#4 ianvari - ivnisi 2016
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agromani
#4 ianvari - ivnisi 2016
informacia bi ai ji-s Sesaxeb
biaiji saqarTvelos bazarze
erT-erTi wamyvani mikrosafinanso
organizaciaa, romelic 8 wliani
warmatebuli saqmianobis Sedegad
amJamad warmodgenilia 10 serviscentriT TbilisSi,rusTavSi,Tel
avSi,axalcixeSi, gorsa da senakSi.
aRniSnuli servis centrebis meSveobiT vemsaxurebiT 5,000-ze met
klients.
biznesis dafinanseba organizaciis ZiriTad saqmianobas warmoadgens. biaijis biznes modeli
morgebulia saqarTvelos did
qalaqebSi gare movaWreebis, mcire
da saSualo zomis sacalo maRaziebis, pirveladi saWiroebebis momsaxurebis momwodeblebis, fermerebisa da sxva saqmianobis fizikuri
pirebis saWiroebebze da Sesabamisi
sasesxo produqtebis meSveobiT am
saWiroebebis mogvarebaze.
bolo periodSi, kompania gansakuTrebul yuradRebas uTmobs regionebSi agro-biznesis
ganviTarebisTvis xelSewyobas.
Sesabamisad mcire da saSualo
biznesis mflobelebs sTavazobs
agro sesxebs sasoflo-sameurneo
miznebisTvis, rac saSualebas
aZlevs fermerebs ganaviTaron
sakuTari meurneoba.
Cveni misia mikro da mcire
mewarmeebis stabiluri ganviTarebis mxardaWeraa klientis
finansuri mdgomareobis gaTvaliswinebiT optimizirebuli da
masze morgebuli dafinansebis
SeTavazebis gziT.
Cveni upiratesobebia:
• maRalkvalificiuri kadrebi;
• klientis konsultacia misi
biznesis ukeTesad warmarTvis
mizniT;
• klientebTan individualuri
midgoma yvela moTxovnili sesxis Tanxis da biznes-specifikis
gaTvaliswinebiT;
• swrafi da operatiuli momsaxureba (ganacxadis Sevsebidan - sesxis gacemis CaTvliT);
• agro-seqtorSi kvalificiuri
da gamocdili agronomebis konsultaciebi klientebiTvis, maTi
agro-kulturis amaRlebisTvis
da biznesis ganviTarebisTvis.
produqtebi
ganaviTareT biznesi martivad Semdegi produqtebis meSveobiT:
1. agro sesxi;
2. biznes sesxi;
3. swrafi sesxi;
4. aqtiv krediti;
5. avto sesxi.
nebismieri sesxiT sargebloba
SesaZlebelia 18 wlidan, saqarTvelos moqalaqe fizikuri pirebisTvis.
sakontaqto informacia
Tbilisi
centraluri telefoni: (032) 2950950
servis centri #1: Tamar mefis gamz. 6,
Tbilisi 0112
servis centri #3: javaxeTis q. 22,
Tbilisi 0163
servis centri #5: xizaniSvilis q. 18,
Tbilisi 0167
rusTavi
centraluri telefoni: (0341) 270950
servis centri #10: Jiuli Sartavas
gamz. 19, rusTavi 3700
agro sesxi
biznes sesxi
sasoflo-sameurneo saqmianobaSi CarTuli klientebisTvis
biaiji gascems individualuri tipis agro sesxs, romelic iTvaliswinebs finansuri mxardaWeris gawevas mcire da saSualo
zrdadi agro meurneobebisTvis.
agro sesxi warmodgenilia Semdegi pirobebiT:
biznes saqmianobaSi CarTuli klientebisTvis biaiji gascems
individualur qalaqis (urbanuli) tipis sesxebs, romelic iTvaliswinebs finansuri mxardaWeris gawevas mcire da saSualo
zrdadi biznesisTvis.
sesxis Tanxa ......................... 500 - 50,000 lari
vada . ......................................... 3 - 60 Tve
saprocento ganakveTi ... 1.1%-dan
valuta .................................... lari, aSS dolari
saSeRavaTo periodi........ 1 - 11 Tve
uzrunvelyofa . .................. uZravi qoneba**
**10,000 aSS dolaris CaTvliT ar moiTxoveba
agro produqti moicavs Tanxis moqnili grafikiT dafarvis
SesaZleblobas konkretuli sameurneo saqmianobis sezonurobisa da sxva kriteriumebidan gamomdinare.
sesxis Tanxis gamoyeneba SesaZlebelia meurneobasTan dakavSirebuli nebismieri danaxarjebisTvis.
agromani
urbanuli tipis sesxi gaicema Semdegi pirobebiT:
sesxis Tanxa.......................... 500 - 50,000 lari
vada............................................ 3 - 60 Tve
saprocento ganakveTi.... 1.1%-dan
valuta..................................... lari, aSS dolari
saSeRavaTo periodi........ 1 - 11 Tve
uzrunvelyofa.................... uZravi qoneba**
**10,000 aSS dolaris CaTvliT ar moiTxoveba
sesxis Tanxis gamoyeneba SesaZlebelia nebismieri mizniT.
quTaisi
centraluri telefoni: (0431) 230950
servis centri #6: WavWavaZis gamz. 60,
quTaisi 4600
servis centri #9: WavWavaZis gamz. 34,
quTaisi 4600
Telavi
centraluri telefoni: (0350) 270950
servis centri #7: daviT aRmaSeneblis
gamz. 52a, Telavi 2200
axalcixe
centraluri telefoni: (0365) 220930
servis centri #11: paata naTenaZis q. 9,
axalcixe 0800
gori
centraluri telefoni: (032) 2950950
servis centri #12:
cxinvalis gzatkecili 4a , gori 1400
senaki
centraluri telefoni: (032) 2950950
servis centri #13: wminda ninos q. 5
senaki 4100
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#4 ianvari - ivnisi 2016
swrafi sesxi
klientebis biznes ideebis dasafinanseblad biaiji gascems swraf
sesxebs, romelic iTvaliswinebs biznesis ganviTarebis xelSewyobas.
swrafi sesxi gaicema Semdegi pirobebiT:
sesxis Tanxa......................................................... 500 - 50,000 lari
vada........................................................................... 3 - 60 Tve
saprocento ganakveTi................................... 2%-dan
valuta.................................................................... aSS dolari
saSeRavaTo periodi....................................... 1 - 12 Tve
uzrunvelyofa................................................... uZravi qoneba
sesxis Tanxis gamoyeneba SesaZlebelia nebismieri miznobriobiT.
avto sesxi
klientebis nebismieri ideis dasafinanseblad biaiji gascems avto
sesxs, avtomobilis uzrunvelyofiT.
avto sesxi gaicema Semdegi pirobebiT:
sesxis Tanxa.................................................. 300 - 10,000 aSS dolari
valuta............................................................. aSS dolari
avtomanqanis gamoSvebis weli............ 1998 wlidan zemoT
saprocento ganakveTi (TveSi)............ 3%-dan
sesxis vada..................................................... 4 - 12 Tve
grafikis tipi.............................................. Tanabari dafarva/
periodis bolos
dafarva
winswrebis sakomisio.............................. 0%
uzrunvelyofa............................................ avtomobili
(tarebis uflebiT
an gaCerebiT)
aqtiv krediti
aqtiv krediti warmoadgens inovaciur produqts, romelic saSualebas iZleva biznes sesxis miReba gaxdes kidev ufro martivi da
swrafi:
sakredito ganacxadis Sevseba da sesxze pasuxis miReba xdeba servis
centrSi miusvlelad
klienti Tavad adgens sesxis Tanxas, vadas, sesxis dafarvis sasurvel
grafiks da monawileobas iRebs sesxis damtkicebaSi
Tanxis miReba SesaZlebelia sasurvel adgilze
aqtiv krediti gaicema Semdegi pirobebiT:
sesxis Tanxa.................................................50 - 1,500 lari
vada...................................................................1 - 16 kvira
gacemis sakomisio....................................10 lari
procentis tipi..........................................klebadi procenti
uzrunvelyofa...........................................uZrav-moZravi qoneba**
Tavdebi*........................................................minimum erTi*
**savaldebulo ar aris
sesxis Tanxis gamoyeneba SesaZlebelia nebismieri miznobriobiT.
