
1.30
0.07
1.40
0.39
0.39
7.05
0.26
0.13
0.16
1.92
0.19
0.79
0.13
0.90
2.45
0.53
0.34
2.43
0.17
0.32
0.04
0.31
2.16
0.11
0.07
1.63
0.37
0.31
7.04
1.30
0.08
1.47
0.36
0.37
7.00
0.29
0.14
0.14
1.95
0.19
0.75
0.14
0.90
2.53
0.63
0.35
2.53
0.25
0.34
0.04
0.26
2.24
0.11
0.08
1.92
0.38
0.30
7.01
1.32
0.09
1.54
0.35
0.34
7.27
0.28
0.13
0.14
2.00
0.20
0.70
0.15
0.92
23.8%
64.6%
608.4%
17.8%
14.7%
16.4%
-49.9%
27.4%
55.6%
..
74.5%
95.7%
120.5%
12.6%
11.8%
62.8%
15.1%
..
12.5%
34.2%
0.4%
32.8%
100.4%
-5.4%
34.6%
-38.0%
-54.4%
15.4%
6.4%
13.21
1.41
1.26
4.69
0.83
29.21
1.85
0.33
18.26
2.22
1.03
9.71
0.18
1.87
19.53
2.26
1.40
4.94
1.15
22.74
2.06
0.78
28.64
3.26
1.36
9.67
0.24
2.46
21.31
2.36
2.44
5.05
1.93
22.40
2.36
1.88
33.94
10.55
1.68
18.28
0.41
3.71
25.16
3.11
2.79
5.79
2.78
22.09
2.65
3.57
34.53
10.02
2.18
25.67
0.47
4.37
23.73
3.22
2.91
7.20
2.90
11.46
2.15
5.39
30.98
9.85
2.44
29.11
0.52
4.47
20.11
4.23
3.67
8.35
2.89
22.76
3.60
6.63
36.31
11.05
2.64
29.02
0.60
5.41
21.74
4.77
3.61
8.83
2.98
22.90
3.76
8.23
39.34
12.15
2.77
26.50
0.73
5.88
23.68
5.59
3.34
8.95
3.16
27.24
3.85
10.10
45.53
13.48
2.60
27.24
0.84
6.50
25.03
5.79
3.27
8.82
3.31
29.33
3.94
11.15
46.81
13.92
2.53
26.80
0.89
6.67
27.31
6.28
3.31
8.89
3.30
25.66
3.28
12.02
51.13
14.36
2.61
27.24
0.91
6.91
28.23
6.56
3.33
9.19
3.35
25.09
2.77
13.79
58.01
14.79
2.70
29.91
0.92
7.19
19.0%
103.6%
14.1%
27.5%
15.5%
119.0%
29.0%
156.0%
87.3%
50.1%
10.9%
2.8%
75.8%
60.7%
1.78
..
7.36
..
2.86
3.51
..
2.00
5.61
..
..
3.16
4.74
1.85
..
8.28
..
3.39
3.37
..
1.97
6.62
..
..
3.63
5.46
2.84
..
9.46
..
5.07
3.99
..
2.71
7.93
..
..
4.05
6.38
2.43
..
9.07
..
5.13
4.17
..
3.34
7.63
..
..
5.48
6.71
1.90
5.49
8.60
4.51
6.62
6.13
4.46
6.35
7.20
6.19
6.57
..
6.48
0.59
1.01
6.36
3.39
8.03
11.97
4.17
6.22
5.16
4.05
6.95
..
4.57
1.03
3.70
5.21
3.92
9.04
13.94
4.20
5.40
3.84
5.20
7.02
..
4.29
1.12
3.97
5.82
4.59
9.28
15.26
4.17
6.41
4.22
6.82
7.70
..
4.89
1.45
4.14
5.92
4.66
9.23
15.59
4.34
6.68
4.24
6.08
7.80
..
4.83
1.30
4.56
6.13
4.67
9.14
16.24
4.32
6.33
4.39
6.48
7.92
..
5.00
1.27
4.77
6.57
4.96
9.34
16.79
4.48
6.65
4.27
6.73
7.89
..
5.10
-33.4%
-13.1%
-23.5%
10.0%
41.1%
173.7%
0.4%
4.8%
-40.7%
8.8%
20.0%
..
-21.3%
Bahrain
Islamic Rep. of Iran
Iraq
Israel
Jordan
Kuwait
Lebanon
Oman
Qatar
Saudi Arabia
Syrian Arab Republic
United Arab Emirates
Yemen
Middle East
Albania
Bosnia and Herzegovina *
Bulgaria
Croatia *
Cyprus
Gibraltar
FYR of Macedonia *
Malta
Romania
Serbia *
Slovenia *
Former Yugoslavia *
Non-OECD Europe
* Data for individual countries of the Former Yugoslavia are not available prior to 1990.
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY
CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION Highlights (2009 Edition) - 91
CO2 emissions / population
tonnes CO 2 / capita
1971
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
2004
2005
2006
2007
% change
90-07
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
8.15
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
10.09
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
11.49
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
11.51
5.77
9.08
11.40
23.06
5.25
14.46
5.14
6.87
8.95
6.88
14.70
2.20
12.71
13.26
5.84
12.64
1.06
4.10
5.93
11.14
1.40
10.56
1.01
3.49
3.90
2.49
10.69
0.82
8.21
7.63
4.46
8.39
1.10
3.65
5.61
10.57
0.93
8.29
0.93
2.87
3.20
1.56
10.35
0.68
8.04
5.94
4.72
7.72
1.14
3.62
6.14
12.26
0.73
10.29
1.11
3.23
3.70
1.91
10.60
0.84
8.24
6.59
4.47
8.06
1.37
3.81
6.22
12.00
0.87
10.91
1.05
3.29
3.96
2.03
10.70
0.87
8.56
6.50
4.20
8.12
1.38
3.56
6.58
11.36
0.99
12.13
1.01
3.50
4.02
1.94
11.14
0.94
8.43
6.63
4.26
8.43
1.60
3.22
6.46
13.45
1.17
12.30
1.09
3.66
4.28
1.98
11.21
1.02
9.13
6.77
4.22
8.50
-72.4%
-64.6%
-43.3%
-41.7%
-77.8%
-14.9%
-78.8%
-46.7%
-52.2%
-71.2%
-23.8%
-53.5%
-28.2%
-48.9%
-27.8%
-32.7%
3.41
0.50
0.92
2.14
1.13
0.68
2.08
0.73
0.60
0.35
0.41
0.08
0.40
2.91
89.64
0.60
1.64
0.24
1.15
6.26
1.85
4.70
3.00
1.54
3.30
0.67
1.26
1.63
1.12
0.85
2.70
0.97
0.90
0.48
0.49
0.08
0.42
3.68
61.14
0.65
1.88
0.26
1.22
5.76
1.93
4.93
4.06
1.70
3.41
0.81
1.46
1.90
1.19
0.93
2.90
1.05
1.33
0.37
0.60
0.11
0.46
3.05
50.26
0.55
1.49
0.44
1.19
7.33
1.91
6.12
3.72
1.88
2.92
0.75
1.23
1.61
1.21
0.74
3.03
0.93
1.33
0.35
0.41
0.12
0.39
2.01
25.01
0.48
1.21
0.39
0.93
8.15
1.04
5.45
3.20
1.63
3.08
0.82
1.29
2.48
1.29
0.85
2.60
1.05
1.28
0.42
0.37
0.13
0.44
3.01
14.38
0.44
1.02
0.45
0.88
9.29
1.21
5.32
4.16
1.70
3.39
1.09
1.48
2.87
1.52
1.28
2.02
1.42
1.43
0.83
0.60
0.12
0.63
3.37
14.79
0.53
1.54
0.72
0.99
9.66
1.41
5.37
4.22
1.88
3.77
0.92
1.74
3.63
1.41
1.16
2.22
1.99
1.51
0.85
0.79
0.16
0.72
3.78
22.30
0.69
1.59
0.61
1.03
13.79
1.61
5.21
4.49
2.07
3.81
1.04
1.74
3.88
1.27
1.29
2.33
1.92
1.72
0.88
0.84
0.21
1.00
4.04
22.05
0.76
1.72
0.64
1.07
16.79
1.62
4.90
4.83
2.08
3.85
1.17
1.75
3.90
1.27
1.25
2.24
1.84
1.80
0.89
0.87
0.21
1.02
3.98
22.56
0.75
1.75
0.58
1.04
17.57
1.59
5.14
4.92
2.10
4.07
1.08
1.76
4.03
1.25
1.35
2.18
1.94
1.93
0.86
0.85
0.21
0.92
4.41
22.01
0.72
1.98
0.59
1.01
20.28
1.85
5.32
4.95
2.15
4.12
1.29
1.81
4.28
1.21
1.47
2.32
1.98
2.02
0.91
0.88
0.24
1.15
4.74
23.57
0.79
1.94
0.60
1.09
21.85
1.73
5.24
5.26
2.21
33.6%
58.5%
40.3%
72.6%
-5.9%
73.4%
-10.6%
88.8%
57.6%
114.5%
136.5%
81.3%
163.9%
57.6%
63.9%
77.5%
90.3%
33.1%
23.1%
135.2%
42.9%
-1.6%
26.4%
30.1%
Bangladesh
Brunei Darussalam
Cambodia
Chinese Taipei
India
Indonesia
DPR of Korea
Malaysia
Mongolia
Myanmar
Nepal
Pakistan
Philippines
Singapore
Sri Lanka
Thailand
Vietnam
Other Asia
Asia
0.04
2.93
..
2.08
0.36
0.21
4.61
1.14
..
0.17
0.02
0.27
0.61
2.82
0.22
0.45
0.37
0.29
0.41
0.06
8.74
..
2.63
0.39
0.29
4.77
1.31
..
0.13
0.02
0.29
0.69
3.71
0.20
0.52
0.35
0.33
0.46
0.08
13.64
..
4.04
0.43
0.47
6.12
1.76
..
0.15
0.03
0.32
0.69
5.25
0.25
0.73
0.28
0.50
0.55
0.09
13.16
..
3.71
0.55
0.52
6.75
2.16
6.08
0.16
0.03
0.42
0.51
5.94
0.23
0.80
0.29
0.30
0.64
0.12
13.08
..
5.65
0.69
0.79
5.66
2.74
6.01
0.10
0.05
0.54
0.65
9.45
0.22
1.45
0.26
0.28
0.80
0.16
15.94
0.12
7.41
0.84
1.00
3.45
3.94
4.42
0.16
0.08
0.65
0.86
10.79
0.30
2.46
0.38
0.26
0.96
0.18
13.96
0.19
9.89
0.96
1.28
3.00
4.99
3.68
0.18
0.13
0.71
0.92
9.47
0.55
2.63
0.57
0.27
1.10
0.22
14.18
0.26
11.28
1.03
1.45
3.02
5.55
3.66
0.22
0.10
0.76
0.88
9.44
0.64
3.41
0.98
0.33
1.22
0.24
13.62
0.27
11.54
1.05
1.50
3.14
6.21
3.76
0.28
0.11
0.76
0.85
10.14
0.68
3.40
0.98
0.32
1.25
0.24
15.10
0.29
11.85
1.12
1.54
3.18
6.33
4.12
0.25
0.11
0.80
0.79
9.83
0.60
3.42
1.02
0.31
1.29
0.25
14.97
0.31
12.08
1.18
1.67
2.62
6.68
4.32
0.25
0.11
0.85
0.82
9.80
0.64
3.54
1.10
0.34
1.35
110.3%
14.4%
..
113.7%
69.9%
112.5%
-53.7%
143.4%
-28.1%
155.6%
146.4%
56.6%
26.4%
3.7%
192.5%
144.3%
321.0%
24.0%
69.5%
People's Rep. of China
Hong Kong, China
China
0.95
2.27
0.96
1.15
2.42
1.15
1.43
2.91
1.44
1.62
4.09
1.63
1.95
5.79
1.97
2.48
5.83
2.50
2.41
5.96
2.42
3.51
5.94
3.52
3.88
5.98
3.89
4.27
6.08
4.28
4.57
6.26
4.58
134.5%
8.1%
132.6%
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Belarus
Estonia
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyzstan
Latvia
Lithuania
Republic of Moldova
Russian Federation
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Ukraine
Uzbekistan
Former Soviet Union *
Argentina
Bolivia
Brazil
Chile
Colombia
Costa Rica
Cuba
Dominican Republic
Ecuador
El Salvador
Guatemala
Haiti
Honduras
Jamaica
Netherlands Antilles
Nicaragua
Panama
Paraguay
Peru
Trinidad and Tobago
Uruguay
Venezuela
Other Latin America
Latin America
* Data for individual countries of the Former Soviet Union are not available prior to 1990.
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY
92 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION Highlights (2009 Edition)
Per capita emissions by sector* in 2007
kg CO 2 / capita
Total CO2 Main activity
producer
emissions
from fuel electricity and
heat
combustion
World
Unallocated Other energy
auto- industries**
producers
Manuf.
industries
and
construction
Transport
of which:
road
Other
sectors
4 382
1 650
162
217
865
1 004
731
485
11 215
12 640
18 929
8 098
10 897
8 882
2 563
4 123
4 644
7 527
2 376
4 338
3 309
1 060
567
356
209
395
575
1 288
66
549
642
1 012
412
441
384
138
1 684
1 794
2 207
1 307
2 177
1 565
670
2 846
3 559
5 886
2 160
2 170
1 284
373
2 415
3 094
4 939
2 010
1 928
870
330
1 446
1 644
2 087
1 448
1 196
1 051
257
Annex I Kyoto Parties
9 215
3 088
723
471
1 611
1 983
1 690
1 339
Non-OECD Total
2 754
1 130
122
138
704
381
319
279
OECD Total
10 969
4 029
346
576
1 599
2 990
2 618
1 428
Canada
Mexico
United States
OECD N. America
17 375
4 144
19 098
15 384
3 839
1 101
7 930
5 986
197
232
211
215
2 036
490
900
887
3 078
593
2 112
1 820
4 997
1 397
5 983
4 810
3 859
1 323
5 057
4 072
3 227
331
1 963
1 666
Australia
Japan
Korea
New Zealand
OECD Pacific
18 749
9 677
10 086
8 477
10 702
10 568
3 395
3 717
1 663
4 189
361
591
801
1 199
630
1 015
350
631
304
486
2 265
2 192
1 857
1 275
2 100
3 703
1 874
1 826
3 487
2 088
3 181
1 680
1 671
3 170
1 866
838
1 277
1 253
548
1 210
Austria
Belgium
Czech Republic
Denmark
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
Ireland
Italy
Luxembourg
Netherlands
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Slovak Republic
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Turkey
United Kingdom
OECD Europe
8 378
9 975
11 832
9 243
12 185
5 809
9 706
8 741
5 363
7 526
10 132
7 376
22 347
11 125
7 848
7 994
5 203
6 818
7 681
5 050
5 618
3 586
8 604
7 484
1 252
2 128
5 868
4 002
5 201
489
3 764
4 179
1 892
64
3 080
2 111
2 179
3 021
194
4 111
1 553
1 403
2 374
783
4
1 170
2 841
2 382
660
148
698
224
682
375
632
52
21
143
275
433
492
28
236
282
285
239
84
215
147
501
348
850
460
336
462
473
264
304
385
147
140
312
1 038
2 283
233
244
1 016
423
239
130
101
532
357
1 511
2 572
2 046
982
2 307
1 091
1 425
968
724
2 551
1 188
1 335
3 476
2 356
1 515
1 041
882
1 795
1 227
1 168
833
844
1 000
1 233
2 876
2 355
1 790
2 543
2 569
2 054
1 807
2 036
1 286
3 005
3 267
2 041
13 499
2 130
3 098
1 107
1 765
1 212
2 573
2 466
2 239
649
2 154
1 848
2 725
2 284
1 714
2 382
2 330
1 958
1 712
1 732
1 258
2 748
3 171
1 963
13 421
2 061
2 292
1 067
1 703
1 013
2 242
2 299
2 203
563
1 961
1 717
1 228
2 311
1 094
1 030
953
1 537
1 773
1 121
1 292
1 907
2 314
1 302
2 760
2 088
729
1 266
476
1 107
846
311
2 197
674
1 577
1 317
7 917
2 623
367
372
1 276
1 941
1 814
1 337
Annex I Parties
Annex II Parties
North America
Europe
Pacific
Annex I EIT
Non-Annex I Parties
European Union - 27
* This table shows per capita emissions for the same sectors which are present throughout this publication. In particular, the emissions from electricity
and heat production are shown separately and not reallocated as in the table on pages 95-97.
