Tuesday
May 23, 2017
I can:
Agenda
Catalyst
1. What are some strategies you
can use to study for a test like
the EOC?
2. What is a song that motivates
you? Write something
appropriate that can be played
in class.
(10) Catalyst
(20) Review: Cells
(7) Venn Diagram
(8) Specialized Cells
(20) Review: Energetics
(15) Daily Quiz

understand the 8 organelles of the
cell, respiration, & photosynthesis
8 school days
until finals
HW: Test corrections due Friday (MANDATORY if
you scored below an 80)
Goal: 100% proficiency on the EOC
65%+ correct shows you’re ready for
college-level Biology courses
Multiple Choice Strategies
1. Answer easy questions first, then the harder
ones.
Don’t get nervous if some questions look
unfamiliar. Skip them and return to them later.
Multiple Choice Strategies
2. Pay attention to qualifiers and key words:
usually
except
none
all but the following
always
the best
never
the least
Multiple Choice Strategies
3. Try to anticipate the correct answer before
looking at the options.
Which is a difference between active and passive
transport?
Multiple Choice Strategies
3. Try to anticipate the correct answer before
looking at the options.
Which is a difference between active and passive
transport?
A. Eukaryotes are capable of active transport, while
prokaryotes are capable of passive transport.
B. Cells only carry out active transport when they need to
move, while passive transport occurs constantly.
C. Active transport requires ATP, while passive transport
does not.
D. Cells with mitochondria carry out active transport,
while cells without mitochondria carry out passive
transport.
Multiple Choice Strategies
4. Read ALL of the options; eliminate the ones you
know are incorrect.
Which of the following products would you expect
to turn a blackish purplish color when it comes
into contact with iodine?
a. milk
b. Crisco
c. meat
d. a potato
The cell is the basic unit of life.
Organelles are specialized structures in cells that
perform specific functions.
Nucleus
The nucleus is the control center of the cell
• contains nearly all the cell’s DNA, or
instructions for the cell
main office of
the factory
Cytoplasm
The cytoplasm is the portion of the cell outside
of the nucleus.
• gel-like substance in which many chemical
reactions occur
(tiny dots)
Ribosomes
Ribosomes are where proteins are assembled.
• follow directions from the nucleus
assembly line
in the factory
Vacuole
The vacuole is a saclike structure that stores
materials such as water, salts, proteins, and
carbohydrates.
much larger in plants that in
animal cells
storage closet
in the factory
Mitochondria
Mitochondria convert the chemical energy
stored in glucose into a usable form (ATP).
• enclosed by a double
membrane
• powerhouse of the cell
the factory’s
power source
Chloroplast
Chloroplasts capture the energy from sunlight
and store it in the bonds of glucose.
• chloroplasts do photosynthesis
the factory’s
• only found in plants
solar panels
• contain green pigment
Cell (Plasma) Membrane
The outer border of every cell that regulates
what enters and leaves.
Cells fall into two broad categories, depending on
whether they contain a nucleus:
Prokaryotes
Eukaryotes
“before the nucleus”
“true nucleus”
Prokaryotes
Genetic material is not surrounded by a nucleus.
• no membrane-bound organelles
(mitochondria, chloroplast)
smalle
r
simpler
e.g., bacteria
Eukaryotes
Nucleus separates genetic material from rest of
the cell.
• contains internal structures and membranes
larger
more complex
e.g.: plants,
animals, fungi,
protists
Nucleus
The nucleus itself is surrounded by a double
phospholipid membrane with pores to allow small
molecules to enter and leave.
Plants and animals are eukaryotes.
contains chloroplasts and a cell wall;
larger vacuoles
Types of Blood Cells
Red Blood Cells
• no nucleus
• contains hemoglobin to
carry oxygen in blood
White Blood Cells
• involved in the immune
system
• can engulf infectious agents
with pseudopods
Whiteboard Practice
Whiteboard Practice
Whiteboard Practice
Whiteboard Practice
Whiteboard Practice
Whiteboard Practice
Practice
Venn Diagram (7 min.)
Specialized Cells (8 min.)
The two most
important reactions
that store and
release energy are
photosynthesis and
cellular respiration.
Equal and opposite
reactions
ATP
The main chemical compound that cells use to
store and release energy is adenosine
triphosphate (ATP). Energy = ATP!
When the bond
between two
phosphates (P) is
broken, energy is
released.
ATP is like a rechargeable battery.