agromani
3
venaxi
#4 ianvari - ivnisi 2016
evenaxeobis yvela zonaSi savenaxe farTobis SerCevisas unda
gaviTvaliswinoT klimaturi
faqtorebis gavlena vazis mosavlianobaze, mosavlisa da Rvinomasalis xarisxze. aqedan gamomdinare
didi mniSvneloba aqvs niadagis da qveniadagis Tvisebebs, ferdobebis daqanebas
da sxva.
im adgilebSi, sadac haeris temperatura sistematurad ecema -15 gradusze
qvemoT, vazi unda aRizardos 100-120 sm
simaRlis Stambze, rac mniSvnelovnad
amcirebs mozamTre kvirtebis yinvisagan
dazianebis SesaZleblobas.
mTian zonaSi gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs eqspozicias. sadac SedarebiT naklebi siTboa, venaxebi pirvel
rigSi unda gaSendes samxreT da samxreTaRmosavleTis ferdobebze.
venaxis gasaSenebel farTobze unda
Catardes rigi RonisZiebebi:
1.nakveTis gawmenda buCqebis, msxvili
qvebisa da sarevelebisagan; 2. niadagis
zedapiris mosworeba; 3. sarwyavi qselis
mowyoba; 4. sadrenaJe qselis mowyoba;
5. niadagis agrosawarmoo Tvisebebis
gaumjobeseba; 6. plantaJis Catareba; 7.
qarsafari zolebis mowyoba.
savenaxed gamoyofili nakveTi unda
gaiwmindos jagnarisa da xis Zirkvebisagan. pirvel rigSi unda gaikafos da
amoiZirkvos didi xeebi, ise rom niadagSi
ar darCes fesvebi, radgan isini xels uSlian niadagis damuSavebas. Tu savenaxe
nakveTze gavrcelebulia sarevelebi, maT
mosaspobad saWiroa gadargvamde nakevTis
damuSaveba herbicidebiT. Tu venaxi Sendeba navenaxar farTobze saWiroa vazis
Zirfesvianad amoZirkva, nakveTidan misi
gatana da dawva.
niadagis mosworeba xdeba plantaJis
win, im SemTxvevaSi Tu savenaxe farTobze gvxvdeba uswormasworo adgilebi,
ormoebi an borcvebi, rac xels uSlis
niadagis Semdgom damuSavebas.
sakvebi nivTierebebiT Rarib niadagebze Rrmad damuSavebis win sruli doziT
unda SevitanoT organuli da mineraluri
sasuqebi.
niadagis plantaJis anu Rrmad damuSavebis dros xdeba niadagis gafxviereba fenaTa gadaadgilebiT. damuSavebis
siRrme aRmosavleT saqarTvelos raionebisaTvis udris 60-70 sm, xolo dasavleT
saqarTvelos mevenaxeobis raionebisaTvis
ki 50-60 sm-s.
niadagi gasaSeneblad momzadebulad
CaiTvleba mas Semdeg, rac igi gafxvierebulia da damjdari. amis uzrunvelsayofad palntaJi unda Catardes vazis
dargvamde 3-5 TviT adre. plantaJirebuli farTobi vazis dargvamde 20-25
dRiT adre unda gadaixnas gardigardmo
25 sm siRrmeze da daifarcxos. plantaJis
drosve axdenen organuli da mineraluri
sasuqebis niadagSi Setanas.
vazis dargvis sixSire ganisazRvreba
mwkrivTa Soris da mwkrivSi vazebs Soris manZiliT. kvebis are damokidebulia
bunebriv pirobebze, movla-damuSavebis
wesebsa da jiSis siZliereze. noyier da
tenian niadagebze vazi SedarebiT did
kvebis areze unda dairgos, Rarib da mwir
niadagebze ki xSiri nargaoba iZleva ukeTes
Sedegs. iq sadac SesaZlebelia meqanizaciis
gamoyeneba mwkrivTa Soris sigane ar unda
iyos 2,1 m-ze naklebi. sxvadasxva faqtorebis gaTvaliswinebiT mimarTaven gansxvavebuli kvebis aris gamoyenebas: 2,1X1 m;
2,5X1-1,25 m; 1,5X1,75-2 m; 3X-1,25 m.
m
agromani
vazis dargvisas, mxedvelobaSi unda
miviRoT vazebis Tanabari ganlageba,
Zlieri qarebis moqmedebis Sesusteba,
niadagis damuSaveba meqanizaciis saSualebiT da morwyva kritikul pirobebSi.
Tu nakveTi daqanebulia, maSin mwkrivebi
ewyoba daqanebis gardigardmo Zlier
qarian adgilebSi gabatonebuli qarebis mimarTulebis gasawvriv. sarwyav
pirobebSi gasaTvaliswinebelia sarwyavi
wylis mimarTuleba.niadagis mosworebisa da gawmendis Semdeg nakveTi igegmeba
dasargavad. amisaTvis mwkrivebs Soris
dadgenil manZilze (2,1-2-3 m) gaiWimeba
mavTuli da gaivleba swori xazi. Semdeg
- sawinaamRdego mimarTulebiT. vazebs
Soris miRebul manZilze (1-1,25-2 m) gaivleba aseTive mavTuli da maTi gadakveTis
wertilSi dairgveba vazi.
nakveTis dagegmva moniSvniTac SeiZleba. amisaTvis mwkrivebis gaswvriv Tavsa
da boloSi, mwkrivebs Soris miRebul
manZilze Caisoba paloebi, maTze gaiWimeba mavTuli da vazTa Soris manZili
aRiniSneba Cxirebis CasobiT.
vazis dargva SeiZleba rogorc
Semodgomaze, aseve adre gazafxulze.
upiratesoba eZleva Semodgomaze dargul vazs. saSemodgomo dargva warmoebs
Semodgoma-zamTris ganmavlobaSi Tbil
dReebSi gauyinav niadagze. gazafxulze
vazi unda dairgos araugvianes 10-15
aprilisa.
venaxis gaSenebisas erTwlian namyen
nergs dargvis win kvlav axarisxeben,
nazards or kvirtze gadaWrian, aclian
dazianebul fesvebs, ZiriTad fesvebs
ki amokleben 10-15 sm-mde. gazafxulze
dargvisas nergebs 24 saaTi alboben wyalSi.
vazs rgaven ormoebSi. gasaSenebel
farTobebze ormos amoReba xdeba meqanikuri wesiT. saerTod vazis dargva umjobesia 40-50 sm siRmisa da 30 sm siganis
ormoSi, romlis siRrme 8-10 sm-iT unda
aRematebodes vazis nergis sigrZes. TiToeuli ormosaTvis saWiroa 5-6 kg gadamwvari nakeli, romelsac ureven fxvier
miwaSi.
venaxis gaSenebisas sasuqebi unda SevitanoT dasargavi ormos fskerze, zemodan
daeyreba 6-8 sm sisqis e.w. miwis gamyofi
fena da Semdeg dairgveba vazi. organuli
(nakeli, komposti) sasuqebi pirdapir
Seereva ormodan amoRebul miwas da
dargvis dros moeyreba mTlianad.