** Includes emissions from own use in petroleum refining, the manufacture of solid fuels, coal mining, oil and gas extraction and other energy-producing
industries.
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY
CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION Highlights (2009 Edition) - 93
Per capita emissions by sector in 2007
kg CO 2 / capita
Total CO2 Main activity
producer
emissions
from fuel electricity and
heat
combustion
Unallocated Other energy
autoindustries
producers
Manuf.
industries
and
construction
Transport
of which:
road
Other
sectors
Non-OECD Total
2 754
1 130
122
138
704
381
319
279
Algeria
Angola
Benin
Botswana
Cameroon
Congo
Dem. Rep. of Congo
Côte d'Ivoire
Egypt
Eritrea
Ethiopia
Gabon
Ghana
Kenya
Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
Morocco
Mozambique
Namibia
Nigeria
Senegal
South Africa
Sudan
United Rep. of Tanzania
Togo
Tunisia
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Other Africa
Africa
2 532
626
347
2 528
251
335
39
262
2 235
105
75
1 922
383
304
7 007
1 323
92
1 536
347
342
7 266
282
134
136
1 995
199
695
145
920
644
31
8
848
22
11
107
747
38
2
417
107
55
3 530
459
81
64
104
4 435
61
22
11
714
2
393
39
385
12
3
2
254
71
2
201
69
17
188
3
1
83
3
11
18
319
14
10
8
174
20
5
16
432
12
76
2
77
13
21
6
4
46
350
168
18
475
13
7
13
23
578
5
19
701
44
43
1 032
202
18
125
33
50
994
26
18
7
331
85
112
20
150
585
251
211
854
113
299
9
67
478
25
44
377
162
149
1 606
319
65
914
144
139
973
162
75
97
464
86
87
49
209
505
209
211
832
108
227
9
56
437
25
44
377
151
86
1 605
319
59
819
144
123
899
161
75
97
452
78
81
48
194
622
159
108
97
21
18
17
57
258
36
10
205
65
40
407
263
9
415
30
30
599
21
15
20
383
16
100
27
113
Bahrain
Islamic Rep. of Iran
Iraq
Israel
Jordan
Kuwait
Lebanon
Oman
Qatar
Saudi Arabia
Syrian Arab Republic
United Arab Emirates
Yemen
Middle East
28 233
6 560
3 325
9 187
3 353
25 094
2 770
13 789
58 008
14 792
2 701
29 915
918
7 189
12 264
1 439
979
5 690
1 276
11 806
1 492
4 783
3 598
4 774
1 124
14 491
166
2 300
99
38
60
8 387
979
53
17
206
5 445
347
132
434
119
5 362
2 439
19 451
1 744
129
458
133
635
6 570
1 244
776
255
513
4 150
266
4 195
19 331
3 417
576
8 739
102
1 517
3 698
1 463
1 065
1 484
877
3 602
724
1 764
7 011
3 719
628
5 559
241
1 588
3 698
1 463
1 065
1 484
873
3 602
724
1 764
7 011
3 641
609
5 559
241
1 576
256
1 968
374
1 286
507
174
289
607
230
159
192
668
259
943
Albania
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bulgaria
Croatia
Cyprus
Gibraltar
FYR of Macedonia
Malta
Romania
Serbia
Slovenia
Non-OECD Europe
1 265
4 769
6 574
4 964
9 341
16 785
4 478
6 652
4 266
6 730
7 888
5 099
8
3 133
3 682
1 258
4 634
4 267
2 866
5 184
1 708
3 883
3 178
2 426
31
72
190
71
74
117
169
383
49
169
53
37
236
485
3
291
1
3
198
237
324
1 169
981
1 351
2 233
679
970
1 085
1 276
925
658
702
1 031
1 425
2 473
10 285
574
1 312
613
743
2 511
876
590
690
924
1 326
2 469
10 285
561
1 312
556
738
2 491
823
278
501
266
745
808
239
155
514
635
870
504
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY
94 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION Highlights (2009 Edition)
Per capita emissions by sector in 2007
kg CO 2 / capita
Total CO2 Main activity
producer
emissions
from fuel electricity and
heat
combustion
Unallocated Other energy
autoindustries
producers
Manuf.
industries
and
construction
Transport
of which:
road
Other
sectors
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Belarus
Estonia
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyzstan
Latvia
Lithuania
Republic of Moldova
Russian Federation
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Ukraine
Uzbekistan
Former Soviet Union
1 595
3 218
6 462
13 449
1 166
12 302
1 090
3 663
4 278
1 978
11 207
1 024
9 130
6 769
4 220
8 498
358
1 398
2 603
9 815
324
5 731
297
861
906
943
3 777
88
2 704
2 322
1 323
2 974
109
634
148
57
31
75
2 418
421
3
1 303
193
162
149
677
486
535
1 314
176
162
389
577
247
1 387
1 100
138
2 516
304
525
992
157
1 705
2 172
771
1 508
170
423
633
1 796
451
773
227
1 649
1 486
283
1 615
644
514
689
316
1 106
170
389
437
1 667
438
677
146
1 523
1 384
225
848
644
514
508
166
661
490
847
1 043
441
253
2 605
261
571
377
520
1 158
292
4 598
989
1 645
1 218
Argentina
Bolivia
Brazil
Chile
Colombia
Costa Rica
Cuba
Dominican Republic
Ecuador
El Salvador
Guatemala
Haiti
Honduras
Jamaica
Netherlands Antilles
Nicaragua
Panama
Paraguay
Peru
Trinidad and Tobago
Uruguay
Venezuela
Other Latin America
Latin America
4 115
1 294
1 812
4 281
1 213
1 470
2 324
1 977
2 024
907
876
241
1 152
4 740
23 573
785
1 942
604
1 087
21 851
1 725
5 235
5 260
2 206
819
289
100
1 317
131
117
1 284
694
296
236
225
25
374
1 062
2 386
301
612
178
4 232
295
826
1 865
355
206
10
71
33
22
28
45
252
126
8
12
1 227
2 483
2
22
19
1
47
185
76
249
177
135
201
110
17
14
14
72
7
2
7 977
13
64
3 055
83
1 069
6
183
977
131
553
946
347
262
666
147
326
169
149
55
265
137
3 092
117
315
13
330
12 737
248
1 434
341
582
1 057
473
764
1 491
456
959
75
595
952
400
446
137
447
1 104
6 677
290
872
560
385
1 609
759
1 619
1 505
766
986
429
690
1 009
438
957
74
474
854
400
446
71
447
569
6 677
274
390
553
380
1 609
754
1 608
1 457
694
807
214
188
292
147
86
240
275
253
88
45
24
66
1 207
959
64
141
31
107
200
339
241
1 358
245
Bangladesh
Brunei Darussalam
Cambodia
Chinese Taipei
India
Indonesia
DPR of Korea
Malaysia
Mongolia
Myanmar
Nepal
Pakistan
Philippines
Singapore
Sri Lanka
Thailand
Vietnam
Other Asia
Asia
252
14 973
307
12 082
12 082
1 179
1 672
2 620
6 681
254
114
852
817
9 799
643
3 537
1 099
343
1 349
103
6 678
108
5 149
5 149
590
435
424
2 253
46
255
304
4 792
196
1 094
296
90
546
651
1 707
1 707
73
2
110
110
42
41
64
2
4 010
784
784
40
155
2
862
12
12
52
2 254
8
232
72
66
483
11
2 430
2 430
257
602
1 643
1 746
58
38
292
118
1 125
66
1 000
353
84
347
31
2 866
81
1 571
1 571
106
318
50
1 507
80
31
200
295
1 581
322
844
274
83
202
23
2 866
80
1 508
1 508
98
291
50
1 487
78
31
194
272
1 581
290
837
255
64
191
51
285
107
440
440
112
160
502
203
57
44
93
47
46
52
257
134
46
119
4 567
6 263
4 575
2 254
4 357
2 265
41
41
168
168
1 430
915
1 427
309
631
310
209
631
211
365
360
365
People's Rep. of China
Hong Kong, China
China
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY
CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION Highlights (2009 Edition) - 95
Per capita emissions with electricity and heat allocated to consuming sectors* in 2007
kg CO 2 / capita
Total CO2
emissions from
fuel combustion
Other energy
industries**
Manufacturing
industries and
construction
Transport
of which: road
Other
sectors
4 382
301
1 598
1 027
731
1 455
11 215
12 640
18 929
8 098
10 897
8 882
2 563
795
787
1 261
490
539
928
180
3 243
3 376
4 247
2 356
3 876
3 256
1 256
2 924
3 615
5 907
2 217
2 253
1 434
382
2 415
3 094
4 939
2 010
1 928
870
330
4 253
4 862
7 514
3 036
4 228
3 265
745
Annex I Kyoto Parties
9 215
716
3 019
2 075
1 690
3 404
Non-OECD Total
2 754
218
1 301
400
319
835
OECD Total
10 969
707
3 059
3 038
2 618
4 164
Canada
Mexico
United States
OECD N. America
17 375
4 144
19 098
15 384
2 261
532
1 136
1 086
4 631
1 348
4 124
3 535
5 027
1 405
6 000
4 827
3 859
1 323
5 057
4 072
5 456
859
7 838
5 935
Australia
Japan
Korea
New Zealand
OECD Pacific
18 749
9 677
10 086
8 477
10 702
1 544
407
646
337
562
6 916
3 497
4 241
2 338
3 991
3 832
1 947
1 851
3 514
2 155
3 181
1 680
1 671
3 170
1 866
6 457
3 827
3 347
2 288
3 994
Austria
Belgium
Czech Republic
Denmark
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
Ireland
Italy
Luxembourg
Netherlands
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Slovak Republic
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Turkey
United Kingdom
OECD Europe
8 378
9 975
11 832
9 243
12 185
5 809
9 706
8 741
5 363
7 526
10 132
7 376
22 347
11 125
7 848
7 994
5 203
6 818
7 681
5 050
5 618
3 586
8 604
7 484
883
596
822
526
527
303
398
551
346
1
163
373
1 220
2 290
676
266
1 107
504
251
130
119
617
449
2 273
3 647
4 460
1 801
5 279
1 323
3 375
2 087
1 215
2 593
2 237
2 264
5 128
3 783
1 610
2 420
1 627
2 416
2 192
1 467
906
1 502
2 153
2 266
2 957
2 396
1 961
2 567
2 600
2 076
1 904
2 054
1 330
3 005
3 274
2 107
13 541
2 169
3 101
1 181
1 782
1 240
2 612
2 480
2 250
656
2 230
1 902
2 725
2 284
1 714
2 382
2 330
1 958
1 712
1 732
1 258
2 748
3 171
1 963
13 421
2 061
2 292
1 067
1 703
1 013
2 242
2 299
2 203
563
1 961
1 717
2 266
3 336
4 589
4 348
3 780
2 107
4 029
4 049
2 471
1 927
4 459
2 632
3 678
3 953
847
3 716
1 528
2 055
2 374
852
2 332
1 308
3 604
2 867
7 917
484
2 378
2 001
1 814
3 053
World
Annex I Parties
Annex II Parties
North America
Europe
Pacific
Annex I EIT
Non-Annex I Parties
European Union - 27
* Emissions from electricity and heat generation have been allocated to final consuming sectors in proportion to the electricity and heat consumed.
The detailed unallocated emissions are shown in the table on pages 92-94.
** Includes emissions from own use in petroleum refining, the manufacture of solid fuels, coal mining, oil and gas extraction and other energy-producing
industries.