ADP
ADP is like a partially charged,
spent battery.
ATP
ATP is like a fully charged
battery that can be used to
power reactions in the cell.
Be prepared to explain your answer!
Released energy from which molecule allows
active transport to move substances across cell
membranes?
A. ADP
B. AMP
C. ATP
D. NAD
Be prepared to explain your answer!
How do cells in the human body release energy
stored in an adenosine triphosphate molecule
(ATP)?
A. by releasing adenosine in ATP
B. by trapping ATP from carbohydrates
C. by breaking a phosphate bond in ATP
D. by combining ATP molecules in chlorophyll
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Purpose of PS
• to store energy from the sun in the bonds of
glucose
• how energy enters the food chain
Location of PS
• occurs in the chloroplast of plant cells
• the leaves of plants are specialized for
photosynthesis
Requirements of PS
Products of PS
PS Equation
CO2 + H2O + sunlight  C6H12O6 + O2
without CO2:
can’t occur
without H2O:
can’t occur
without light:
can’t occur
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
Purpose of CR
• to release the energy stored in the bonds of
glucose so we can use energy
Location of CR
• mitochondria of ALL eukaryotes (plants AND
animals)
Requirements of CR
O2
C6H12O6
Products of CR
CO2
ATP
H2O
CR Equation
C6H12O6 + O2  CO2 + H2O + ATP
w/less C6H12O6:
less CR
without O2:
can’t occur
Be prepared to explain your answer!
How do photosynthesis and cellular respiration
differ?
A. Photosynthesis uses food and cellular respiration
produces food.
B. Photosynthesis gives off oxygen and cellular
respiration uses oxygen.
C. Photosynthesis uses oxygen and cellular
respiration uses carbon dioxide.
D. Photosynthesis breaks down carbohydrates and
cellular respiration produces carbohydrates.
Be prepared to explain your answer!
How are the reactions for photosynthesis and cellular
respiration related?
A. The glucose and oxygen produced in photosynthesis
are used as reactants in aerobic cellular respiration.
B. The glucose and oxygen produced in photosynthesis
are used as reactants in anaerobic cellular respiration.
C. The carbon dioxide and water produced in
photosynthesis are used as reactants in aerobic cellular
respiration.
D. The carbon dioxide and water produced in
photosynthesis are used as reactants in anaerobic cellular
respiration.
Be prepared to explain your answer!
Which affects the rate of photosynthesis the
least?
A. water
B. oxygen
C. light energy
D. carbon dioxide
Be prepared to explain your answer!
Why do leaf cells contain many choloroplasts?
A. Cells located in a leaf need more sunlight for
respiration.
B. Cells located in a leaf need more sunlight for
transpiration.
C. Cells located in a leaf need more sunlight for
photosynthesis.
D. Cells located in a leaf need more sunlight for
protein synthesis.
Be prepared to explain your answer!
Which plant cell structures capture sunlight to
produce sugars?
A. vacuoles
B. ribosomes
C. mitochondria
D. chloroplasts
Be prepared to explain your answer!
Which substance is produced as a byproduct of
aerobic respiration?
A.
B.
C.
D.
NADH
acetyl CoA
ATP
glucose
Be prepared to explain your answer!
During photosynthesis, plants convert sunlight
into what substance to be used for energy?
A. oxygen
B. carbon dioxide
C. iron sulfide
D. glucose
ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION
Purpose of Anaerobic Respiration
• anaerobic = without oxygen
• a way for cells to get energy when there is no
oxygen
Anaerobic Respiration = Fermentation
Fermentation releases energy from food
molecules by producing ATP in the absence of
oxygen.
Because fermentation occurs
without oxygen, it is said to be
anaerobic.
Occurs in the cytoplasm of the
cell.
Inefficient; produces 2 ATP.
The two main types of fermentation are alcoholic
fermentation and lactic acid fermentation.
Fermentation
Alcoholic fermentation
• used by yeasts and other
microorganisms
• forms alcohol and carbon
dioxide as waste
Lactic acid fermentation
• used by muscles and
unicellular organisms
• produces lactic acid (why
your muscles feel sore
after rapid exercise)
Be prepared to explain your answer!
Which is responsible for muscle pain felt after
repeatedly lifting weights?
A. a buildup of ethanol due to aerobic respiration
B. a buildup of ethanol due to anaerobic respiration
C. a buildup of lactic acid due to aerobic respiration
D. a buildup of lactic acid due to anaerobic
respiration
Be prepared to explain your answer!