venaxis gaSenebis pirvelsa da meore
wels nargaobis movla ise unda warimarTos, rom fesvTa sistema da miwiszeda
nawilebi rac SeiZleba kargad ganviTardes. agroteqnikis maRali done uzrunvelyofs axalgazrda vazis formirebis daCqarebas, msxmoiarobis adreul
asakSi dawyebas da SemdgomSi yurZnis
regularuli mosavlis miRebas.
am mizniT, dargvis pirvel wels
sayrdenis mowyoba, ylortebis normireba
jer Wigoze da Semdeg Spalerze aRzrda ganapirobebs savegetacio Zalis
gaZlierebas, adidebs saasimilacio
zedapirs, rac Tavis mxriv dadebiT gavlenas axdens fesvTa sistemis mZlavr
ganviTarebaze.
venaxis gaSenebis pirvel wels gansakuTrebuli yuradReba unda mieqces
niadagis damuSavebas, kokolebis gafxvierebas, sarevelebis winaamRdeg brZolas, vazis dacvas sokovani daavadebebisa
da mavneblebisagan.
adre gazafxulze mwkrivTaSorisebSi
saWiroa niadagis kultivatoriT gafx-
viereba 10-12 sm siRmeze. sanamyenedan
gamotanili fesvebis SeWras da saZireze
amonayrebis mocilebas iwyeben ivnisis
meore naxevridan. axalSen venaxSi niadagi
yovelTvis gafxvierebuli da sarevelebisagan sufTa unda iyos, risTvisac vegetaciis periodSi mimarTaven kultivaciis
ramdenjerme gamoyenebas. yinvasaSiS
zonaSi niadagi moixvneba naRarad 15-18
sm siRmeze. am SemTxvevaSi vazs orive
mxridan mieyreba miwa da daculi iqneba
zamTris yinvebiT dazianebisagan. sxva
SemTxvevaSi venaxis gaSenebis pirvel da
meore wels Rrma xvna aucilebeli ar aris
da igi kultivaciiT unda Seicvalos.
mesame wlidan ki niadagis damuSaveba
ise unda ganxorcieldes, rogorc es
mosavliani venaxebisaTvis aris rekomendirebuli.
sarwyavSi dargvis pirvel wels venaxi
irwyveba 2-4 jer. xangrZlivi gvalvebisas
vazi SeiZleba moirwyas moziduli wyliTac. aseT SemTxvevaSi namyen vazs moexsneba
kokola, daesxmeba 4-5 litri wyali da
mieyreba miwa.
Sereuli jiSebi da susti vazebi
vegetaciis periodSi moiniSneba da Semodgomaze amoiZirkveba. maT nacvlad
da gacdenil adgilebSi dairgveba imave
jiSis maRalxarisxovani namyeni nergi,
Seedgmeba Wigo da vegetaciis periodSi
TiToeul maTganze aRizrdeba ori ylorti. meqanikuri dazianebisagan dacvis
mizniT ylortebi periodulad magrdeba
sayrdenze da ecleba namxari. gamorguli
vazis movlisas gansakuTrebuli yuradReba unda mieqces kvebis pirobebis gaumjobesebas, rwyvas, mwvane masis sivrceSi
swor ganlagebas da maTi formirebis
daCqarebas.
axalSen venaxSi agro-RonisZiebebis
drouli gamoyeneba aZlierebs mcenaris
savegetacio Zalas da ganapirobeben
naadrevi mosavlis miRebas. formirebis
dasaCqareblad saWiroa dargvis pirvel
wels Catardes ylortebis normireba.
vazze erTi-ori ukeTesad ganviTrebuli
ylortis datovebiT da maTi sayrdenze
aRzrdiT. zrda-ganviTarebis siZlieris
mixedviT, meore wels vazi gaisxvleba
Stambis simaRleze, anda Stambisa da sanayofis gamoyvana moxdeba erTdroulad
(Stambis zonaSi ylortebis SecliT),
xolo SedarebiT susti ganviTarebis vazi
dainekeba, e.i gaisxvleba 2-3 kvirtze.
simeCxere sagrZnoblad amcirebs
yurZnis mosavals da uaryofiT gavlenas
axdens warmoebuli produqciis TviTRirebulebaze. venaxSi yovelwliurad
SeiZleba daiRupos garkevuli raodenobis nargaoba, romlis mizezi SeiZleba
iyos: 1. cudad momzadebuli niadagi;
2. uxarisxo nergis dargva; 3. movlis
wesebis darRveva; 4. araxelsayreli garemo pirobebi (yinva, gvalva, setyva); 5.
daavadebebi da mavneblebi; 6. meqanikuri
dazianebebi - traqtoriT, guTniT, kultivatoriT. zemoT CamoTvlili mizezebi
iwvevn meCxerianobas, rac uaryofiTad
aisaxeba saerTo mosavlianobaze. garda
amisa zedmetad ixarjeba mcenareTa
dacvis saSualebebi da niadagis damuSavebaze gaweuli Sroma.
axalSeni venaxi vegetaciis pirvel
wels, foTlebis dacvenis Semdeg, gulmodgined unda gaisinjos da sadac aklia,
dairgos imave jiSis kargad ganviTarebuli erT an orwliani namyeni nergi da
Seedgas Wigo, romelzedac aRizrdeba
gamorguli vazidan ganviTarebuli
ylortebi. umjobesia daparafinirebuli
namyenis gamorgva kokolebis gakeTebis
gareSe. saWiroa, gansakuTrebuli yuradReba mieqces gamorguli vazebis wamlobas da maTze ganviTrebuli ylortebis
sayrdenze aRzrdas.
samrewvelo venaxSi, vazis ZiriTad
sayrdens sxvadasxva tipis Spaleri warmoadgens. igi iZleva vazis formirebisa
da meqanizaciis farTod gamoyenebis saSualebas. Spaleri unda moewyos venaxis
gaSenebis pirvel wels, ukidures SemTxvevaSi meore wels. sayrdenad gamoiyeneba
xis, rkinis, rkina betonis boZebi. rigSi
boZebs Soris manZili SeiZleba vazis datvirTvisas Semcirdes 5-6 m-mde. Spaleri
Sedgeba sami wveri mavTulisagan. Spaleris mosawyobi boZebis sigrZe 230-250 sm,
xolo diametri 6X8 sm-ia.
regularuli da maRalxarisxovani
mosavlis misaRebad, erT-erTi aucilebli RonisZiebaa sxvla. misi saSualebiT
myardeba sasurveli Sefardeba vazis zrda-ganviTarebasa da mosavlianobas Soris.
vazis formirebisaTvis saWiroa Stambis
gamoyvana sxvlis pirvelive wlidan. misi
simaRle aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi 55-60
sm, dasavleTSi - imereTi, raWa-leCxumi 7080 sm, xolo Warbtenian zonaSi 80-100 sm.
formirebis daCqarebis mizniT dargvis
pirvel wels TiToeul vazs Seedgmeba
Wigo da masze aRizrdeba ori ylorti. Tu
vazze mxolod erTi ylortia, mas wveri
waewyviteba 3-4 foTlis datovebiT da
ganviTarebuli namxrevidan qveda ori
aRizrdeba Stambis gamosayvanad, danarCeni ki droulad Seecleba.
4
#4 ianvari - ivnisi 2016
mesaqonleoba
wvrilfermerul
meurneobaSi
saqonlisaTvis
sadgomis mowyoba
mxvilfexa saqonlis zrdaganviTarebasa da normalur cxovelqmedebaze moqmedebs mravali
faqtori, romelTa mavne gavlenis
gamo qveiTdeba organizmis gamZleoba da imuniteti, rac xelsayrel pirobebs qmnis paTogenuri
mikroorganizmebis zrda-ganviTarebisaTvis. erT-erTi mniSvnelovani maT Soris Senaxvis pirobebia, romelic iseTi unda iyos
rom cxovelze ar moaxdinos mavne
gavlena, ar daaqveiTos misi jamrTeloba da produqtiuloba.
msxvilfexa rqosani pirutyvis
sadgomis mosawyobad SeiZleba
gamoyenebuli iqnes sxvadasxva
samSeneblo masalebi - aguri,
bloki, xe. sadgomis iataki miwis
donidan ufro maRla unda iyos.