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY
96 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION Highlights (2009 Edition)
Per capita emissions with electricity and heat allocated to consuming sectors in 2007
kg CO 2 / capita
Total CO2
emissions from
fuel combustion
Other energy
industries
Manufacturing
industries and
construction
Transport
of which: road
Other
sectors
Non-OECD Total
2 754
218
1 301
400
319
835
Algeria
Angola
Benin
Botswana
Cameroon
Congo
Dem. Rep. of Congo
Côte d'Ivoire
Egypt
Eritrea
Ethiopia
Gabon
Ghana
Kenya
Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
Morocco
Mozambique
Namibia
Nigeria
Senegal
South Africa
Sudan
United Rep. of Tanzania
Togo
Tunisia
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Other Africa
Africa
2 532
626
347
2 528
251
335
39
262
2 235
105
75
1 922
383
304
7 007
1 323
92
1 536
347
342
7 266
282
134
136
1 995
199
695
145
920
332
14
10
8
174
34
5
16
432
27
76
2
318
13
1
21
6
4
1
59
574
179
20
1 048
76
13
13
51
838
16
20
865
96
77
1 839
413
18
141
47
87
3 465
36
30
11
698
89
288
31
326
597
251
211
854
113
299
9
67
478
25
44
379
162
149
1 606
327
65
914
144
139
1 048
162
75
97
475
86
87
49
213
505
209
211
832
108
227
9
56
437
25
44
377
151
86
1 605
319
59
819
144
123
899
161
75
97
452
78
81
48
194
1 029
183
116
626
52
23
17
137
746
64
11
645
121
61
3 130
556
9
481
80
115
2 436
71
29
28
802
17
317
64
323
Bahrain
Islamic Rep. of Iran
Iraq
Israel
Jordan
Kuwait
Lebanon
Oman
Qatar
Saudi Arabia
Syrian Arab Republic
United Arab Emirates
Yemen
Middle East
28 233
6 560
3 325
9 187
3 353
25 094
2 770
13 789
58 008
14 792
2 701
29 915
918
7 189
5 445
365
132
434
132
7 183
2 439
19 451
2 195
129
458
133
724
8 426
1 753
776
1 769
861
4 150
657
4 691
23 426
4 003
1 031
10 179
102
1 983
3 698
1 465
1 065
1 484
877
3 602
724
1 764
7 011
3 719
628
5 559
241
1 589
3 698
1 463
1 065
1 484
873
3 602
724
1 764
7 011
3 641
609
5 559
241
1 576
10 664
2 977
1 353
5 500
1 483
10 160
1 389
4 895
8 119
4 875
913
13 720
442
2 894
Albania
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bulgaria
Croatia
Cyprus
Gibraltar
FYR of Macedonia
Malta
Romania
Serbia
Slovenia
Non-OECD Europe
1 265
4 769
6 574
4 964
9 341
16 785
4 478
6 652
4 266
6 730
7 888
5 099
53
37
598
518
6
120
502
95
40
364
244
1 187
2 492
1 303
1 998
2 233
1 767
1 484
1 682
2 507
2 987
1 828
658
702
1 069
1 448
2 510
10 285
585
1 312
653
771
2 552
910
590
690
924
1 326
2 469
10 285
561
1 312
556
738
2 491
823
310
2 843
2 416
1 695
4 826
4 267
2 006
3 855
1 430
3 357
2 310
1 997
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY
CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION Highlights (2009 Edition) - 97
Per capita emissions with electricity and heat allocated to consuming sectors in 2007
kg CO 2 / capita
Total CO2
emissions from
fuel combustion
Other energy
industries
Manufacturing
industries and
construction
Transport
of which: road
Other
sectors
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Belarus
Estonia
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyzstan
Latvia
Lithuania
Republic of Moldova
Russian Federation
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Ukraine
Uzbekistan
Former Soviet Union
1 595
3 218
6 462
13 449
1 166
12 302
1 090
3 663
4 278
1 978
11 207
1 024
9 130
6 769
4 220
8 498
386
348
516
46
860
9
15
522
55
1 378
1 661
317
188
883
678
795
2 611
3 377
176
5 447
384
660
1 240
387
3 947
37
689
3 561
1 057
3 113
178
477
693
1 854
466
899
230
1 659
1 490
292
1 838
644
563
797
341
1 250
170
389
437
1 667
438
677
146
1 523
1 384
225
848
644
514
508
166
661
739
1 560
2 810
7 703
477
5 096
467
1 329
1 026
1 243
4 044
343
6 217
2 094
2 634
3 252
Argentina
Bolivia
Brazil
Chile
Colombia
Costa Rica
Cuba
Dominican Republic
Ecuador
El Salvador
Guatemala
Haiti
Honduras
Jamaica
Netherlands Antilles
Nicaragua
Panama
Paraguay
Peru
Trinidad and Tobago
Uruguay
Venezuela
Other Latin America
Latin America
4 115
1 294
1 812
4 281
1 213
1 470
2 324
1 977
2 024
907
876
241
1 152
4 740
23 573
785
1 942
604
1 087
21 851
1 725
5 235
5 260
2 206
249
177
135
216
110
17
14
14
72
7
2
7 977
13
64
3 055
83
1 091
6
184
1 446
243
636
1 848
397
297
1 128
528
409
296
245
66
363
1 815
5 771
205
357
13
440
15 241
328
1 814
1 035
782
1 063
473
765
1 502
456
959
85
595
952
400
446
137
447
1 104
6 677
290
872
560
385
1 609
759
1 622
1 505
768
986
429
690
1 009
438
957
74
474
854
400
446
71
447
569
6 677
274
390
553
380
1 609
754
1 608
1 457
694
1 356
402
275
715
249
197
1 097
841
592
205
185
38
342
1 818
3 148
277
712
31
198
1 946
555
708
2 714
472
Bangladesh
Brunei Darussalam
Cambodia
Chinese Taipei
India
Indonesia
DPR of Korea
Malaysia
Mongolia
Myanmar
Nepal
Pakistan
Philippines
Singapore
Sri Lanka
Thailand
Vietnam
Other Asia
Asia
252
14 973
307
12 082
1 179
1 672
2 620
6 681
4 318
254
114
852
817
9 799
643
3 537
1 099
343
1 349
2
4 010
924
40
155
2
862
15
12
12
52
2 541
8
232
8
75
110
1 793
34
6 200
558
767
1 855
2 849
1 562
78
38
364
221
2 839
136
1 553
531
136
620
31
2 866
81
1 597
119
318
50
1 508
631
80
31
200
296
1 633
322
845
277
83
208
23
2 866
80
1 508
98
291
50
1 487
430
78
31
194
272
1 581
290
837
255
64
191
110
6 304
192
3 361
461
431
714
1 461
2 109
84
44
276
248
2 787
177
906
292
116
446
4 567
6 263
4 575
318
316
2 921
1 304
2 910
327
631
328
209
631
211
1 001
4 329
1 021
People's Rep. of China
Hong Kong, China
China
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY
98 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION Highlights (2009 Edition)
Electricity and heat output *
terawatt hours
2007
% change
90-07
.. 17 055.9 18 005.1 18 753.4 18 898.6 19 515.2 20 264.5 21 079.5 22 015.5 22 877.8 23 631.5
..
.. 12 728.0 12 799.5 13 132.1 13 022.7 13 251.2 13 478.7 13 705.6 14 005.1 14 225.9 14 269.3
.. 8 183.4 8 868.5 9 154.0 9 008.3 9 280.6 9 455.0 9 679.3 9 939.6 10 057.5 10 177.1
.. 4 241.0 4 567.8 4 731.2 4 523.2 4 740.9 4 757.3 4 824.6 4 975.2 5 051.2 5 125.8
2 547.1 2 769.2 3 025.5 3 121.0 3 192.9 3 217.4 3 384.4 3 503.0 3 580.4 3 611.5 3 622.3
1 025.1 1 173.1 1 275.2 1 301.8 1 292.2 1 322.3 1 313.2 1 351.7 1 384.1 1 394.9 1 429.1
.. 4 458.4 3 814.5 3 848.7 3 888.2 3 836.4 3 878.9 3 870.4 3 893.6 3 980.9 3 888.6
.. 4 327.8 5 205.7 5 621.3 5 875.9 6 263.9 6 785.8 7 373.9 8 010.4 8 651.9 9 362.1
..
..
..
42.2%
39.4%
..
..
1990
World
Annex I Parties
Annex II Parties
North America
Europe
Pacific
Annex I EIT
Non-Annex I Parties
1995
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
..
8 864.2
8 592.5
8 783.5
8 866.3
8 882.1
9 070.3
9 482.5
..
Non-OECD Total
..
7 985.4
8 137.2
8 494.1
8 740.6
9 060.4
9 590.0 10 133.1 10 750.7 11 455.6 12 047.3
..
OECD Total
..
9 070.5
9 868.0 10 259.3 10 157.9 10 454.8 10 674.4 10 946.4 11 264.8 11 422.2 11 584.2
..
490.0
124.1
..
..
568.8
157.5
3 672.2
4 398.5
588.7
189.9
3 979.1
4 757.6
615.6
203.6
4 115.6
4 934.9
600.3
209.1
3 922.9
4 732.3
611.7
214.6
4 129.2
4 955.5
601.0
217.8
4 156.2
4 975.1
611.3
224.1
4 213.3
5 048.6
637.4
242.0
4 337.8
5 217.2
626.4
249.6
4 424.8
5 300.8
649.6
257.5
4 476.2
5 383.2
32.6%
107.4%
..
..
Australia
Japan
Korea
New Zealand
OECD Pacific
155.0
837.9
105.4
32.3
1 130.5
173.0
964.8
190.8
35.3
1 364.0
203.0
1 034.0
248.5
38.2
1 523.8
207.4
1 055.1
327.4
39.2
1 629.2
216.5
1 036.3
347.6
39.4
1 639.9
226.2
1 055.0
369.9
41.1
1 692.2
227.9
1 044.1
382.4
41.2
1 695.7
234.3
1 074.3
418.1
43.2
1 769.8
245.1
1 095.6
441.3
43.3
1 825.4
251.3
1 099.9
454.8
43.6
1 849.7
254.6
1 130.4
481.1
44.0
1 910.2
64.3%
34.9%
356.6%
36.3%
69.0%
Austria
Belgium
Czech Republic
Denmark
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
Ireland
Italy
Luxembourg
Netherlands
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Slovak Republic
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Turkey
United Kingdom
OECD Europe
57.2
73.0
105.3
51.6
78.5
422.8
672.2
34.8
49.0
6.0
14.2
213.1
0.6
76.1
123.4
339.9
28.7
34.8
151.2
167.7
58.2
57.5
317.8
3 133.6
66.1
76.3
109.4
69.7
91.2
497.5
648.5
41.3
51.1
7.2
17.6
237.4
0.6
100.5
124.2
253.9
33.6
38.1
165.6
193.6
65.9
86.2
332.5
3 308.0
73.2
88.4
104.8
73.2
104.0
528.0
658.0
49.7
58.0
9.6
21.8
259.3
0.6
117.9
124.8
243.2
43.9
38.7
205.9
201.1
72.8
116.4
393.4
3 586.6
73.2
89.2
111.6
69.2
104.8
573.7
660.1
53.8
54.4
9.9
23.7
269.9
0.7
121.9
141.9
237.8
44.9
41.0
222.2
189.1
70.2
129.4
402.7
3 695.3
75.3
85.2
115.7
73.4
112.5
591.3
671.1
53.4
56.3
10.2
24.6
271.9
0.9
125.6
122.0
246.6
48.0
48.1
233.2
209.9
75.4
126.2
408.9
3 785.7
74.1
87.3
115.6
74.6
115.1
601.4
669.8
54.3
53.4
11.3
24.8
277.5
3.2
127.6
133.2
240.1
48.0
46.4
241.6
194.9
69.7
134.2
408.9
3 807.1
72.6
90.0
123.7
82.4
131.6
607.8
799.8
58.4
51.9
11.2
24.9
286.3
3.3
128.5
110.1
252.3
49.1
46.4
257.9
184.2
69.9
144.8
416.6
4 003.6
77.6
90.9
123.9
76.5
133.1
615.8
810.9
59.3
51.1
11.4
25.2
348.4
4.0
135.7
113.6
248.6
47.8
45.4
277.2
201.0
68.5
155.9
406.0
4 127.9
79.8
91.9
120.6
71.9
115.9
619.9
839.8
60.0
53.4
11.3
25.6
350.5
4.1
147.7
140.8
250.0
50.0
45.9
288.9
208.7
62.6
171.8
411.3
4 222.2
79.3
93.9
120.1
81.1
137.7
614.3
854.0
60.8
52.9
12.8
27.1
365.7
4.3
137.7
124.9
255.5
52.4
44.2
295.5
193.7
67.0
187.4
409.2
4 271.7
78.6
95.6
121.5
72.8
135.3
609.0
847.4
63.2
55.8
14.5
27.9
365.0
3.8
142.0
140.5
247.9
50.8
39.7
300.2
198.1
71.2
203.6
406.1
4 290.8
37.4%
31.0%
15.3%
41.0%
72.3%
44.1%
26.1%
81.7%
14.0%
143.4%
95.9%
71.2%
512.9%
86.6%
13.9%
-27.0%
77.2%
14.1%
98.6%
18.1%
22.4%
253.8%
27.8%
36.9%
..
3 328.2
3 506.1
3 578.6
3 696.8
3 696.3
3 908.6
4 016.1
4 073.1
4 117.9
4 094.6
..
European Union - 27
9 384.3
2006
Annex I Kyoto Parties
Canada
Mexico
United States
OECD N. America
9 225.3
2005
9 500.9
* Includes electricity, CHP and heat only from both main activity producer and autoproducer plants. Due to missing data for heat in 1990, the
output for some countries and regions is not available.
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY
CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION Highlights (2009 Edition) - 99
Electricity and heat output
terawatt hours
2007
% change
90-07
9 590.0 10 133.1 10 750.7 11 455.6 12 047.3
..
1990
1995
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Non-OECD Total
..