Why must lactic acid be removed from muscle
cells?
A. The lactic acid can fatigue muscle cells.
B. The lactic acid can cause muscle cells to
change into fat.
C. The lactic acid can cause muscle cells to
change into nucleic acids.
D. The lactic acid will cause the cytoplasm to
become aerobic and very diluted.
Be prepared to explain your answer!
Which distinguishes anaerobic respiration from
aerobic respiration?
A. Anaerobic respiration requires oxygen, while
aerobic respiration requires carbon dioxide.
B. Anaerobic respiration produces little ATP, while
aerobic respiration produces large quantities of ATP.
C. Anaerobic respiration occurs in the mitochondria,
while aerobic respiration occurs in the chloroplasts.
D. Anaerobic respiration releases large amounts of
carbon dioxide, while aerobic respiration releases
large amounts of oxygen.
Be prepared to explain your answer!
Which type of reaction is shown below?
glucose → lactic acid + ATP
A. photosynthesis
B. aerobic respiration
C. cellular respiration
D. anaerobic respiration
Be prepared to explain your answer!
Which process releases the highest amount of
energy?
A. anaerobic respiration
B. aerobic respiration
C. photosynthesis
D. protein synthesis
Be prepared to explain your answer!
What are the products of aerobic cellular
respiration?
A. glucose and water
B. glucose and oxygen
C. carbon, hydrogen, and water
D. carbon dioxide, water, and energy
A cell is having difficulty with one of its
organelles. Many enzymes are not being
produced. Which organelle is most
likely damaged?
A. Centriole
B. Ribosome
C. Mitochondrion
D. Cell membrane
The activities of this unicellular organism are
directed by which numbered organelle?
A. 1, nucleus
B. 2, chloroplast
C. 3, vacuole
D. 4, flagella
Which kind of cell has the greatest number
of mitochondria?
A. Skin cell
B. Lung cell
C. Brain cell
D. Muscle cell
Which best explains the relationship between
chloroplasts and mitochondria?
A. Chloroplasts absorb light energy from the
sun, which is converted to glucose by
mitochondria.
B. Chloroplasts produce carbon dioxide and
water, which are used by the mitochondria
to produce energy.
C. Chloroplasts store energy in the chemical
bonds of glucose, which is used by the
mitochondria to produce ATP.
D. Chloroplasts release light energy stored in
glucose in the form of ATP, which is
absorbed by the mitochondria.
Antibiotics work by attaching to a bacteria’s
ribosomes and disabling them. Why is this
harmful to the bacteria?
A. They cannot copy their DNA.
B. They cannot make the proteins they
need.
C. They can no longer make food through
photosynthesis.
D. They have plasmids which can no longer
be shared with other bacteria.
A student uses a light microscope to
compare Elodea plant cells and stained
cheek cells. Which two structures
would most likely be observed in
the Elodea cells that are absent in cheek
cells?
A. cell wall and plasma membrane
B. chloroplasts and cell wall
C. cytoplasm and cell wall
D. cytoplasm and nucleus
What is a major difference between
prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
A. Eukaryotic cells only have a flagellum.
B. Prokaryotic cells do not have a cell
membrane.
C. Eukaryotic cells do not have membranebound structures.
D. Prokaryotic cells do not have membranebound structures.
Which is the most significant difference
between a prokaryotic and a eukaryotic
organism?
A. A prokaryotic cell is complex, while a
eukaryotic cell is very simple.
B. A prokaryotic cell is multicellular, while a
eukaryotic cell is unicellular.
C. A prokaryotic cell requires oxygen, while a
eukaryotic cell requires carbon dioxide.
D. A prokaryotic cell does not have a welldefined nucleus, while a eukaryotic cell has
a defined nucleus.
Which describes how the plasma membrane
helps to maintain homeostasis?
A. by allowing any substance to enter the
cytoplasm of the cell
B. by controlling the synthesis of proteins
within the ribosome
C. by preventing all substances from
entering or leaving the cell
D. by regulating the contents of the cell
from the external and internal
environments
Why do leaf cells contain many chloroplasts?
A. Cells located in a leaf need more sunlight
for respiration.
B. Cells located in a leaf need more sunlight
for transpiration.
C. Cells located in a leaf need more sunlight
for photosynthesis.
D. Cells located in a leaf need more sunlight
for protein synthesis.
Whiteboard Practice
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Whiteboard Practice