Senoba unda iyos naTeli, amisaTvis mSeneblobis dros samxreT
an aRmosavleT mimarTulebiT
iTvaliswineben 2-3 fanjris CaSenebas (sadgomis zomebidan gamomdinare, SeiZleba maTi ricxvi
gaizardos), maTi simaRle iatakidan 1,2-1,3 m. aseTi ganlageba
xels uwyobs karg dRis ganaTebas
da sadgomis gaTbobas. fanjrebi
periodulad unda iwmindebodes.
kargi bunebrivi ganaTebis misaRwevad rekomendirebulia sadgomis
dadgma aRmosavleT-dasavleTis
mimarTulebiT (Tumca es damokidebulia Tavad sadgomisaTvis
gankuTvnili nakveTis an teritoriis konfiguraciaze).
saZroxis sigrZe-siganes aqvs
gadamwyveti mniSvneloba, amitom
mas unda mieqces gansakuTrebuli
yuradReba sadgomis mSeneblobis
an Zveli Senobis gadakeTebis procesSi. erT sul Zroxaze sadgomi
unda iyos minimum 2X3 m farTobis,
ukeTesia 3X3 m, sadgomis simaRle
ara nakleb 2,5 m. erT sul Zroxaze
da mis xboze sadgomis farTi ara
nakleb 10 m2. gasasvleli karis sigane 1,2-1,5 m. sadgomis araswori
ganlageba iwvevs Senaxvis procesSi saqonlis dabinZurebas, saxsrebis, curis dazianebas da sxva
saxis travmebs. uSualod erTi sulisaTvis gankuTvnili sadgomis
optimaluri sigane 1,2 m-ia, sigrZe (e.i. manZili sakveburis wina
mxridan, sanakele arxamde) damokidebulia Tavad Zroxis sigrZeze
da dabmis saxeze, magram igi unda
iyos aranakleb 1,7 m-isa. iatakis
daxris kuTxe 2-30, iatakad gam-
oiyeneba xe an betoni. xis iataki
aris erT-erTi saukeTeso, Tumca
samwuxarod misi eqsploataciis
periodi xanmoklea, 3-5 weli. sanakele arxis optimalur zomebad
miCneulia sigane 22-25 sm, siRrme
10-12 sm.
sakveburebi ar und iyos mibjenili kedelze. sunTqvis dros
cxovelebi gamoyofen didi raodenobiT tens, romelsac isrutavs
kedlebi, Semdeg warmoiqmneba
kondensati, rac saboloo jamSi
iwvevs Senobis danestianebas.
travmirebis Tavidan acilebis
miziT, sakveburi damzadebuli
unda iqnas gluvi xis masalisgan,
zomebiT; simaRle 30-35 sm, sigane
45 sm, sigrZe 1 metri da meti.
sadgomSi maqsimaluri sisufTavis dasacavad mimarTaven qveSsafenis gamoyenebas. (dabinZurebuli garemo xels uwyobs mavne
mikrofloris ganviTarebas).
qveSsafeni emsaxureba sadgomSi
Tburi reJimis dacvas, saqonlis
gare safarvelis, mewveli saqonlis curebisa da Tavad sadgomis
sisufTaves.
sadgomSi qveSsafenad gamoiyeneba erTwlovani kulturebis
namja, naxerxi, torfi, xavsi.
qveSsafeni unda pasuxobdes
garkveul moTxovnebs: iyos mSra-
li, msubuqi, rbili, naklebad
siTbogamtari. tentevadi da
higroskopuli, daobebisa da Sxamiani mcenareebis minarevebis gareSe, unda Seicavdes rac SeiZleba
nakleb sarevelebis Teslebs.
ufro faseul qveSsafenad iTvleba is masalebi, romelTac zemoTCamoTvili Tvisebebis garda
gaaCniaT haeridan usiamovno sunis
gazebis STanTqmisa da baqtericiduli moqmedebis unari. yvelaze
saukeTesod iTvleba saSemodgomo
marcveluli kulturebis namja
da torfi.namja gamoyenebis win
ukeTesia daqucmacdes 10-15 sm
sigrZis naWrebad. dauSvebelia
qveSsafenis zedmetad datenianeba
da dabinZureba. sveli da WuWyiani
safeni 20-30 %-iT amcirebs yoveldRiur namats, zrdis sakvebis
danaxarjebs.
sadgomSi aucileblad unda
iyos ventilacia. amisaTvis WerSi
akeTeben Saxtas, sadac ewyoba
saventilacio mili ficrebisagan.
ficrebis sigane 50-60 sm, xolo
kveTaSi 15-20X15-20 sm. milis
qvemoTa nawili gayofilia ori
tixriT. saxuravs mili unda ascdes 50-60 sm-ze, rom daculi iyos
qarisagan.
im faqtorebs Soris, romlebic
ganapirobeben pirutyvis daavade-
agromani
5
#4 ianvari - ivnisi 2016
bebs erT-erTi mniSvnelovania
mikroklimati. mikroklimati
warmoadgens saqonlis sadgomis
SigniT fizikuri, qimiuri da
biologiuri faqtorebis erTobliobas.
mikroklimatis cvlilebebze SeiZleba gavlena moaxdinos
klimaturma faqtorebma, Senobis
konstruqciam, ventilaciam, kanalizaciam, siTbom da tengamtarobam, haeris mimocvlis donem,
ganaTebam, pirutyvis ganlagebis
sixSirem da sxva.
mikroklimatis normidan gadaxveva auaresebs pirutyvis saerTo
mdgomareobas da qmnis xelsayrel
pirobebs daavadebaTa ganviTarebisaTvis. gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba haerSi mavne airebis Semadgenlobas, mikrofloras,
temperaturas, tenianobas, haeris
moZraobas da sxva.
mavne airebad miCneulia: naxSirorJangi, amiaki, gogirdwyalbadi da mxuTavi airi.
naxSirorJangi ufero, usuno,
momJavo gemos airia. sadgomSi
misi ZiriTadi wyaroa cxovelebis
amonasunTqi haeri. igi warmoiqmneba cxovelis organizmis qsovilebSi JangviTi procesebis dros.
pirutyvis xangrZlivad yofna
araventilirebul SenobaSi, sadac naxSirorJangis Semcveloba
normaze metia, xSir SemTxvevaSi
iwvevs Seuqcevad paTologiur
procesebs.
gogirdwyalbadi Zlier Sxamiani airia: warmoiqmneba gogirdSemcveli aminomJavebis cilebis
xrwnis dros, romelic didi
raodenobiTaa im sadgomSi, sadac
sanitaruli mdgomareoba dabalia. gogirdwyalbadi organizmSi
Seiwoveba filtvebiT da zeda
sasunTqi gzebiT. Tu haerSi misi
Semcveloba 0,015 mg/l-ze metia, es
ukve saSiSia pirutvisa da adamianis jamrTelobisaTvis.
amiaki ufero, mZafri sunis
mqone Sxamiani airia. igi wamoiqmneba azotis Semcveli nivTierebebis xrwniT. didi raodenobiT
grovdeba im SenobebSi sadac Tavis
droze ar xdeba nakelisa da dabinZurebuli qveSsafenis gatana,
xolo ventilacia araregularulad da arasworad tardeba.
mxuTavi airi Zlier Sxamiania, rogorc cxovelebisaTvis,
aseve adamianebisaTvis. sadgomSi
grovdeba Siga wvis Zravis agregatebis (traqtorebi da sxva)
didi xniT muSaobiT. pirutyvi
CaisunTqvas ra mxuTav airs, igi
uerTdeba hemoglobins da boWavs
mas, rac aferxebs Jangbadis miwodebas qsovilebisaTvis. sadgomSi didi raodenobiT dagrovebisas
ki SeiZleba cxovelebi gaigudon.