7 985.4
8 137.2
8 494.1
8 740.6
9 060.4
Algeria
Angola
Benin
Botswana
Cameroon
Congo
Dem. Rep. of Congo
Côte d'Ivoire
Egypt
Eritrea
Ethiopia
Gabon
Ghana
Kenya
Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
Morocco
Mozambique
Namibia
Nigeria
Senegal
South Africa
Sudan
United Rep. of Tanzania
Togo
Tunisia
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Other Africa
Africa
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
19.7
1.0
0.0
1.0
2.8
0.4
6.2
2.9
52.0
0.2
1.5
1.1
6.1
4.2
11.4
12.3
0.4
1.2
15.9
1.1
186.6
1.9
1.9
0.3
7.7
7.9
7.8
8.8
364.3
24.8
1.3
0.1
1.1
3.4
0.1
5.3
4.8
68.5
0.2
1.6
1.3
5.9
4.5
14.4
13.5
7.7
1.2
16.1
1.4
200.4
2.4
2.4
0.2
10.0
7.8
7.1
10.6
418.3
25.4
1.4
0.1
0.9
3.5
0.3
6.0
4.8
78.1
0.2
1.7
1.3
7.2
4.1
15.5
13.7
9.7
1.3
14.7
1.9
207.8
2.6
2.5
0.2
10.6
7.8
7.0
11.2
441.7
26.6
1.6
0.1
1.0
3.5
0.3
5.9
4.9
83.3
0.2
2.0
1.4
7.9
4.6
16.1
15.6
11.9
1.4
15.5
2.2
208.2
2.8
2.8
0.1
11.4
7.9
7.9
11.6
458.7
27.6
1.8
0.1
1.1
3.3
0.4
6.1
5.3
89.2
0.3
2.0
1.5
7.3
5.0
17.5
16.7
12.7
1.4
19.7
2.5
215.7
3.1
2.9
0.2
11.8
8.2
8.6
12.0
483.7
29.6
2.0
0.1
1.1
3.7
0.4
6.4
5.1
95.2
0.3
2.3
1.5
5.9
5.3
18.9
18.1
10.9
1.6
20.2
2.6
231.2
3.4
2.7
0.2
12.4
8.3
8.8
12.2
510.3
31.3
2.2
0.1
1.0
4.1
0.4
6.9
5.5
101.3
0.3
2.5
1.5
6.0
5.7
20.2
19.3
11.7
1.6
24.2
2.7
240.9
3.5
2.9
0.2
13.1
8.5
9.7
12.8
540.2
33.9
2.6
0.1
1.0
4.0
0.4
7.4
5.7
108.7
0.3
2.8
1.6
6.8
6.1
22.3
22.5
13.3
1.6
23.5
3.0
242.1
3.8
3.6
0.2
13.8
8.9
10.3
13.1
563.4
35.2
3.0
0.1
1.0
5.1
0.5
7.8
5.7
115.4
0.3
3.3
1.7
8.4
6.6
24.0
23.2
14.7
1.5
23.1
2.5
250.9
4.2
3.5
0.2
14.1
9.4
9.8
13.2
588.4
37.2
3.8
0.1
1.1
5.8
0.4
8.3
5.6
125.1
0.3
3.5
1.8
7.0
6.8
25.7
22.9
16.1
1.7
23.0
2.1
260.5
4.5
4.2
0.2
14.7
9.9
9.2
13.8
615.2
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
Bahrain
Islamic Rep. of Iran
Iraq
Israel
Jordan
Kuwait
Lebanon
Oman
Qatar
Saudi Arabia
Syrian Arab Republic
United Arab Emirates
Yemen
Middle East
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
4.6
85.0
29.0
30.4
5.6
24.1
5.5
6.5
6.0
97.8
16.6
25.0
2.4
338.6
6.0
112.7
31.6
39.2
7.1
32.1
8.2
8.4
8.6
119.0
22.8
37.1
3.1
435.9
6.3
121.4
31.9
42.7
7.4
32.9
7.8
9.1
9.1
126.2
25.2
39.9
3.4
463.3
6.8
130.1
32.3
44.0
7.5
34.8
8.2
9.7
10.0
133.7
26.7
43.2
3.6
490.5
7.3
140.8
33.9
45.5
8.1
36.9
9.7
10.3
10.9
141.7
28.0
46.9
3.8
523.7
7.8
152.6
28.3
47.0
8.0
39.8
10.5
10.7
12.0
153.0
29.5
49.5
4.1
552.9
8.4
166.0
32.3
47.2
9.0
41.3
10.2
11.5
13.2
159.4
32.1
52.4
4.4
587.4
8.9
180.4
30.4
48.6
10.1
43.7
10.1
12.6
14.4
175.0
34.9
60.7
4.8
634.6
9.7
192.7
31.9
50.6
11.6
47.6
9.3
13.6
15.3
179.8
37.3
66.8
5.4
671.4
10.9
204.0
33.2
53.8
13.0
48.8
9.6
14.4
16.1
189.1
38.6
76.1
6.0
713.6
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
Albania
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bulgaria
Croatia
Cyprus
Gibraltar
FYR of Macedonia
Malta
Romania
Serbia
Slovenia
Non-OECD Europe
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
4.5
4.5
78.9
12.5
2.5
0.1
7.7
1.6
139.0
39.8
15.4
306.5
5.6
10.8
53.4
15.8
3.1
0.1
9.0
1.9
110.6
38.3
15.7
264.3
5.0
10.9
54.7
13.8
3.4
0.1
8.9
1.9
104.9
39.0
16.2
258.9
3.9
11.1
57.8
15.6
3.6
0.1
8.2
1.9
107.1
40.6
17.1
267.1
3.9
11.3
56.0
15.5
3.8
0.1
7.9
2.1
98.2
40.9
17.1
256.8
5.3
11.9
57.3
16.2
4.1
0.1
8.5
2.2
97.0
41.3
16.5
260.4
5.6
13.5
55.5
16.7
4.2
0.1
8.3
2.2
94.1
45.0
18.0
263.3
5.5
13.6
58.4
16.1
4.4
0.1
8.6
2.2
94.9
50.0
17.9
271.9
5.2
14.4
59.5
15.6
4.7
0.2
8.6
2.3
97.0
49.0
17.8
274.1
2.9
13.0
57.4
15.3
4.9
0.2
8.2
2.3
92.3
49.0
17.5
263.0
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY
100 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION Highlights (2009 Edition)
Electricity and heat output
terawatt hours
1990
1995
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
% change
90-07
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Belarus
Estonia
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyzstan
Latvia
Lithuania
Republic of Moldova
Russian Federation
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Ukraine
Uzbekistan
Former Soviet Union *
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
6.5
28.4
105.4
17.4
8.9
163.0
17.2
16.8
32.1
10.2
3 095.9
15.7
9.8
492.5
77.6
4 097.4
6.4
23.7
111.4
16.4
7.7
121.1
16.5
14.2
27.9
7.4
2 604.5
16.8
11.0
400.0
75.9
3 461.0
6.8
23.4
103.6
16.0
7.4
130.2
18.7
13.0
24.5
5.4
2 678.4
15.1
11.2
378.7
77.7
3 510.2
6.3
24.4
107.2
16.0
6.9
137.2
17.3
13.7
27.6
5.9
2 674.9
15.3
12.0
384.4
77.7
3 527.0
6.0
25.6
105.7
16.1
8.1
150.6
15.2
13.2
31.3
5.1
2 638.5
16.2
12.1
389.4
79.5
3 512.7
5.9
27.8
107.3
17.4
8.1
163.4
17.5
13.3
33.1
5.3
2 665.9
17.5
12.2
380.5
79.5
3 554.8
6.4
28.1
111.1
17.8
7.9
168.8
18.4
13.3
32.5
7.2
2 665.1
17.5
13.5
377.2
80.0
3 564.9
6.8
27.5
111.2
17.6
8.0
174.1
18.5
13.6
28.3
7.7
2 683.1
18.1
14.5
382.5
77.7
3 589.2
6.5
30.1
112.7
17.2
7.7
168.6
19.1
13.2
26.6
8.0
2 780.0
18.0
15.5
368.4
79.2
3 670.9
6.6
29.6
107.1
19.4
8.8
185.2
18.4
12.7
27.1
7.6
2 720.4
18.6
16.9
354.3
78.8
3 611.6
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
Argentina
Bolivia
Brazil
Chile
Colombia
Costa Rica
Cuba
Dominican Republic
Ecuador
El Salvador
Guatemala
Haiti
Honduras
Jamaica
Netherlands Antilles
Nicaragua
Panama
Paraguay
Peru
Trinidad and Tobago
Uruguay
Venezuela
Other Latin America
Latin America
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
67.0
3.0
275.6
28.0
42.7
4.9
12.5
5.5
8.4
3.4
3.4
0.5
2.7
5.8
1.0
1.8
3.5
42.2
16.1
4.3
6.3
73.4
9.0
621.2
80.5
3.9
335.6
38.4
42.9
6.2
14.5
7.7
10.3
3.8
5.2
0.7
3.4
6.6
1.1
2.1
4.6
52.0
19.0
5.2
7.2
80.6
10.3
741.8
88.9
3.9
350.0
40.1
43.2
6.9
15.0
8.5
10.6
3.9
6.0
0.5
3.7
6.6
1.1
2.3
4.9
53.5
19.9
5.5
7.6
85.3
10.6
778.5
90.1
4.0
328.9
42.5
43.5
6.9
15.3
10.3
11.1
3.9
5.9
0.6
3.9
6.7
1.1
2.5
5.1
45.3
20.8
5.6
9.3
90.1
10.8
764.2
84.5
4.2
346.6
43.7
45.1
7.5
15.7
11.5
11.9
4.1
6.2
0.5
4.1
6.9
1.1
2.7
5.3
48.2
22.0
5.6
9.6
91.9
11.1
790.0
92.0
4.3
366.0
46.8
46.6
7.6
15.8
13.5
11.5
4.4
6.6
0.5
4.5
7.1
1.2
2.7
5.6
51.8
22.9
6.4
8.6
91.8
11.3
829.6
100.2
4.5
388.7
51.2
49.8
8.2
15.6
13.8
12.6
4.4
7.0
0.5
4.9
7.2
1.2
2.8
5.8
51.9
24.3
6.4
5.9
98.6
11.4
877.0
105.5
4.9
404.2
52.5
50.4
8.3
15.3
12.9
13.4
4.8
7.6
0.6
5.6
7.4
1.2
2.9
5.8
51.2
25.5
7.1
7.7
106.0
11.7
912.3
115.0
5.3
421.0
55.3
53.9
8.7
16.5
14.2
15.7
5.6
7.9
0.6
6.0
7.5
1.3
3.0
6.0
53.8
27.4
7.0
5.6
112.3
12.0
961.2
115.1
5.7
449.5
58.5
55.3
9.1
17.6
14.8
17.3
5.8
8.8
0.5
6.3
7.8
1.3
3.2
6.5
53.7
29.9
7.7
9.4
114.9
12.3
1 011.0
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
Bangladesh
Brunei Darussalam
Cambodia
Chinese Taipei
India
Indonesia
DPR of Korea
Malaysia
Mongolia
Myanmar
Nepal
Pakistan
Philippines
Singapore
Sri Lanka
Thailand
Vietnam
Other Asia
Asia
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
10.8
2.0
0.2
129.1
417.6
58.9
23.0
45.5
10.6
4.1
1.2
57.0
33.6
22.2
4.8
80.1
14.6
8.7
923.9
14.5
2.4
0.4
165.6
537.4
84.3
18.6
65.2
10.8
4.6
1.5
65.8
41.4
29.5
6.2
90.0
23.6
11.4
1 173.2
15.8
2.5
0.5
180.6
562.2
92.6
19.4
69.3
11.0
5.1
1.7
68.1
45.3
31.7
7.0
96.0
26.6
12.8
1 248.0
17.4
2.6
0.5
184.5
581.0
101.6
20.2
71.4
10.7
4.7
1.9
72.4
47.1
33.1
6.8
102.4
30.6
13.8
1 302.7
18.7
2.7
0.6
195.2
598.4
108.2
19.8
74.2
11.2
5.1
2.1
75.7
48.5
34.7
7.1
109.0
35.8
14.8
1 361.7
19.7
3.2
0.6
205.2
635.2
112.9
21.0
78.5
11.5
5.4
2.3
80.8
52.9
35.3
7.7
117.0
40.9
15.2
1 445.5
21.5
3.3
0.8
215.1
667.6
120.2
22.0
82.0
12.4
5.6
2.4
85.7
56.0
36.8
8.2
125.7
46.0
16.1
1 527.2
22.6
3.3
0.9
223.5
699.1
127.4
22.9
84.8
12.6
6.0
2.6
93.8
56.6
38.2
9.3
132.2
53.5
16.0
1 605.4
24.3
3.3
1.1
231.6
753.0
133.1
22.4
89.8
12.8
6.2
2.7
98.4
56.8
39.4
9.5
138.7
61.8
16.1
1 701.1
24.4
3.4
1.3
239.2
803.4
142.2
21.5
101.3
12.8
6.5
2.8
95.7
59.6
41.1
9.9
143.4
69.5
18.3
1 796.4
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
People's Rep. of China
Hong Kong, China
China
..
..
..
1 305.6
27.9
1 333.5
1 613.3
29.5
1 642.8
1 762.2
31.3
1 793.5
1 898.0
32.4
1 930.4
2 097.5
34.3
2 131.8
2 401.0
35.5
2 436.5
2 736.0
37.1
2 773.1
3 135.4
38.5
3 173.8
3 549.8
38.6
3 588.4
3 997.6
39.0
4 036.5
..
..
..
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY
CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION Highlights (2009 Edition) - 101
CO2 emissions per kWh from electricity and heat generation *
grammes CO 2 / kilowatt hour
1990
1995
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
Average
05-07
..
471
488
486
492
488
497
501
501
503
507
504
..
..
..
399
482
..
..
418
459
526
355
461
342
626
430
458
542
329
467
360
632
428
456
539
326
469
357
622
435
468
566
325
480
355
618
426
454
522
332
504
357
619
429
454
527
326
521
367
631
421
447
526
316
506
355
651
418
443
522
307
513
355
646
412
432
499
310
506
359
652
418
439
506
310
526
360
642
416
438
509
309
515
358
647
Annex I Kyoto Parties
..
352
356
354
355
361
365
353
350
352
356
352
Non-OECD Total
..
473
513
512
511
519
536
552
555
564
564
561
OECD Total
..
469
468
465
476
461
461
454
450
441
448
446
Canada
Mexico
United States
OECD N. America
203
538
..
..
184
507
579
526
212
561
591
543
222
566
586
540
231
568
617
566
216
570
567
524
226
576
571
529
209
528
572
526
196
567
570
524
190
554
542
501
205
547
549
508
197
556
554
511
Australia
Japan
Korea
New Zealand
OECD Pacific
813
434
520
128
486
808
411
540
113
472
867
397
482
239
469
863
401
447
230
465
890
402
477
278
479
934
422
454
250
493
913
445
449
295
505
909
428
475
275
499
918
430
460
312
500
917
419
464
320
496
907
450
455
272
508
914
433
460
301
501
245
344
597
476
227
109
553
990
420
1
740
575
2 588
588
3
641
516
376
427
48
22
568
672
435
214
357
602
430
247
76
522
871
432
2
727
545
1 340
530
4
671
569
375
453
50
22
512
529
393
193
278
580
363
212
86
489
817
412
4
697
494
258
468
6
664
539
340
444
49
22
549
441
367
180
284
596
339
211
84
494
813
401
1
642
498
255
447
4
671
479
267
430
42
22
519
461
364
202
272
584
336
241
72
506
832
394
1
668
482
240
460
6
660
442
241
382
42
21
544
474
362
196
266
561
332
252
77
508
814
391
1
635
503
329
458
5
662
512
215
434
52
22
472
460
364
235
274
524
357
292
81
434
774
425
1
603
511
330
463
8
662
413
255
378
59
23
444
478
358
228
281
525
308
253
79
436
776
392
1
574
416
334
440
7
664
452
240
382
51
24
419
485
347
223
271
525
283
193
93
405
776
341
1
582
413
328
387
6
657
501
229
397
44
26
426
484
338
214
260
527
343
241
87
404
727
344
1
546
424
326
394
7
659
416
223
369
48
26
438
506
342
202
253
558
317
230
90
427
749
345
1
504
388
328
405
7
668
383
229
390
40
23
478
500
345
213
261
537
314
221
90
412
751
343
1
544
408
327
395
7
661
434
227
385
44
25
448
497
342
..
415
383
382
378
382
375
364
355
358
362
358
World
Annex I Parties
Annex II Parties
North America
Europe
Pacific
Annex I EIT
Non-Annex I Parties
Austria
Belgium
Czech Republic
Denmark
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
Ireland
Italy
Luxembourg
Netherlands
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Slovak Republic
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Turkey
United Kingdom
OECD Europe
European Union - 27
* CO2 emissions from fossil fuels consumed for electricity, combined heat and power and main activity heat plants divided by the output of electricity and
heat generated from fossil fuels, nuclear, hydro (excl. pumped storage), geothermal, solar and biomass. Both main activity producers and autoproducers
have been included in the calculation of the emissions. Due to missing data for heat in 1990, the ratio for some countries and regions is not available.