sadgomis SigniT ayeneben msubuq tixrebs, xboebs aTavseben mcire
farTbze, calke. optimaluri
temperatura sadgomSi 8-10 gradusia, aseT pirobebSi saqoneli
naklebad xarjavs energias Tbo-
agromani
regulaciaze da ukeTesad iyenebs
sakvebs wonamatisa da rZis sawarmoeblad. Senoba regularulad
unda niavdebodes magram ar unda
iyos orpiri qari.
cudi ventilaciis pirobebSi,
sunTqvis procesSi Zroxa dReRameSi gamoyofs 8-12 kg orTqls,
Senobis SigniT swrafad grovdeba teni. amavdroulad Zroxa
gamoyofs didi raodenobiT naxSirorJangsac. orive faqtori
uaryofiTad moqmedebs cxovelis
jamrTelobaze, gansakuTrebiT
zamTarSi. ufro metad avaddebian
xboebi.
weliwadSi erTi Zroxa iZleva
10 t-mde nakels, romelic Zvirfasi organuli sasuqia. mcire ojaxuri meurneobis pirobebisaTvis
sakmarisi iqneba sanakele ormos
mowyoba 2,5X2,5 m, siRrme 0,5 m.
sanakele ormo unda iyos sadgomis
kedelTan axlos. nakels agroveben
fenebad 1-2 m simaRliT, Semdeg
afareben 10-15 sm-is sisqis namjas
an torfs. nakels Senaxvis erTerTi aucilebeli pirobaa misi
datkepvna da dacva atmosferuli
naleqebisagan. aseT pirobebSi igi
maqsimalurad inarCunebs masSi
Semaval sasargeblo nivTierebebs.
dauSvebelia nakelis dautkepnavad da gaSlilad dayra, aseT
SemTxvevaSi xdeba masSi Semavali
nivTierebebis dakargva da igi
gvevlineba garemos damabinZureblad.
sadgomis win unda moewyos
saseirno adgili 20-30 m 2. aseT
adgilze simSralis SesanarCuneblad mimarTaven qveSsafenis
gamoyenebas, romelsac drodadro
amateben namjas.
meZroxeoba da rZisa
da xorcis warmoebis
teqnologia
msoflioSi cnobilia 1000 – ze
meti Zroxis sxvadaxva jiSi. sayovelTaod gavrcelebuli klasifikaciis mixedviT maT yofen:
sarZeo, saxorce da kombinirebul
(sarZeo-saxorce da saxorcesarZeo) jiSebad. saqarTveloSi
gavrcelebulia sarZeo da kombinirebuli Zroxis jiSebi. ganvixiloT ramdenime maTgani.
qarTuli mTis Zroxis jiSi. es
jiSi uZvelesia. amJamad is SemorCenilia kavkasionis qedis ferdobebsa da mTian aWaraSi. umetesad Savi,
zogjer mowiTalo-Calisferi an
wabla, Wreli cxovelebic sakmaod
xSirad gvxvdebian. primitiul
pirobebSi dabadebisas xbos masa
13-15 kg-s Seadgens, srulasakovani
kuros masa 250 kg, furisa 180-220
kg. wliuri wveladoba movlis
pirobebidan gamomdinare Zalze
meryeobs 700 kg-dan 1900 kg-md (saSualod 900-1200 kg), cximianoba
4,2-4,5 %-mde.
kavkasiur wabla jiSSi xelsay-
relad aris Sexamebuli adgilobrivi Zroxis gamZleoba, saqarTvelos mTisa da baris pirobebisadmi Semguebloba da rZis cximianoba. dabadebisas dekeulebis
saSualo masaa 28 kg, mozvrebisa
- 30 kg. srulasakovani kuros masa
700 -750 kg-ia, furebis - 400-450
kg, wveladoba - 3100 kg rZe, cximianoba 3,7 %. kavkasiuri wabla
jiSi kombinirebuli (sarZeosaxorce) jiSisaa. dabadebidanve
kargad nakvebi am jiSis mozvrebis
dReRamuri wonamati xSirad 9001000 g-s aRwevs, xolo saSualo
cocxali masa - 345 kg-s, naklavis
gamosavali 57-60 %, rac sakmaod
kargi maCvenebelia.
Svicuri jiSi. es jiSi daaxloebiT 1000 wlis win, Sveicariis
mTebSia gamoyvanili. is sarZeosaxorce jiSisaa da wabla feriT
xasiaTdeba, aqvs magari proporciuli agebuleba da aklimatizaciis
kargi unari. srulasakovani
kuros masa 900 kg, furisa 550 kg,
wveladoba 3600 kg, cximianoba 3,6
%, rig qveynebSi es maCveneblebi
kidev ufro didia.
SavWreli jiSi. am saxelwodebis mqone jiSi gamoyvanili iqna
ruseTSi, imave feris holandiur
ZroxasTan Sejvarebis gziT. es
jiSi Semoyvanili iqna saqarTvelSo sadac kargad Seegua adgilobriv pirobebs da sakmaod
farTod gavrcelda (faqtiurad
is meore adgilzea kavaksiuri
wablas Semdeg). srulasakovani
kuros masa 880 kg, furisa 550 kg,
wliuri wveladoba 4000 kg rZe, 3,6
% cximis SemcvelobiT.
holSteinuri jiSi. Sav-Wrel
pirutyvs amerikaSi da rig sxva
qveynebSi amJamad holSteinurs
uwodeben. is miRebulia holandiidan Semoyvanili pirutyvis
xalasi moSenebiT, uxvi da srulfasovani kvebis fonze warmoebuli
seleqciiT, es jiSi wveladobiT
yvela sxva jiSs aRemateba. srulasakovani kuros masa 900-1000 kg-s
udris, furisa 680-700 kg-s, rZis
cximianoba ar aris didi da 3,6%-s
ar aRemateba.
velis wiTeli jiSi. miRebulia
ukrainaSi sxvadasxva jiSebis Sejvarebis Sedegad. am jiSis Zroxebi
xasiaTdebian kargad gamoxatuli
rZianobis niSnebiT, saSualoze
sustad ganviTarebuli muskulaturiT, didi amtanobiT, ferad
wiTelia. srulasakovani kuros
cocxali masa 800 kg, furisa 520
kg, wveladoba 3700 kg rZe, 3,7
% cximianobiT. jiSis saxorce
produqtiuloba ar aris maRali,
suqebisas mozvris dReRamuri
wonamati 800-950 g-s aRwevs, naklavis gamosavali 52-55 %-s Seadgans.
6
#4 ianvari - ivnisi 2016
kartofili
aqarTvelos mravalferovani
bunebrivi pirobebi da kartofilis didi Seguebulobis
unari saadreo da sagviano
produqciis miRebis SeasaZleblobas iZleva.
kartofilis jiSebs yofen sameurneo da biologiuri Tvisebebis mixedviT. gamoyenebis mixedviT dadgenilia
oTxi jgufi: sasufre, sakvebi, saqarxne
da universaluri.