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY
102 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION Highlights (2009 Edition)
CO2 emissions per kWh from electricity and heat generation
grammes CO 2 / kilowatt hour
1990
1995
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
Average
05-07
Non-OECD Total
..
473
513
512
511
519
536
552
555
564
564
561
Algeria
Angola
Benin
Botswana
Cameroon
Congo
Dem. Rep. of Congo
Côte d'Ivoire
Egypt
Eritrea
Ethiopia
Gabon
Ghana
Kenya
Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
Morocco
Mozambique
Namibia
Nigeria
Senegal
South Africa
Sudan
United Rep. of Tanzania
Togo
Tunisia
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Other Africa
Africa
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
633
177
951
1 800
10
9
4
275
443
1 463
42
255
3
72
1 131
869
64
37
292
881
878
465
284
185
588
7
920
413
684
627
341
659
1 575
11
114
4
414
455
700
10
326
187
412
1 056
758
3
30
350
908
890
428
126
399
598
7
812
431
677
620
382
601
1 876
10
4
379
412
713
11
326
68
562
1 022
770
5
5
407
782
893
508
192
561
574
7
740
480
665
621
381
955
1 318
16
4
394
381
749
9
272
115
392
996
764
4
6
340
799
829
481
70
1 493
584
7
848
586
622
632
354
950
1 323
27
4
409
437
659
8
282
255
265
971
766
3
354
645
819
592
57
333
564
7
717
594
624
632
373
752
1 320
31
82
3
384
432
694
6
306
277
196
978
737
3
13
340
520
849
662
51
216
554
7
515
598
637
632
216
740
1 739
28
97
3
356
473
722
6
329
84
274
888
756
3
1
400
555
871
690
121
442
532
7
572
592
651
606
154
709
1 851
40
103
3
457
474
677
3
390
147
301
907
728
1
29
383
634
852
509
361
352
476
7
572
594
636
621
98
696
1 851
83
102
3
385
473
690
3
365
276
312
879
713
1
95
386
726
832
512
431
459
546
7
573
646
628
597
153
694
1 852
301
102
3
368
450
666
36
446
360
305
846
712
1
100
413
713
845
516
248
404
557
7
573
646
627
608
135
700
1 852
141
102
3
403
466
678
14
400
261
306
877
718
1
74
394
691
843
512
347
405
526
7
573
629
630
Bahrain
Islamic Rep. of Iran
Iraq
Israel
Jordan
Kuwait
Lebanon
Oman
Qatar
Saudi Arabia
Syrian Arab Republic
United Arab Emirates
Yemen
Middle East
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
815
605
698
821
834
638
654
830
1 131
815
586
737
946
728
852
582
678
767
747
673
815
809
823
811
598
708
921
709
868
568
731
766
708
689
733
796
771
810
567
728
930
706
840
578
813
771
702
670
751
817
781
778
559
746
930
705
835
560
751
820
740
624
722
829
782
751
554
764
919
691
883
534
787
818
680
663
709
853
779
739
563
805
884
687
881
532
811
801
682
754
565
885
649
762
556
913
874
702
873
528
811
797
631
808
667
862
618
752
588
844
841
697
831
545
811
777
602
643
695
870
626
755
606
820
781
687
847
536
811
764
588
645
638
861
623
736
606
831
679
678
850
536
811
779
607
698
667
864
622
748
600
832
767
687
Albania
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bulgaria
Croatia
Cyprus
Gibraltar
FYR of Macedonia
Malta
Romania
Serbia
Slovenia
Non-OECD Europe
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
37
173
429
272
822
766
776
957
440
900
362
491
39
709
446
305
856
766
687
903
360
730
340
455
49
797
431
303
838
760
682
819
396
807
330
485
60
767
465
313
777
754
780
928
412
764
340
496
58
825
433
357
756
760
724
849
412
795
374
503
30
849
470
380
833
755
709
840
451
825
368
532
32
740
470
300
773
766
708
872
418
781
341
505
34
752
447
314
788
761
701
917
400
596
345
468
32
801
441
320
758
771
698
878
429
642
355
489
43
932
515
385
761
771
740
923
438
644
372
526
36
828
468
340
769
768
713
906
422
627
357
494
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY
CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION Highlights (2009 Edition) - 103
CO2 emissions per kWh from electricity and heat generation
grammes CO 2 / kilowatt hour
1990
1995
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
Average
05-07
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Belarus
Estonia
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyzstan
Latvia
Lithuania
Republic of Moldova
Russian Federation
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Ukraine
Uzbekistan
Former Soviet Union
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
214
502
325
680
487
448
127
238
174
514
292
36
931
383
433
315
225
614
299
700
154
438
104
218
178
631
327
41
791
339
483
336
236
648
308
691
193
480
106
200
160
739
321
38
795
347
458
334
243
561
298
678
133
422
101
189
147
767
321
36
795
330
467
330
153
490
299
663
72
465
106
188
123
738
327
28
795
325
475
334
148
523
294
717
76
466
94
183
114
755
329
29
795
381
454
342
120
511
302
701
100
455
90
166
114
515
325
33
795
316
448
332
138
504
296
671
103
440
82
162
136
519
325
32
795
331
442
333
138
473
296
642
147
549
79
167
138
476
329
33
795
344
446
341
163
436
293
688
162
479
85
164
117
507
323
32
795
359
452
336
147
471
295
667
138
490
82
164
130
500
325
32
795
345
447
337
Argentina
Bolivia
Brazil
Chile
Colombia
Costa Rica
Cuba
Dominican Republic
Ecuador
El Salvador
Guatemala
Haiti
Honduras
Jamaica
Netherlands Antilles
Nicaragua
Panama
Paraguay
Peru
Trinidad and Tobago
Uruguay
Venezuela
Other Latin America
Latin America
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
273
480
55
256
205
156
1 137
876
314
403
306
327
326
888
717
484
317
2
186
711
53
219
687
182
365
312
83
451
122
21
1 032
850
236
279
338
289
241
823
719
605
224
0
171
708
187
199
507
198
338
304
88
336
160
8
1 024
759
215
293
392
346
281
821
717
610
231
152
691
57
191
595
193
267
507
104
266
165
14
991
658
272
308
421
340
332
824
717
613
399
120
694
3
241
594
201
258
469
86
270
154
15
1 090
734
281
315
484
399
287
803
718
563
270
143
772
4
266
600
196
275
448
79
287
152
20
1 138
661
299
302
404
320
352
795
717
558
356
148
731
2
265
608
196
317
525
85
322
117
17
1 075
605
313
280
434
301
452
825
718
557
266
206
759
150
222
598
199
307
513
84
318
131
27
1 012
590
355
268
384
307
412
824
718
539
275
199
709
103
210
597
194
307
505
81
304
127
47
856
624
403
221
334
305
267
787
717
550
310
174
724
296
221
595
192
352
497
73
383
127
72
849
622
324
288
361
511
420
787
719
526
317
187
740
104
209
597
196
322
505
80
335
128
49
906
612
361
259
360
375
366
799
718
538
301
186
724
168
213
597
194
Bangladesh
Brunei Darussalam
Cambodia
Chinese Taipei
India
Indonesia
DPR of Korea
Malaysia
Mongolia
Myanmar
Nepal
Pakistan
Philippines
Singapore
Sri Lanka
Thailand
Vietnam
Other Asia
Asia
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
601
880
1 816
533
927
552
481
556
610
508
26
404
458
939
51
606
301
263
711
592
831
1 764
596
920
626
552
528
560
572
34
467
448
656
229
596
403
270
722
556
795
1 798
626
939
596
584
517
587
457
12
479
494
664
448
564
427
269
731
602
799
1 940
641
935
679
583
541
585
405
7
463
480
635
429
562
399
286
734
604
818
1 970
631
920
655
568
591
613
376
2
443
450
595
470
548
430
332
721
574
801
1 880
651
904
711
542
525
554
426
1
371
453
574
488
528
381
359
709
628
802
1 301
646
943
690
528
538
526
414
6
397
452
556
513
539
413
365
727
557
782
1 205
651
937
694
522
641
533
365
4
380
463
544
476
535
412
364
726
584
821
1 141
659
931
701
533
643
523
346
4
413
433
536
335
511
439
350
727
667
840
1 152
655
928
692
469
619
563
346
4
432
449
535
394
536
414
350
729
603
814
1 166
655
932
695
508
634
540
352
4
408
448
538
402
527
421
355
727
People's Rep. of China
Hong Kong, China
China
..
..
..
803
854
804
798
716
796
765
712
764
740
720
739
748
725
748
776
795
776
805
749
804
787
755
787
788
754
787
758
775
758
778
761
777
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY
104 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION Highlights (2009 Edition)
CO2 emissions per kWh from electricity and heat generation using coal/peat*
grammes CO 2 / kilowatt hour
1990
1995
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
Average
05-07
..
883
902
879
899
882
891
912
909
910
903
907
..
..
..
858
1 033
..
..
838
923
941
857
992
614
985
857
910
914
849
1 007
675
984
840
911
917
847
1 003
613
951
874
959
984
868
1 004
616
940
851
919
919
868
1 012
627
929
854
910
917
847
993
666
941
858
914
923
851
987
661
980
865
906
912
845
978
711
959
864
904
900
865
984
717
958
876
916
920
867
979
723
927
868
908
911
859
980
717
948
Annex I Kyoto Parties
..
758
803
768
778
789
798
800
820
827
834
827
Non-OECD Total
..
849
904
858
852
856
883
920
922
924
902
916
OECD Total
..
909
900
897
939
905
897
904
894
893
903
897
Canada
Mexico
United States
OECD N. America
1 010
921
..
..
992
919
938
940
935
1 084
913
915
934
1 090
916
919
915
1 058
988
985
890
1 063
921
921
900
1 011
918
918
927
1 004
923
924
874
979
914
913
853
897
903
900
910
963
920
920
879
946
912
911
Australia
Japan
Korea
New Zealand
OECD Pacific
963
1 099
2 017
2 056
1 101
968
1 006
1 250
2 055
1 028
1 044
966
1 105
2 476
1 025
1 046
961
891
2 753
977
1 064
950
940
2 471
988
1 101
940
898
2 663
984
1 073
930
943
1 878
981
1 062
925
987
1 854
987
1 065
911
971
1 634
977
1 061
917
980
1 769
983
1 068
910
902
2 282
959
1 064
913
951
1 895
973
Austria
Belgium
Czech Republic
Denmark
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
Ireland
Italy
Luxembourg
Netherlands
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Slovak Republic
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Turkey
United Kingdom
OECD Europe
866
990
736
577
504
1 053
825
1 137
867
917
963
3 170
859
1 100
666
886
745
936
467
495
1 199
910
810
922
1 024
777
555
536
1 111
854
1 019
860
923
987
3 701
907
574
682
854
795
911
473
908
1 132
880
822
898
1 104
777
521
556
1 036
813
982
893
964
1 006
961
663
682
851
811
899
624
1 131
916
820
845
992
782
519
546
938
814
979
838
898
974
951
612
689
865
760
917
638
1 080
906
819
840
1 072
777
517
567
903
873
981
931
897
963
960
721
681
849
700
915
621
1 082
898
831
865
1 088
787
538
572
919
871
988
940
912
976
962
663
686
842
788
912
608
1 102
890
834
846
1 092
773
600
622
886
820
983
955
908
967
965
664
687
838
838
910
616
1 068
901
818
926
1 136
790
556
613
905
818
1 006
987
877
942
958
584
692
843
778
891
585
1 045
927
823
940
1 180
780
536
532
898
803
1 000
962
868
970
788
655
687
857
786
886
638
916
935
813
935
1 237
787
602
590
931
839
1 007
916
866
1 117
756
666
689
859
790
901
620
1 015
923
832
987
1 337
818
589
576
938
848
983
915
831
1 001
774
639
703
848
783
941
621
1 037
927
840
954
1 251
795
576
566
922
830
996
931
855
1 029
773
653
693
854
786
909
626
989
928
828
..
818
813
813
825
829
815
821
814
828
835
826
World
Annex I Parties
Annex II Parties
North America
Europe
Pacific
Annex I EIT
Non-Annex I Parties
European Union - 27
* CO2 emissions from coal consumed for electricity, combined heat and power and main activity heat plants divided by output of electricity and heat
generated from coal. Both main activity producers and autoproducers have been included in the calculation of the emissions. Due to missing data for
heat in 1990, the ratio for some countries and regions is not available.
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY
CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION Highlights (2009 Edition) - 105
CO2 emissions per kWh from electricity and heat generation using coal/peat
grammes CO 2 / kilowatt hour
1990
1995
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
Average
05-07
Non-OECD Total
..