1. sasufre kartofils unda axasiaTebdes maRali gemobrivi Tvisebebi,
swrafi xarSvadoba, magram xarSvisas
ar unda magrdebodes da arc iSlebodes. tuberi unda iyos srulyofili
formis, Txeli, gluv zedapiriani
kaniT, zamTarSi - Sesanaxad gamZle;
2. sakvebi jiSis kartofilisaTvis
tuberis formas, agreTve, gemobriv
Tvisebebs mniSvneloba ara aqvs, magram
mTavaria uxvmosavlianoba, mSral
nivTierebaTa da cilis (4-4,5 %) did
raodenobiT Semcveloba. sakvebi jiSis
tuberebSi cilebisa da saxameblis Semcveloba udris 1:8_1:12;
3. saqarxne jiSebs pirvel rigSi
unda axasiaTebdes maRali saxameblis
Semcveloba _ara naklebi 18%-isa, kargi
duRili da spirtis maRali gamosavlianoba, saxameblis msxvilmarcvlianoba. cilebis didi Semcveloba
xels uSlis normalur duRils;
4. universaluri, umaRlesi jgufis,
damaxasiaTebelia saxameblis gadidebuli Semcveloba, rac SesaZleblobas gvaZlevs gamoviyenoT rogorc sasursaTod
aseve teqnikuri gadamuSavebisaTvis.
amJamad saqarTveloSi gavrcelebulia kartofilis Semdeg jiSebi:
nevski-rusuli,impala,marfona,
pikaso da sante.
nevski_rusuli warmoSobis saadreo
jiSia, romelic xasiaTdeba kargi gemobrivi TvisebebiT, saSualo mosavlianobiT. tuberi TeTria, Tvlebi
zedapiruli. mis moyvanas ZiriTadad
misdeven marneulis, bolnisisa da
gardabnis raionebSi.
impala_ holandiuri warmoebis saadreo kartofilis jiSia (mwarmoebeli
kompania ,,agriko”), xasiaTdeba maRali
mosavlianobiTa da kargi gemobrivi
TvisebebiT. tuberi wagrZelebulovaluria, garekani yviTeli, rbilobi
moyviTalo. mdgradia kartofilis Y
virusis mimarT, nawilobriv rezistentulia nematodisa da qecisadmi.
marfona - saSualo vegetaciis jiSia, xasiaTdeba maRali mosavlianobiT.
tuberi momrgvalo ovaluri, msxvili,
yviTeli garekaniT, rbilobi Seferilia
Ria yviTlad, Tvlebi ganlagebulia
zedapirulad. mdgradia kartofilis
Y virusis mimarT, axasiaTebs qecis, fitoftorozisa da foTlebis daxvevisadmi nawilobrivi rezistentuloba.
pikaso - holandiuri warmoSobis
jiSia (mwarmoebeli kompania ,,agriko”),
saSualo sagviano vegetaciis. tuberi ovaluri, didi zomis, garekani
yviTeli, wiTeli TvlebiT, rbilobi
mkrTal moyviTalod Seferili. rezistentulia kartofilis Y virusis,
qecisa da nematodis mimarT. axasiaTebs
s
foTlebis daxvevisa da fitiftorozis
mimarT nawilobrivi gamZleoba.
sante - holandiuri warmoSobis
jiSia (mwarmoebeli kompania ,,agriko”),
saSualo saadreo vegetaciis. tuberi
ovaluri, saSualo zomis, garekani
yviTeli, rbilobi mkrTal moyviTalod
Seferili. rezistentulia foTlebis
daxvevis, fitoftorisa da nematodis
mimarT. axasiaTebs qecis mimarT nawilobrivi gamZleoba.
agroteqnika
kartofilis gavrcelebis ZiriTad raionebSi,mTian zonaSi, kargi
winamorbedia sagazafxulo TavTavianebi da erTwlovani parkosani balaxebi da simindi.
TviT kartofili, rogorc saToxni
kultura, niadagis Rrmad damuSavebis
momTxovni, kargi winamorbedia momdevni kulturebisaTvis, gansakuTrebiT
sagazafxulo TavTavianebisaTvis.
dauSvebelia kartofilis moyvana im
nakveTze sadac wina wels moyvanili iqna
pamidori, badrijani, wiwaka, Tambaqo.
niadagis damuSaveba
kartofilis tuberebis ganviTarebisa da maRali, stabiluri mosavlis
misaRebad saWiroa Rrma, msumbuqi,
struqturuli da kargad damuSavebulgafxvierebuli niadagi, raTa stolonebsa da tuberebs zrda-ganviTarebisas
ar Sexvdes didi meqanikuri winaamRdegoba.
saerTod mTian da mTiswina raionebSi, reliefis xasiaTis miuxedavad,
niadagi unda moxnan SesaZleblobis
mixedviT Semodgomaze.
xarisxovan saTesle masalaze didad
aris damokidebuli maRali mosavlis
miReba. amitom dasargavad unda SeirCes
kargad momwifebuli da jiSebisaTvis
tipiuri saSualo da msxvili zomis
(60-80 g) tuberebi.
wvrili tuberebis (30-40 g) sargavad
gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi, miiReba jiSisagan gadagvarebisniSniani dabali
mosavali. tuberis simsxosa da kvebis
aris mixedviT 1 ha-ze saWiroa 2,5 -4
tona sargavi masala.
kartofils Tesaven specialuri
oTxmwkriviani misabmeli saTesi manqanebiT mwkrivad 70-75X25-30sm da
kvadratul- budobrivad (70X70 an
60X60). TiToeul budeSi 2-3 deben
tubers da erTdroulad SeaqvT mineraluri sasuqi. saTesis mwarmoebloba
udris 6 ha-s dReSi (momsaxureba 8 kaci).
nakveTis TavSi da boloSi toveben 5-5
metr siganis adgils, raTa damuSavebis
dros SesaZlebeli iyos traqtoris
agregatebis mobruneba.
naTesis movla ZiriTadad gamoixateba imaSi, rom nakveTi mTeli vegetaciis
periodSi iyos fxvieri, sarevelebisagan Tavisufali, wyliTa da sakvebi
nivTierebebiT uzrunvelyofili.
gazafxulze gadarguli tuberebi SedarebiT gvian Rvivdeba, aRmocendeba
20-25 dRis Semdeg da amitom sarevlebi
aswreben aRmocenebas. ar aris gamoricxuli qerqis gadakvrac. yovelive amis
gamo kartofilis movlis aucilebeli
RonisZiebaa aRmocenebamde dafarcxva,
riTac umjobesdeba niadagis aeracia da
mcenaris ganviTarebis pirobebi.
kartofilis naTesis movlis mniSvnelovani RonisZiebaa agreTve miwis
Semoyra, rodesac mcenare 15-20 sm simaRles miaRwevs. buCqis garSemo niadagis
fenis SenarCunebisaTvis saWiroa, miwis
meoreuli Semoyra, raTa ukeT ganviTardes stolonebi da tuberebi. es RoniZieba umjobesia Catardes yvavilobamde.
zomieri havisa da naleqis pirobebSi
kartofili morwyvis gareSec iZleva
sasurvel mosavals, magram morwyva
mniSvnelovnad adidebs mosavls. morwyva gansakuTrebiT saWiroa zafxulSi
mTian zonaSi (axalqalaqi, walka, axalcixe) niadagis tenianobis da amindis pirobebis mixedviT 2-3 jer, xolo
dablob zonaSi 4-5 jer. pirveli morwyva unda Catardes foTlebis masobrivi
ganviTarebis fazaSi (niadagis meored
gafxvierebis win), meore kokrobis dawyebis win, mesame yvavilobaSi. meoTxe da
mexuTe morwyva unda ganxorcieldes
saWiroebis mixedviT. morwyvis norma
500-600 kuburi metri. morwyva tardeba kvlebSi wylis miSvebiT. morwyvis
Semdeg saWiroa niadagze warmoqmnili
qerqis daSla-gafxviereba.
kartofilis mosavlianoba damokidebulia klimatur-niadagur da
gamoyenebul agroteqnikur RonisZiebaTa kompleqsze, mosavlianoba SeiZleba
meryeobdes 12 tonidan 30-35 tonamde.