849
904
858
852
856
883
920
922
924
902
916
Algeria
Angola
Benin
Botswana
Cameroon
Congo
Dem. Rep. of Congo
Côte d'Ivoire
Egypt
Eritrea
Ethiopia
Gabon
Ghana
Kenya
Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
Morocco
Mozambique
Namibia
Nigeria
Senegal
South Africa
Sudan
United Rep. of Tanzania
Togo
Tunisia
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Other Africa
Africa
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
1 815
912
1 346
938
1 116
1 718
1 287
956
952
1 588
856
1 148
955
1 111
1 636
1 379
955
964
1 900
839
1 262
960
1 107
1 636
1 383
955
966
1 325
821
1 403
884
1 116
1 527
1 362
956
894
1 329
821
879
1 116
1 527
1 287
955
888
1 326
817
1 403
902
1 114
1 575
1 311
955
906
1 776
814
2 104
927
1 113
1 617
1 321
955
932
1 856
822
1 503
900
1 111
1 654
1 321
955
907
1 856
831
1 388
878
1 106
1 688
1 321
956
888
1 857
829
1 339
888
1 101
1 718
1 322
956
896
1 856
827
1 410
889
1 106
1 687
1 321
956
897
Bahrain
Islamic Rep. of Iran
Iraq
Israel
Jordan
Kuwait
Lebanon
Oman
Qatar
Saudi Arabia
Syrian Arab Republic
United Arab Emirates
Yemen
Middle East
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
849
849
848
848
853
853
855
855
847
847
855
855
849
849
855
855
864
908
873
917
864
894
Albania
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bulgaria
Croatia
Cyprus
Gibraltar
FYR of Macedonia
Malta
Romania
Serbia
Slovenia
Non-OECD Europe
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
977
892
1 037
991
1 382
861
1 568
811
1 031
799
1 622
875
985
986
827
1 354
830
1 018
920
1 615
853
894
959
823
1 367
817
1 013
967
1 554
882
938
1 014
826
1 308
827
1 000
759
1 686
870
907
967
830
1 335
883
1 020
1 898
1 479
897
859
1 011
824
1 277
840
1 003
1 898
1 436
934
913
1 022
845
1 261
840
1 023
1 898
1 445
952
896
1 005
822
993
826
949
1 898
1 449
931
863
1 038
853
1 022
840
964
1 898
1 447
890
862
999
877
1 004
873
957
1 898
1 447
924
874
1 014
851
1 006
846
957
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY
106 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION Highlights (2009 Edition)
CO2 emissions per kWh from electricity and heat generation using coal/peat
grammes CO 2 / kilowatt hour
1990
1995
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
Average
05-07
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Belarus
Estonia
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyzstan
Latvia
Lithuania
Republic of Moldova
Russian Federation
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Ukraine
Uzbekistan
Former Soviet Union
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
560
931
967
450
517
498
525
804
471
1 222
1 140
535
478
1 016
453
531
580
441
1 011
592
1 024
1 019
612
483
1 002
494
527
697
468
1 011
501
1 042
1 019
542
575
984
433
509
608
500
1 010
509
939
1 019
533
576
954
477
508
564
487
1 058
523
953
1 019
551
592
963
483
668
537
526
1 013
565
1 120
1 018
596
648
986
480
608
486
477
400
558
1 091
1 018
583
490
962
455
474
510
435
398
634
1 166
1 018
641
475
928
581
475
460
433
390
645
1 085
1 018
677
473
936
501
449
478
445
377
633
1 085
1 018
654
479
942
512
466
483
438
388
637
1 112
1 018
657
Argentina
Bolivia
Brazil
Chile
Colombia
Costa Rica
Cuba
Dominican Republic
Ecuador
El Salvador
Guatemala
Haiti
Honduras
Jamaica
Netherlands Antilles
Nicaragua
Panama
Paraguay
Peru
Trinidad and Tobago
Uruguay
Venezuela
Other Latin America
Latin America
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
2 026
1 543
853
1 167
886
1 258
1 149
1 333
946
916
887
1 055
1 100
1 246
1 464
966
1 091
886
1 029
1 112
1 221
1 370
1 487
959
1 218
886
957
1 113
1 283
1 945
1 511
1 115
1 204
886
957
1 112
1 321
1 709
1 566
1 275
1 200
886
925
1 112
1 334
1 420
1 455
850
1 124
886
919
1 112
1 167
1 372
1 585
923
1 140
886
929
1 112
1 256
1 229
1 616
866
1 063
886
948
1 112
1 185
1 149
1 605
763
948
886
957
1 113
1 090
1 250
1 602
850
1 050
886
945
1 112
1 177
Bangladesh
Brunei Darussalam
Cambodia
Chinese Taipei
India
Indonesia
DPR of Korea
Malaysia
Mongolia
Myanmar
Nepal
Pakistan
Philippines
Singapore
Sri Lanka
Thailand
Vietnam
Other Asia
Asia
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
854
1 213
806
1 253
856
613
1 498
1 436
986
1 415
1 130
938
1 220
1 038
1 218
855
560
1 402
970
970
1 469
1 142
944
1 203
836
1 217
975
586
1 412
970
959
1 479
1 117
937
1 199
1 072
1 208
771
585
1 475
840
955
1 605
1 118
923
1 153
967
1 208
856
612
1 542
912
976
1 240
1 081
924
1 161
1 025
1 208
1 083
552
1 819
952
989
958
1 090
923
1 224
983
1 208
972
523
1 945
917
989
961
1 124
929
1 244
1 027
1 208
972
530
2 194
1 038
980
991
1 142
938
1 247
980
1 208
972
519
2 478
1 038
812
991
1 137
935
1 252
980
1 208
972
559
2 497
1 008
927
988
1 142
934
1 248
996
1 208
972
536
2 390
1 028
907
990
1 141
People's Rep. of China
Hong Kong, China
China
..
..
..
987
855
984
952
879
951
911
868
911
901
875
901
902
879
902
918
889
917
968
880
967
937
880
937
930
887
930
893
890
893
920
886
920
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY
CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION Highlights (2009 Edition) - 107
CO2 emissions per kWh from electricity and heat generation using oil *
grammes CO 2 / kilowatt hour
1990
1995
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
Average
05-07
..
591
658
667
656
659
665
655
675
663
662
667
..
..
..
635
631
..
..
485
605
506
611
652
352
766
560
652
766
581
633
394
776
573
659
789
589
630
403
757
558
643
705
600
631
399
750
562
633
743
575
616
409
750
576
651
741
596
614
401
752
555
622
761
502
610
385
740
576
638
738
560
615
400
758
531
589
752
491
598
394
759
542
594
707
507
603
390
745
550
607
732
519
606
395
754
Annex I Kyoto Parties
..
487
514
526
524
528
534
495
528
494
512
511
Non-OECD Total
..
572
650
672
665
677
677
686
701
700
701
701
OECD Total
..
620
669
660
645
635
650
613
641
603
599
614
701
734
..
..
624
690
491
582
613
765
784
766
613
756
811
775
687
756
707
724
688
795
750
763
705
851
747
772
668
733
777
753
685
855
744
772
940
878
731
797
819
844
693
754
815
859
723
774
Australia
Japan
Korea
New Zealand
OECD Pacific
652
630
765
1 223
640
743
651
682
1 087
658
552
634
689
639
557
631
482
589
634
631
484
583
470
620
410
562
554
615
400
986
558
823
607
404
744
545
765
613
420
781
561
769
594
415
679
543
749
601
407
553
761
603
414
730
552
Austria
Belgium
Czech Republic
Denmark
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
Ireland
Italy
Luxembourg
Netherlands
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Slovak Republic
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Turkey
United Kingdom
OECD Europe
500
403
430
413
341
603
497
746
457
520
756
672
1 021
693
1 640
385
693
381
802
297
498
899
660
616
422
341
351
551
323
506
363
737
574
490
736
663
1 226
534
1 035
451
709
753
795
301
556
951
672
610
449
907
551
589
319
538
334
761
577
327
712
665
386
372
444
624
926
652
339
460
889
460
589
378
729
550
624
322
238
438
731
599
296
696
704
536
400
463
593
757
630
333
349
852
431
598
414
536
473
562
333
201
564
730
637
327
736
706
563
383
452
623
405
657
326
342
735
563
602
388
511
456
531
332
191
473
743
555
270
759
640
536
281
456
621
414
654
316
339
672
553
575
419
825
440
407
350
275
496
749
574
270
826
690
530
316
456
616
410
645
324
342
668
641
593
420
828
406
400
341
320
376
721
779
781
766
489
534
299
484
596
382
660
345
351
688
668
509
391
747
398
389
344
585
718
714
751
624
740
472
383
401
492
600
400
696
329
363
654
585
560
383
749
406
394
340
521
411
694
827
781
818
451
403
314
510
550
403
603
333
368
740
534
498
436
719
414
414
333
542
532
731
813
493
650
403
389
359
508
545
386
723
338
418
675
542
514
403
739
406
399
339
549
554
713
797
633
736
442
391
358
503
565
396
674
334
383
690
553
524
..
560
559
571
576
561
583
507
559
499
518
525
World
Annex I Parties
Annex II Parties
North America
Europe
Pacific
Annex I EIT
Non-Annex I Parties
Canada
Mexico
United States
OECD N. America
European Union - 27
* CO2 emissions from oil consumed for electricity, combined heat and power and main activity heat plants divided by output of electricity and heat
generated from oil. Both main activity producers and autoproducers have been included in the calculation of the emissions. Due to missing data for
heat in 1990, the ratio for some countries and regions is not available.
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY
108 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION Highlights (2009 Edition)
CO2 emissions per kWh from electricity and heat generation using oil
grammes CO 2 / kilowatt hour
1990
1995
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
Average
05-07
Non-OECD Total
..
572
650
672
665
677
677
686
701
700
701
701
Algeria
Angola
Benin
Botswana
Cameroon
Congo
Dem. Rep. of Congo
Côte d'Ivoire
Egypt
Eritrea
Ethiopia
Gabon
Ghana
Kenya
Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
Morocco
Mozambique
Namibia
Nigeria
Senegal
South Africa
Sudan
United Rep. of Tanzania
Togo
Tunisia
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Other Africa
Africa
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
1 178
2 835
951
1 054
893
1 587
1 219
692
660
1 463
641
803
836
728
1 290
916
907
833
693
980
819
972
1 495
1 058
921
917
782
909
1 135
1 034
678
1 051
907
794
1 097
1 068
768
703
836
846
1 465
1 253
1 194
750
866
804
964
948
855
1 488
769
934
743
2 556
756
928
863
1 037
616
1 051
919
1 155
970
708
717
828
777
802
1 083
1 144
769
1 058
966
1 045
942
1 488
1 309
907
922
1 539
863
935
840
1 006
985
1 050
853
1 155
970
698
752
1 003
648
720
1 197
1 111
820
1 058
965
1 012
1 026
869
1 509
2 516
937
896
2 020
1 073
967
968
1 004
981
1 085
753
1 097
970
773
661
756
680
824
1 161
1 089
801
1 027
965
993
1 154
1 014
1 482
780
919
896
3 175
1 103
973
864
986
771
1 085
733
1 045
1 042
744
696
794
676
811
1 124
1 067
793
840
1 666
963
845
769
1 014
1 459
732
1 000
896
2 963
1 113
961
869
988
749
1 055
600
997
718
778
725
882
682
665
1 069
943
895
814
964
876
1 014
1 499
799
953
896
1 965
1 107
905
948
984
716
1 026
698
954
933
810
680
794
697
860
1 041
1 003
898
907
666
988
917
1 026
759
924
589
960
847
2 117
1 099
926
957
988
696
1 026
739
914
968
743
696
953
702
827
1 040
1 078
874
794
740
1 002
871
1 042
758
919
798
839
847
2 117
1 101
904
912
989
699
1 026
739
844
1 037
621
671
955
686
772
1 059
1 077
850
1 058
740
1 360
883
753
759
891
842
813
847
2 117
1 101
845
939
987
704
1 026
725
904
979
725
682
900
695
820
1 046
1 053
874
920
716
1 116
890
940
759
911
743
871
847
2 117
1 101
891
Bahrain
Islamic Rep. of Iran
Iraq
Israel
Jordan
Kuwait
Lebanon
Oman
Qatar
Saudi Arabia
Syrian Arab Republic
United Arab Emirates
Yemen
Middle East
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
968
712
777
860
734
753
1 056
804
777
968
946
811
1 020
691
603
756
730
849
1 056
830
763
925
921
800
883
745
578
717
746
778
1 056
844
729
953
930
793
812
829
518
716
722
783
1 056
805
728
976
930
781
830
763
730
755
667
776
1 055
743
730
999
919
756
816
799
695
686
700
814
1 055
718
714
1 052
884
748
811
824
707
753
795
634
1 055
763
730
1 194
874
781
841
823
685
700
847
744
1 056
744
729
1 194
841
787
1 229
1 400
824
723
675
693
751
1 056
746
779
1 194
781
832
1 269
1 509
824
705
675
695
680
1 055
714
731
1 194
679
813
1 249
1 250
824
704
683
745
725
1 055
735
746
1 194
767
811
Albania
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bulgaria
Croatia
Cyprus
Gibraltar
FYR of Macedonia
Malta
Romania
Serbia
Slovenia
Non-OECD Europe
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
501
583
321
456
822
766
376
932
378
418
973
412
811
582
497
584
856
766
344
903
373
419
406
485
665
288
511
582
838
760
434
819
374
394
477
485
658
425
635
639
777
754
376
928
385
422
667
491
599
510
577
630
756
760
382
849
392
676
494
518
1 115
498
595
622
833
755
328
840
406
688
436
554
1 203
470
522
578
773
766
336
872
411
437
439
564
1 709
477
542
531
789
761
324
917
395
381
437
543
1 189
462
570
547
758
771
389
878
389
427
396
548
1 005
476
575
600
761
771
474
923
428
465
535
607
1 301
472
562
559
769
768
396
906
404
424
456
566
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY
CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION Highlights (2009 Edition) - 109
CO2 emissions per kWh from electricity and heat generation using oil
grammes CO 2 / kilowatt hour
1990
1995
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
Average
05-07
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Belarus
Estonia
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyzstan
Latvia
Lithuania
Republic of Moldova
Russian Federation
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Ukraine
Uzbekistan
Former Soviet Union
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
306
600
352
349
1 349
1 033
341
353
760
328
481
606
369
725
364
368
1 055
686
372
379
875
384
366
698
413
725
359
365
1 052
1 109
373
376
805
398
372
530
429
725
353
412
2 999
815
356
390
839
391
377
594
413
725
346
404
2 603
1 293
337
398
835
407
395
730
435
725
343
419
2 603
682
354
409
815
392
433
526
419
725
370
380
2 603
233
372
439
345
372
771
442
390
725
350
396
2 603
478
350
463
402
392
889
380
409
577
362
373
2 603
423
386
433
379
383
940
398
395
660
328
403
2 603
398
409
331
458
375
914
430
391
654
347
390
2 603
433
382
409
413
383
915
403
398
Argentina
Bolivia
Brazil
Chile
Colombia
Costa Rica
Cuba
Dominican Republic
Ecuador
El Salvador
Guatemala
Haiti
Honduras
Jamaica
Netherlands Antilles
Nicaragua
Panama
Paraguay
Peru
Trinidad and Tobago
Uruguay
Venezuela
Other Latin America
Latin America
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
632
972
819
863
891
918
1 199
998
810
938
873
669
842
923
717
842
1 027
926
964
810
1 200
821
933
896
838
785
777
874
974
1 101
1 009
777
753
773
688
638
851
719
794
719
1 467
763
1 058
814
1 062
595
855
1 013
925
804
989
864
949
1 086
836
761
605
769
716
737
849
717
748
781
854
1 058
850
890
655
850
1 141
1 266
794
800
864
980
1 051
687
756
685
769
649
655
844
717
748
787
863
1 058
1 126
983
653
834
1 059
1 267
702
429
861
936
1 158
792
749
665
774
761
476
826
718
714
764
827
1 058
1 104
909
659
830
1 132
1 272
766
330
874
1 119
1 211
689
739
711
774
611
578
820
717
741
727
793
1 058
1 214
915
669
843
922
1 275
714
1 305
877
747
1 129
653
729
615
775
573
646
859
718
741
782
763
705
820
936
658
836
808
1 275
764
1 104
877
818
1 058
689
748
632
811
587
619
859
718
772
769
898
794
821
900
659
829
767
1 275
730
1 139
874
772
886
682
744
502
810
582
423
823
717
740
778
825
635
843
998
658
791
777
1 272
699
705
871
902
872
681
663
630
792
761
674
821
719
740
735
683
1 411
805
929
658
762
784
1 274
731
983
874
831
939
684
718
588
804
643
572
834
718
751
761
802
947
823
943
658
794
Bangladesh
Brunei Darussalam
Cambodia
Chinese Taipei
India
Indonesia
DPR of Korea
Malaysia
Mongolia
Myanmar
Nepal
Pakistan
Philippines
Singapore
Sri Lanka
Thailand
Vietnam
Other Asia
Asia
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
1 004
847
1 816
697
1 105
685
1 379
778
481
894
827
757
646
1 201
696
741
900
532
792
939
722
1 764
686
1 003
737
1 380
837
548
917
761
747
652
707
703
744
936
574
766
1 078
690
1 798
689
1 036
786
1 379
856
606
868
755
755
675
707
826
749
914
574
791
1 182
794
1 940
673
1 035
693
1 380
856
600
778
755
758
661
707
795
805
936
551
778
1 121
762
2 076
676
870
713
1 379
861
700
747
850
773
705
707
761
751
907
632
770
1 084
762
2 010
752
915
775
1 379
839
682
738
850
675
720
707
855
725
894
669
795
1 017
766
1 350
793
930
709
1 379
845
726
736
971
795
711
707
803
715
891
688
789
1 097
766
1 269
807
924
691
1 379
831
864
735
1 020
692
752
707
758
729
1 148
687
776
1 097
770
1 199
784
843
688
1 378
812
906
984
1 020
749
751
707
657
739
1 053
694
761
1 123
770
1 201
832
798
688
1 380
896
844
988
1 020
719
748
707
657
764
1 056
694
757
1 105
769
1 223
808
855
689
1 379
846
871
902
1 020
720
750
707
691
744
1 085
692
765
People's Rep. of China
Hong Kong, China
China
..