mosavlis aReba damokidebulia
pirvel rigSi jiSze, meteorologiur
pirobebze, gamoyenebul agrokompleqsze da sxva. kartofilis Semosvlis, momwifebis niSnebidan aRsaniSnavia foTlebis Wknoba da Camocvena, tuberze Txeli, nazi epidermisis nacvlad
mkvrivi korpisebri kanis ganviTareba,
stolonebis gaxmoba da maTgan tuberebis advilad mocileba.
foTlebSi Seqmnili organuli nivTierebebis gadasvla tuberSi ar wydeba
mis Semosvlis ukanasknel xanamde da
amitom tuberis mateba wonaSi gansakuTrebiT intensiurad mimdinareobs Semosvlis ukanasknel periodSi e.i. vidre
foTlebi ar dakargaven asimilaciis
unars, tuberis zrda grZeldeba.
kartofilis aReba SeiZleba kartofilis mTxreli guTniTac, romelsac
miwis Semomyrelis msgavsad orive
mxridan frTebi aqvs. guTniT amoyril
tuberebs xeliT krefen.
miwidan amoRebuli da gasufTavebuli tuberebi mindvridan gaaqvT da
axarisxeben. dazianebul da wvril tuberebs pirutyvis sakvebad iyeneben.
kartofils, amoRebisTanave Tu
mindvridan ar gaitanen, grovebad awyoben da zemodan afareben namjas an miwas
ayrian. gadazidvisas kartofili unda
davicvaT dazianebisa da dabegvisagan.
kartofilis Senaxvis dros danakargebis raodenoba mraval mizezzea
damokidebuli. Senaxuli kartofilis
danakliss iwvevs: lpoba sokovani daavadebaTa gavleniT, tuberis gaRvivebis gamo nivTierebaTa xarjva, xolo
sunTqvis Sedegad saxameblisa da Saqris
xarjva. aranakleb sayuradReboa wylis
dakargviT gamowveuli tuberis daWknoba, saxameblis SaqarSi gadasvliT gemobrivi Tvisebebis gauareseba, saxameblis
Semcireba da sxva. saqarTvelos dablob
zonaSi danakargebi bevrad metia.
kartofilis normaluri SenaxvisaTvis kargia 2-3 gradusi siTbo, ufro
maRal temperaturaze Zlierdeba
sunTqva da tuberis gaRviveba, xolo
1 gradusze nakleb temperaturaze
mimdinareobs tuberis datkboba anu
saxameblis xarjze Saqris mateba, minus
1 gradusze iwyeba tuberis gayinva.
kartofilis kargad Senaxvis mniSvnelovani pirobaa haeris tenianoba.
maRali tenis pirobebSi tuberi ,,ofliandeba” da xelsayreli pirobebi
iqmneba mikroorganizmebis ganviTarebisaTvis, amitom kartofilis Sesanax
sawyobSi haeris tenianoba 85-90%-is
farglebSi unda meryeobdes. zedmeti
tenianoba unda Semcirdes vintilaciis
saSualebiT. kartofilis Sesanaxi
saTavso unda iyos mSrali, bneli da
ventilirebadi. kartofils inaxaven
rogorc grovebad ise Txrilebsa da
ormoebSi.
agromani
marwyvi
#4 ianvari - ivnisi 2016
arwyvi saqarTveloSi warmoebul kenkrovan kulturebs
Soris erT-erTi yvelaze ZviradRirebuli da potenciuri kulturaa. saqarTvelos
niadagobriv klimaturi resursebi
xelsayrel pirobebs qmnis marwyvis
mosayvanad. Tanamedrove teqnologiebis (Sesaferisi jiSebi, kvalsaTburebi da sxva) gamoyenebiT saqarTvelos
calkeul regionebSi TiTqmis mTeli
weli SeiZleba misi warmoeba.
komerciuli saxeli – baRis marwyvi ,
miekuTvneba vardisebrTa ojaxs.
m
sawarmoo marwyvis
ZiriTadi saxeobebia:
Fragaria Virginiana – amerikis da kanadis
aRmosavleT regionebidan
Fragaria Chiloensis – atlantis okeanis
sanapirodan Ciledan aliaskamde
Fragaria Vesca - evropuli (SedarebiT
wvrilnayofa)
nakveTis SerCevisas gasaTvaliswinebelia Semdegi faqtorebi:
niadagis tipi da nayofiereba,
mJavianoba PH, niadagis drenirebis
unari,qarebisagan daculoba, nakveTis
ganaTeba (marwyvi ar unda dairgas xeebis an Senobebis CrdilqveS), sarwyavi
wylis xelmisawvdomoba da sxva.
dauSvebelia marwyvis plantaciis
gaSeneba im nakveTze sadac wina wels
darguli iyo ZaRlyurZenisebrTa ojaxis (pamidori, kartofili, badrijani,
wiwaka) warmomadgenlebi an marwyvi. es
niadagi SeiZleba Seicavdes verticiluri Wknobis gamomwvev organizmebs.
aseT nakveTebze saWiroa fumigaciis
Catareba. aseve moerideT marwyvis
gaSenebas nayamiral (wlebis manZilze
daumuSavebel) teritoriaze. aseT
nakveTebze dargvamde saWiroa maTi
gakultureba (marcvleuli an sxva
kulturebis moyvana).
marwyvi unda dairgas swor an odnav
daqanebul nakveTebze.
marwyvis dasargavad nakveTi unda
momzaddes dargvamde didi xniT adre,
rac gulisxmobs mis Rrmad damuSavebas (moxvna 30-35 sm-ze) SemdgomSi
gafxvierebas. nakveTis xangrZlivi
eqspluataciis dros, SedarebiT mZime
niadagebze, aseve Warbtenian zonebSi
rekomendirebulia nakveTis Rrmad
gamafxvierebliT (,,CizeliT’’ an ,,riperiT’’) damuSaveba, niadagis e.w. ,,quslis” mosaspobad da niadagis drenirebis gasaumjobeseblad.
karg Sedegebs iZleva niadagis damuSavebis dros masSi kompostirebuli
organuli sasuqis Setana, romelic
aumjobesebs niadagis fizikur-qimiur
maCveneblebs. mimarTaven mis Setanas
rigebSi an SemaRlebul kvlebSi 1 haze 20-30 t-is odenobiT. mineraluri
sasuqebis Tanadrouli gamoyenebiT.
Tanamedrove fermerul meurneobebSi marwyvs aSeneben 20 sm-is simaRlis SemaRlebul kvlebze, igi xels
uwyobs adreuli mosavlis miRebas,
aumjobesebs niadagis drenaJs, mosaxerxebelia mwerebTan da daavadebebTan
sabrZolvelad. SemaRlebul kvlebs
akeTeben specialuri ,,bazo warmomqm-
agromani
neli” agregatebis gamoyenebiT, romelic ebmeba traqtors. marwyvis kvlebis
zomebia 80-90 sm siganeSi, manZili
kvlebis centrebs Soris 1,5 m. kvlebis
amaRleba unda iyos Tanabari, Zlier
talRovani da Cavardnili adgilebis
gareSe, raTa warmoebis procesSi
Tavidan aviciloT calkeul adgilebSi
wylis Cadgoma.