..
..
619
813
620
650
844
651
637
942
637
635
934
636
645
1 011
645
667
863
667
667
818
667
683
935
683
648
979
648
615
977
616
649
964
649
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY
110 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION Highlights (2009 Edition)
CO2 emissions per kWh from electricity and heat generation using gas*
grammes CO 2 / kilowatt hour
1990
1995
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
Average
05-07
..
366
395
388
389
390
386
387
390
384
388
387
..
..
..
403
469
..
..
332
457
502
372
455
265
561
360
455
532
370
432
288
542
350
415
459
353
428
296
540
348
407
453
340
429
297
539
349
404
434
346
447
298
536
344
390
426
328
447
302
527
342
389
436
320
448
298
529
344
386
435
316
452
301
531
337
372
393
320
453
299
527
342
373
397
317
450
304
521
341
377
408
318
452
301
526
Annex I Kyoto Parties
..
294
320
324
323
326
326
319
320
321
325
322
Non-OECD Total
..
325
361
373
379
383
386
387
393
391
396
393
OECD Total
..
454
449
411
403
400
387
388
386
376
377
380
Canada
Mexico
United States
OECD N. America
371
555
..
..
360
542
509
504
379
536
541
532
407
529
462
463
411
486
455
455
395
461
437
436
424
468
427
430
392
497
438
442
395
512
437
443
391
550
393
409
384
528
398
411
390
530
409
421
Australia
Japan
Korea
New Zealand
OECD Pacific
496
465
496
506
470
417
457
389
533
448
374
436
356
469
423
362
433
336
471
417
392
431
353
451
419
583
432
338
440
431
577
432
325
439
429
560
434
347
428
428
570
437
343
429
429
577
440
349
434
431
559
437
351
404
429
569
438
348
423
429
Austria
Belgium
Czech Republic
Denmark
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
Ireland
Italy
Luxembourg
Netherlands
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Slovak Republic
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Turkey
United Kingdom
OECD Europe
384
454
237
222
241
337
372
459
343
499
475
662
434
289
442
423
217
241
488
521
397
404
412
227
235
274
335
314
435
359
480
466
307
363
302
318
429
469
218
232
419
426
371
344
346
284
255
233
325
360
518
296
507
439
221
341
296
297
392
387
363
220
230
408
386
368
315
335
271
250
238
250
345
505
305
460
431
206
300
293
304
364
333
311
227
230
346
382
349
318
311
267
249
242
250
314
482
286
473
402
202
313
328
313
346
278
281
222
232
359
387
337
308
310
269
250
242
245
326
446
315
445
435
327
316
288
330
347
239
325
252
233
357
379
342
314
336
266
252
244
240
259
434
335
421
420
322
317
283
320
347
240
316
219
237
347
379
327
300
334
284
254
243
233
259
416
308
407
348
328
308
288
332
339
251
324
216
236
355
388
321
313
348
273
249
233
241
260
459
305
412
344
325
282
283
334
337
241
319
219
238
357
383
318
290
307
283
252
247
263
257
416
312
405
336
326
297
283
330
331
236
356
218
242
341
391
320
291
307
275
244
236
265
258
416
329
413
317
329
302
320
335
329
239
350
215
245
347
385
320
298
321
277
248
238
257
258
430
315
410
332
327
294
295
333
332
239
342
217
242
348
386
319
..
356
356
343
331
336
324
315
312
315
314
314
World
Annex I Parties
Annex II Parties
North America
Europe
Pacific
Annex I EIT
Non-Annex I Parties
European Union - 27
* CO2 emissions from gas consumed for electricity, combined heat and power and main activity heat plants divided by output of electricity and heat
generated from gas. Both main activity producers and autoproducers have been included in the calculation of the emissions. Due to missing data for
heat in 1990, the ratio for some countries and regions is not available.
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY
CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION Highlights (2009 Edition) - 111
CO2 emissions per kWh from electricity and heat generation using gas
grammes CO 2 / kilowatt hour
1990
1995
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
Average
05-07
Non-OECD Total
..
325
361
373
379
383
386
387
393
391
396
393
Algeria
Angola
Benin
Botswana
Cameroon
Congo
Dem. Rep. of Congo
Côte d'Ivoire
Egypt
Eritrea
Ethiopia
Gabon
Ghana
Kenya
Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
Morocco
Mozambique
Namibia
Nigeria
Senegal
South Africa
Sudan
United Rep. of Tanzania
Togo
Tunisia
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Other Africa
Africa
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
621
736
529
876
591
652
410
604
533
544
618
615
515
919
591
628
515
611
555
554
614
598
467
929
591
778
628
628
536
529
616
622
442
894
591
1 106
515
550
508
625
606
484
893
529
1 155
515
518
529
527
632
573
600
484
899
632
1 674
515
512
521
529
631
576
536
490
965
662
775
515
517
484
502
533
609
573
627
490
1 007
662
332
724
515
519
569
440
523
618
572
539
490
1 017
591
334
684
515
516
602
503
527
594
1 470
575
554
490
1 063
562
368
573
515
511
579
511
524
607
1 470
573
574
490
1 029
605
345
660
515
515
583
485
525
Bahrain
Islamic Rep. of Iran
Iraq
Israel
Jordan
Kuwait
Lebanon
Oman
Qatar
Saudi Arabia
Syrian Arab Republic
United Arab Emirates
Yemen
Middle East
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
815
507
516
681
539
776
1 131
830
543
730
680
852
507
525
688
539
759
823
784
543
700
638
868
507
541
671
553
742
771
766
543
721
637
840
529
529
626
539
765
781
749
543
740
651
835
527
535
646
478
780
782
759
543
758
654
883
525
542
667
516
809
779
761
543
798
660
881
511
535
622
586
848
649
760
543
906
668
873
516
555
582
627
819
618
761
543
836
661
805
451
468
576
510
830
626
765
543
812
620
833
430
412
566
515
819
623
764
543
824
612
837
466
478
574
551
822
622
763
543
824
631
Albania
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bulgaria
Croatia
Cyprus
Gibraltar
FYR of Macedonia
Malta
Romania
Serbia
Slovenia
Non-OECD Europe
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
302
423
322
241
234
314
275
285
337
238
285
259
229
285
287
296
339
238
295
260
237
294
287
288
324
235
292
270
249
291
287
288
346
235
309
258
271
302
287
261
313
248
349
268
278
320
287
232
318
254
313
268
246
293
287
236
304
242
311
230
260
284
287
244
323
242
315
229
244
291
287
266
356
238
308
266
266
300
287
249
327
241
311
242
256
292
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY
112 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION Highlights (2009 Edition)
CO2 emissions per kWh from electricity and heat generation using gas
grammes CO 2 / kilowatt hour
1990
1995
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
Average
05-07
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Belarus
Estonia
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyzstan
Latvia
Lithuania
Republic of Moldova
Russian Federation
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Ukraine
Uzbekistan
Former Soviet Union
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
328
341
299
223
934
559
309
247
255
402
259
515
931
273
422
272
457
445
281
227
924
535
309
249
270
609
286
517
791
300
472
299
457
582
298
232
887
591
309
240
268
734
293
517
795
317
465
308
458
521
288
235
616
585
309
241
268
769
298
517
795
308
466
311
454
444
292
236
393
585
309
239
257
744
301
428
795
294
467
311
455
481
289
236
348
585
309
236
257
752
297
422
795
347
468
314
351
496
298
231
369
585
309
238
260
525
299
501
795
293
469
310
404
496
297
233
389
585
309
236
264
527
305
498
795
283
469
313
442
496
297
234
459
585
309
234
257
483
305
459
795
264
469
312
495
435
300
232
704
585
310
232
258
509
309
405
795
274
469
317
447
476
298
233
517
585
309
234
260
506
306
454
795
274
469
314
Argentina
Bolivia
Brazil
Chile
Colombia
Costa Rica
Cuba
Dominican Republic
Ecuador
El Salvador
Guatemala
Haiti
Honduras
Jamaica
Netherlands Antilles
Nicaragua
Panama
Paraguay
Peru
Trinidad and Tobago
Uruguay
Venezuela
Other Latin America
Latin America
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
437
845
742
358
646
377
670
716
675
580
570
520
563
494
398
510
477
670
710
715
708
557
514
605
496
425
534
477
670
693
644
703
541
490
1 043
455
448
480
477
646
697
615
711
524
482
882
478
424
495
477
937
646
776
654
703
535
474
635
445
416
502
502
976
646
732
451
652
692
515
467
898
472
400
492
502
903
604
762
578
638
659
508
448
738
473
465
496
502
630
1 016
711
469
658
686
514
459
743
451
414
485
502
723
818
727
536
654
697
513
468
745
450
463
544
502
767
468
739
578
631
720
518
458
742
458
448
509
502
707
768
726
528
648
701
515
Bangladesh
Brunei Darussalam
Cambodia
Chinese Taipei
India
Indonesia
DPR of Korea
Malaysia
Mongolia
Myanmar
Nepal
Pakistan
Philippines
Singapore
Sri Lanka
Thailand
Vietnam
Other Asia
Asia
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
586
881
505
539
575
569
843
594
854
447
468
514
546
595
832
444
448
484
547
692
545
860
454
486
601
506
555
796
462
503
495
527
686
550
1 202
472
489
591
515
597
799
473
493
560
547
637
537
333
449
506
584
526
603
819
446
538
475
568
654
529
300
449
503
643
520
573
801
432
469
472
454
725
536
349
488
483
522
483
639
802
425
480
507
432
725
526
356
488
475
546
486
552
782
428
480
429
560
725
537
343
488
472
515
493
583
822
429
480
469
568
725
536
325
488
472
515
496
676
840
423
462
442
506
725
573
330
488
470
515
489
604
815
427
474
447
545
725
548
333
488
471
515
493
People's Rep. of China
Hong Kong, China
China
..
..
..
516
859
524
353
500
426
334
468
388
315
467
375
304
448
360
326
457
367
325
451
365
351
454
378
370
454
392
434
454
437
385
454
403
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY
CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION Highlights (2009 Edition) - 113
6. GLOBAL TOTAL
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY
114 - CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION Highlights (2009 Edition)
World / Monde
Figure 2. CO2 emissions by sector
35000
30000
30000
million tonnes of CO2
million tonnes of CO2
Figure 1. CO2 emissions by fuel
35000
25000
20000
15000
10000
25000
20000
15000
10000
5000
5000
0
0
1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007
1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007
Coal/peat
Oil
Gas
Electricity and heat
Manuf. ind. and construction
Residential
Other
Other energy industries
Transport
Other
Figure 4. Reference vs Sectoral Approach
Figure 3. CO2 emissions by sector
30000
100%
29000
28000
million tonnes of CO2
80%
60%
40%
20%
0%
1971
1990
Electricity and heat
Manuf. ind. and construction
Residential
27000
26000
25000
24000
23000
22000
21000
20000
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004
2007
Other energy industries
Transport
Other
Figure 5. Electricity generation by fuel
25000
2007
Total CO2 emissions - Sectoral Approach
Total CO2 emissions - Reference Approach
1990 = 100
140
Figure 6. Key indicators
120
20000
TWh
100
15000
80
10000
60
40
5000
20
0
0
1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007
Coal/peat
Oil
Gas
Nuclear
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY
Hydro
Other
1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007
CO2/TPES
CO2/GDP
CO2/capita
CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FUEL COMBUSTION Highlights (2009 Edition) - 115
World / Monde
Key indicators
% change
1990
1995
2000
2004
2005
2006
2007
90-07
CO2 Sectoral Approach (Mt of CO2)
CO2 Reference Approach (Mt of CO2)
20 980.5
21 474.1
21 810.4
22 067.2
23 497.3
23 758.5
26 336.1
26 807.5
27 147.0
27 600.3
28 028.0
28 446.3
28 962.4
29 320.5
38.0%
36.5%
TPES (PJ)
TPES (Mtoe)
GDP (billion 2000 US$)
GDP PPP (billion 2000 US$)
Population (millions)
366 834
8 761.7
24 199.8
33 299.1
5 259.2
386 311
9 226.9
27 133.3
37 759.5
5 675.7
419 463
10 018.7
31 979.8
45 572.7
6 072.7
465 685
11 122.7
35 356.1
52 626.0
6 382.3
478 361
11 425.5
36 585.9
55 156.7
6 458.9
490 696
11 720.1
38 046.5
58 179.4
6 535.2
503 664
12 029.8
39 493.3
61 428.0
6 609.3
37.3%
37.3%
63.2%
84.5%
25.7%
57.2
0.87
0.63
3.99
56.5
0.80
0.58
3.84
56.0
0.73
0.52
3.87
56.6
0.74
0.50
4.13
56.7
0.74
0.49
4.20
57.1
0.74
0.48
4.29
57.5
0.73
0.47
4.38
0.5%
-15.4%
-25.2%
9.8%
CO2 / TPES (t CO 2 per TJ)
CO2 / GDP (kg CO2 per 2000 US$)
CO2 / GDP PPP (kg CO 2 per 2000 US$)
CO2 / population (t CO2 per capita)
Ratios are based on the Sectoral Approach.
2007 CO2 emissions by sector
% change
Oil
Coal/peat
million tonnes of CO 2
Sectoral Approach
Main activity producer elec. and heat
Unallocated autoproducers
Other energy industries
Manufacturing industries and construction
Transport
of which: road
Other sectors
of which: residential
Reference Approach
Diff. due to losses and/or transformation
Statistical differences
Memo: international marine bunkers **
Memo: international aviation bunkers **
12 228.1
8 207.5
473.1
249.6
2 847.4
13.7
436.6
267.5
12 411.5
229.4
- 46.0
-
10 898.6
730.7
167.4
673.6
1 544.0
6 444.0
4 806.3
1 338.8
624.2
11 027.5
72.0
56.8
610.4
411.6
Gas
Other *
Total
90-07
5 733.8
1 930.4
394.4
508.2
1 297.6
174.7
28.2
1 428.4
949.9
5 779.2
77.7
- 32.2
-
102.0
34.0
37.6
0.5
25.8
4.1
0.0
102.4
0.0
0.3
-
28 962.4
10 902.6
1 072.6
1 432.0
5 714.8
6 632.5
4 834.5
3 208.0
1 841.7
29 320.5
379.1
- 21.1
610.4
411.6
38.0%
57.0%
87.9%
40.9%
26.4%
44.5%
46.9%
-3.9%
1.3%
36.5%
71.1%
62.3%
* Other includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste.
** World includes international marine bunkers and international aviation bunkers.
Key sources for CO2 emissions from fuel combustion in 2007
IPCC source category
Main activity prod. elec. and heat - coal/peat
Road - oil
Manufacturing industries - coal/peat
Main activity prod. elec. and heat - gas
Other transport - oil
Manufacturing industries - oil
Manufacturing industries - gas
Residential - gas
Main activity prod. elec. and heat - oil
Non-specified other sectors - oil
Other energy industries - oil
Memo: total CO 2 from fuel combustion
CO2 emissions
(Mt of CO 2)
% change
90-07
8 207.5
4 806.3
2 847.4
1 930.4
1 637.7
1 544.0
1 297.6
949.9
730.7
714.6
673.6
76.9%
46.2%
29.9%
59.2%
45.4%
15.2%
31.8%
48.3%
-32.8%
-2.0%
19.2%
19.2
11.2
6.6
4.5
3.8
3.6
3.0
2.2
1.7
1.7
1.6
19.2
30.4
37.0
41.5
45.3
48.9
52.0
54.2
55.9
57.6
59.1
28 962.4
38.0%
67.6
67.6
Level assessment
(%) ***
Cumulative
total (%)
*** Percent calculated using the total GHG estimate for CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs and SF6 excluding CO2 emissions/removals from land use change
and forestry.
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY
Energy Data Manager / Statistician
Possible Staff Vacancies
International Energy Agency, Paris, France
The IEA
Principal Qualifications
The International Energy Agency, based in Paris, acts
as energy policy advisor to 27 member countries in
their effort to ensure reliable, affordable and clean
energy for their citizens. Founded during the oil crisis
of 1973-74, the IEA’s initial role was to co-ordinate
measures in times of oil supply emergencies. As energy markets have changed, so has the IEA. Its mandate has broadened to incorporate the “Three E’s” of
balanced energy policy making: energy security, economic development and environmental protection.
Current work focuses on climate change policies,
market reform, energy technology collaboration and
outreach to the rest of the world, especially major
consumers and producers of energy like China, India,
the Russian Federation and the OPEC countries.
• University degree in a topic relevant to energy,
computer programming or statistics. We currently
have staff with degrees in Mathematics, Statistics,
Information Technology, Economics, Engineering,
Physics, Chemistry, Environmental Studies, Hydrology, Public Administration and Business.
The Energy Statistics Division, with a staff of around
30 people, provides a dynamic environment for young
people just finishing their studies or with one to two
years of work experience.
Job description
The data managers/statisticians compile, verify and
disseminate information on all aspects of energy including production, transformation and consumption
of all fuels, renewables, the emergency reporting system, energy efficiency indicators, CO2 emissions, and
energy prices and taxes. The data managers are responsible for receiving, reviewing and inputting data
submissions from Member countries and other
sources into large computerised databases. They
check for completeness, correct calculations, internal
consistency, accuracy and consistency with definitions.
Often this entails proactively investigating and helping to resolve anomalies in collaboration with national
administrations of Member and non-Member countries. The data managers/statisticians also play a key
role in helping to design and implement computer
macros used in the preparation of their energy statistics
publication(s).
• Experience in the basic use of databases and computer software. Good computer programming
skills in Visual Basic.
• Ability to work accurately, pay attention to detail
and work to deadlines. Ability to deal simultaneously with a wide variety of tasks and to organise
work efficiently.
• Good communication skills; ability to work well in
a team and in a multicultural environment, particularly in liaising with contacts in national administrations and industry.
• Very good knowledge of one of the two official
languages of the Organisation (English or French).
Knowledge of other languages would be an
advantage.
• Some knowledge of energy industry operations
and terminology would also be an advantage, but
is not required.
Nationals of any OECD Member country are eligible
for appointment. Basic salaries range from 2 900 to
3 900 Euros per month, depending on qualifications.
The possibilities for advancement are good for candidates with appropriate qualifications and experience.
Tentative enquiries about future vacancies are welcomed from men and women with relevant qualifications and experience. Applications in French or
English, accompanied by a curriculum vitae, should
be sent to:
Personnel and Finance Division
International Energy Agency
9 rue de la Fédération
75739 Paris Cedex 15, France
Email: [email protected]
ST A T I S T I C S P U B L I C A T I O N S
On-Line Data Services
Users can instantly access not only all the data published
in this book, but also all the time series used for preparing
this publication and all the other statistics publications of the IEA.
The data are available on-line, either through annual subscription
or pay-per-view access. More information on this service
can be found on our website: http://data.iea.org
Ten Annual Publications
n Energy Statistics of OECD Countries, 2009 Edition
No other publication offers such in-depth statistical coverage. It is intended for anyone involved
in analytical or policy work related to energy issues. It contains data on energy supply and
consumption in original units for coal, oil, natural gas, combustible renewables/wastes and products
derived from these primary fuels, as well as for electricity and heat. Complete data are available for
2006 and 2007 and supply estimates are available for the most recent year (i.e. 2008). Historical
tables summarise data on production, trade and final consumption. Each issue includes definitions
of products and flows and explanatory notes on the individual country data.
Published July 2009 - Price E120
n Energy Balances of OECD Countries, 2009 Edition
A companion volume to Energy Statistics of OECD Countries, this publication presents standardised
energy balances expressed in million tonnes of oil equivalent. Energy supply and consumption data
are divided by main fuel: coal, oil, gas, nuclear, hydro, geothermal/solar, combustible renewables/
wastes, electricity and heat. This allows for easy comparison of the contributions each fuel makes
to the economy and their interrelationships through the conversion of one fuel to another. All of
this is essential for estimating total energy supply, forecasting, energy conservation, and analysing
the potential for interfuel substitution. Complete data are available for 2006 and 2007 and supply
estimates are available for the most recent year (i.e. 2008). Historical tables summarise key energy and
economic indicators as well as data on production, trade and final consumption. Each issue includes
definitions of products and flows and explanatory notes on the individual country data as well as
conversion factors from original units to tonnes of oil equivalent.
Published July 2009 - Price E120
n Energy Statistics of Non-OECD Countries, 2009 Edition
This publication offers the same in-depth statistical coverage as the homonymous publication
covering OECD countries. It includes data in original units for more than 100 individual countries
and nine main regions. The consistency of OECD and non-OECD countries’ detailed statistics
provides an accurate picture of the global energy situation for 2006 and 2007. For a description
of the content, please see Energy Statistics of OECD Countries above.
Published August 2009 - Price E120
ST A T I S T I C S P U B L I C A T I O N S
n Energy Balances of Non-OECD Countries, 2009 Edition
A companion volume to the publication Energy Statistics of Non-OECD Countries, this publication
presents energy balances in million tonnes of oil equivalent and key economic and energy
indicators for more than 100 individual countries and nine main regions. It offers the same
statistical coverage as the homony­mous publication covering OECD countries, and thus provides
an accurate picture of the global energy situation for 2006 and 2007. For a description of the
content, please see Energy Balances of OECD Countries above.
Published August 2009 - Price E120
n Electricity Information 2009
This reference document provides essential statistics on electricity and heat for each OECD member
country by bringing together information on production, installed capacity, input energy mix to
electricity and heat production, input fuel prices, consumption, end-user electricity prices and electricity
trades. The document also presents selected non-OECD country statistics on the main electricity and
heat flows. It is an essential document for electricity and heat market and policy analysts.
Published August 2009 - Price E150
n Coal Information 2009
This well-established publication provides detailed information on past and current evolution of the
world coal market. It presents country-specific statistics for OECD member countries and selected
non-OECD countries on coal production, demand, trade and prices. This publication represents
a key reference tool for all those involved in the coal supply or consumption stream, as well as
institutions and governments involved in market and policy analysis of the world coal market.
Published August 2009 - Price E165
n Natural Gas Information 2009
A detailed reference work on gas supply and demand, covering not only the OECD countries but
also the rest of the world. Contains essential information on LNG and pipeline trade, gas reserves,
storage capacity and prices. The main part of the book, however, concentrates on OECD
countries, showing a detailed gas supply and demand balance for each individual country and for
the three OECD regions: North America, Europe and Asia-Pacific, as well as a breakdown of gas
consumption by end-user. Import and export data are reported by source and destination.
Published August 2009 - Price E165
n Oil Information 2009
A comprehensive reference book on current developments in oil supply and demand. The first
part of this publication contains key data on world production, trade, prices and consumption of
major oil product groups, with time series back to the early 1970s. The second part gives a more
detailed and comprehensive picture of oil supply, demand, trade, production and consumption by
end-user for each OECD country individually and for the OECD regions. Trade data are reported
extensively by origin and destination.
Published August 2009 - Price E165
ST A T I S T I C S P U B L I C A T I O N S
n Renewables Information 2009
This reference document brings together in one volume essential statistics on renewables and
waste energy sources. It presents a detailed and comprehensive picture of developments for
renewable and waste energy sources for each of the OECD member countries, encompassing
energy indicators, generating capacity, electricity and heat production from renewable and
waste sources, as well as production and consumption of renewable and waste products. It
also includes a selection of indicators for non-OECD countries. This report provides a strong
foundation for renewables energy policy and market analysis to assess progress towards domestic
and international objectives.
Published August 2009 - Price E110
n CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion, 2009 Edition
In order for nations to tackle the problem of climate change, they need accurate greenhouse
gas emissions data. This publication provides a basis for comparative analysis of CO2 emissions
from fossil fuel combustion, a major source of anthropogenic emissions. The data in this book
are designed to assist in understanding the evolution of the emissions of CO2 from 1971 to 2007
for more than 140 countries and regions by sector and by fuel. Emissions were calculated using
IEA energy databases and the default methods and emissions factors from the Revised 1996 IPCC
Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories.
Published November 2009 - Price E165
Two Quarterlies
n Oil, Gas, Coal and Electricity, Quarterly Statistics
This publication provides up-to-date, detailed quarterly statistics on oil, coal, natural gas and
electricity for the OECD countries. Oil statistics cover production, trade, refinery intake and
output, stock changes and consumption for crude oil, NGL and nine selected oil product groups.
Statistics for electricity, natural gas and coal show supply and trade. Import and export data are
reported by origin and destination. Moreover, oil as well as hard coal and brown coal production
are reported on a worldwide basis.
Published Quarterly - Price E120, annual subscription E380
n Energy Prices and Taxes
This publication responds to the needs of the energy industry and OECD governments for upto-date information on prices and taxes in national and international energy markets. It contains
prices at all market levels for OECD countries and certain non-OECD countries: import prices,
industry prices and consumer prices. The statistics cover the main petroleum products, gas, coal
and electricity, giving for imported products an average price both for importing country and
country of origin. Every issue includes full notes on sources and methods and a description of
price mechanisms in each country.
Published Quarterly - Price E120, annual subscription E380
ST A T I S T I C S P U B L I C A T I O N S
Electronic Editions
n CD-ROMs and Online Data Services
To complement its publications, the Energy Statistics Division produces CD-ROMs containing the
complete databases which are used for preparing the statistics publications. State-of-the-art software
allows you to access and manipulate all these data in a very user-friendly manner and includes
graphic facilities. These databases are also available on the internet from our online data service.
Annual CD-ROMS / Online Databases
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.
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Energy
Energy
Energy
Energy
Combined subscription of the above four series Price: e1 400 (single user)
Electricity Information 2009
Coal Information 2009
Natural Gas Information 2009
Oil Information 2009
Renewables Information 2009
CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion, 1971-2007
Price:
Price:
Price:
Price:
Price:
Price:
Statistics of OECD Countries, 1960-2008
Balances of OECD Countries, 1960-2008
Statistics of Non-OECD Countries, 1971-2007
Balances of Non-OECD Countries, 1971-2007
Price:
Price:
Price:
Price:
e550
e550
e550
e550
e550
e550
e550
e550
e400
e550
(single
(single
(single
(single
(single
(single
(single
(single
(single
(single
user)
user)
user)
user)
user)
user)
user)
user)
user)
user)
Quarterly CD-ROMs / Online Databases
.
Energy Prices and Taxes
Price: (four quarters) e900 (single user)
A description of these services are available on our website: http://data.iea.org
Other Online Services
n The Monthly Oil Data Service
The IEA Monthly Oil Data Service provides the detailed databases of historical and projected
information which is used in preparing the IEA’s monthly Oil Market Report (OMR). The IEA
Monthly Oil Data Service comprises three packages available separately or combined as a
subscriber service on the Internet. The data are available at the same time as the official release
of the Oil Market Report.
The packages include:
. Supply, Demand, Balances and Stocks
. Trade
. Field-by-Field Supply
. Complete Service
Price:
Price:
Price:
Price:
e6
e2
e3
e9
000
000
000
000
(single
(single
(single
(single
user)
user)
user)
user)
A description of this service is available on our website: http://modsinfo.iea.org
ST A T I S T I C S P U B L I C A T I O N S
n The Monthly Gas Data Service
The service provides monthly natural gas data for OECD countries:
. supply balances in terajoules and cubic metres;
.production, trade, stock changes and levels where available, gross inland deliveries, own use
and losses;
. highly detailed trade data with about 50 imports origins and exports destinations;
. LNG trade detail available from January 2002.
The databases cover the time period January 1984 to current month with a time lag of two months
for the most recent data.
.
Monthly Gas Data Service: Natural Gas Balances & Trade
Historical plus 12 monthly updates
Price: e800 (single user)
For more information consult: http://data.iea.org
Moreover, the IEA statistics website contains key energy indicators
by country, graphs on the world and OECD’s energy
situation evolution from 1971 to the most recent year available,
as well as selected databases for demonstration.
The IEA statistics website can be accessed at: http://www.iea.org/statistics/
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