SemaRlebuli kvlebis momzadebis
Semdeg mimarTaven maT dafarvas polieTilenis firiT an CaliT, rasac
ewodeba mulCireba. mulCirebas rigi
upiratesobani gaaCnia. pirvel rigSi
igi aferxebs sarevelebis aRmocenebas,
rac gamoricxavs iseT Sromatevad
process rogoricaa gaToxvna da gamargvla. mulCireba aumjobesebs niadagis
tenianobis kontrols, amcirebs tenis
dakargvas da uzrunvelyofs niadagis
Tanabar datenianebas wveTovani sarwyavi sistemis gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi,
amcirebs niadagis datkepvnas da Zlieri
wvimebiT gamowveul niadagis erozias.
aseve gamoricxavs nayofebis uSualo
Sexebas niadagTan, riTac amcirebs
nayofebis lpobas da uzrunvelyofs
sufTa nayofebis miRebas.
mulCirebisaTvis gamoiyeneba Savi an
orfenovani (Savi-vercxlisferi, an sxva
kombinaciebi) 0,2-0,3 mikroni sisqis polieTilenis firi. Calis mulCis gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi misi sisqe unda iyos
minimum 2,5-3 sm. mulCirebisas miaqcieT
yuradReba, rom igi mWidrod daefaros
niadagis zedapirs, nakveTi daculi
unda iyos Zlieri qarebisagan.
nakveTis mulCireba polieTilenisa
da namjis gamoyenebiT.
wveTovani irigaciis milebi ewyoba niadagis kvlebis zemodan, polieTilenis mulCis firis dafenamde.
xolo organuli mulCis (Cala, namja)
gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba maTi
zemodan dalageba.
saqarTveloSi marwyvis dargvis
dro damokidebulia regionebze.
Tbil klimatur pirobebSi igi unda
dairgas seqtembris Sua ricxvebidan
oqtombris dasawyisamde. xolo gril
pirobebSi, gazafxulis dasawyisSi
(martis bolodan, aprilis Sua ricxvebamde).
marwyvis sawarmoeblad ramdenime
saxeobis sargavi masala gamoyeneba. yvelaze xSirad iyeneben fesvian nergs.
Zalzed mniSvnelovania jansaRi
sargavi masalis gamoyeneba (SedarebiT
did farTobebze gaSenebisas, ukeTesi
iqneba serTificirebuli, virusebisagan Tavisufali nergebis SeZena).
saqarTvelos gril klimatur pirobebSi araremontatuli marwyvis
warmoebis SemTxvevaSi pirveli da
meore mosavalis aRebis Semdeg saWiroa
kvlebis ganaxleba. warmoebis mesame
welsac SesaZlebelia mosavlis sasurveli moculobis miReba, moyvanis optimaluri pirobebisa da jansaRi sargavi
masalis gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi.
marwyvis mosavali unda daikrifos
diliT adre, nayofebis zedapiris gaS-
7
robis Semdeg. arasasurvelia marwyvis
dRis meore naxevarSi mokrefva, am
dros nayofi Tbilia da ufro advilad
ziandeba. gril regionebSi marwyvi
SeiZleba daikrifos ramdenime dReSi
erTxel, xolo maRaltenian pirobebSi
yovel meore dRes. marwyvis simwifis
saukeTeso maCvenebelia nayofis feri
da simkvrive. nayofebis wiTlad Sefervis toni SeiZleba gansxvavebuli
iyos jiSebis mixedviT. dauSvebelia
nayofebis gadamwifeba, aseTi nayofi
iolad iWyliteba da ver uZlebs transportirebas.
aseve arasasurvelia daumwifebeli
nayofis dakrefva. daumwifebel xils
aqvs TeTri rbilobi yunwis mimdebare areSi, susti aromati da Saqris
dabali Semcvelobis gamo naklebad
gemrielia.
mokrefili nayofi lagdeba mcire
zomis muyaos yuTebSi an plastmasis
konteinerebSi, maTi tevadoba meryeobs
200 gr-dan 1000 gr-mde.
marwyvi erT-erTi yvelaze malfuWebadi kulturaa da komerciuli warmoebisas, saWiroa misi mosavlis aRebis
Semdgomi gagrileba, rac xels uwyobs
Senaxvis vadebis gazrdas da nayofebis
xarisxis SenarCunebas. saWiroa 0-10 C
–ze civad Senaxvis pirobebis SenarCuneba realizaciamde.
axladmokrefili marwyvis maqsimaluri Senaxvis vada mosavlis aRebis
Semdeg mxolod 7-dan 10 dRemdea 0-10
C-is pirobebSi.
8
Txili
Revandeli monacemebiT
saqarTveloSi daaxloebiT
25 000 tona gautexavi Txili iwarmoeba. kargi klimaturi pirobebis SemTxvevaSi, saqarTveloSi daaxloebiT
7 000 tona Txilis guli iwarmoeba
(Srobisa da naWuWis gaclis Semdeg).
Txili mravalwliani buCqovani
mcenarea, simaRliT 3-5 m-mde. uxvad
iviTarebs fesvis yelidan amonayrebs, Reros qerqi gluvia, muqi an
mixakisferi. Reroze ganlagebuli
erTwliani totebi Sebusulia. yvelaze metad gavrcelebulia sami
saxeobis (1. Cveulebrivi Txili, 2.
lombardis, 3. pontos Txili) da maTgan gavrcelebuli Txilis jiSebi.
saqarTveloSi gavrcelebuli Txilis jiSebia:
,,anakliuri” - gavrcelebis areali
- samegrelos regioni;
,,Svelisyura”- gavrcelebis
areali - Coxataurisa da zugdidis raionebi;
,,xoja Txili” - gavrcelebis
areali - zugdidisa da galis
raionebi;
,,dedoflis TiTa” - gavrcelebis areali - vanis, wyaltubos, ozurgeTisa da zugdidis
raionebi;
,,xaWapura”- gavrcelebis areali - guriisa da aWaris raionebi, lagodexis raioni;
,,nemsa” - gavrcelbis areali - guriis raionebi da vanis
raioni;
,,cxenis ZuZu” _ gavrcelebis
areali - guriis raionebi;
,,saivanobo” (sakvirikebo) –
gavrcelebis areali - guriis
raionebi;
,,aTababa” (belaqnis) - gavrcelebis areali - guriisa da
afxazeTis raionebi;
,,berZnuli Txili” - gavrcelebis areali - guriis da
samegrlos raionebi, wyaltubos,
gorisa da lagodexis raionebi.
Txilis jiSebi klimaturi
pirobebidan da adgilmdebaroebis
mixedviT sxvadasxva dros Sedian simwifeSi, nayofis Semosvla grZeldeba
30-40 dRemde. amitom mosavlis aReba
rekomendirebulia ramdenime vadaSi.
Txilis teqnikurad momwifebis niSnad iTvleba saburvelis gamuqeba,
am droisaTvis gamuqebulia agreTve
Txilis naWuWi, gansakuTrebiT fuZesTan da advilad scildeba saburvels. Txils vkrefT maSin, rodesac
Txilis buCqis susti darxevis dros
normalurad ganviTarebuli nayofi
cviva saburvelianad an saburvelis
gareSe. Tu Txilis baRebi gabalaxebulia, krefis dawyebis win unda
gaiTibos. naTibi da sxva narCenebi,
rac xels uSlis mosavlis udanakargo
aRebas, gatanil iqnes plantaciidan.
iseTi jiSebi, romelTa nayofi simwifeSi CenCos advilad ar scildeba,
d
ikrifeba CenCoianad. maT sami dRis
manZilze grovebad aTavseben mSral,
gadaxurul SenobaSi, xSirad ureven
rom ar Caxurdes an CaSavdes. am dros
nayofi gadis fermentaciis process.
CenCo rbildeba, advilad scildeba
nayofs, romelic asrulebs simwifes
da iRebs misTvis damaxasiaTebel
gemos, naWuWi sabolood damaxasiaTebel Sefervas. Semdeg Txili gadaaqvT ganiavebad sacavSi, yrian Txel
fenebad, drodadro axdenen dayrili
fenis gadarevas. 10-12 dRis Semdeg
sabolood arCeven da asufTaveben
CenCosagan. gadarCeuli mSrali nayofis sinotive ar unda aRematebodes
14 %-s.
samrewvelo daniSnulebis Txilis baRis gasaSeneblad gadamwyveti
mniSvneloba aqvs nakveTis sworad
SerCevas. Txilis samrewvelo baRebis
nakveTze upirveles yovlisa unda
Catardes mosworebiTi samuSaoebi,
moixvnas saplantaJe guTniT 45-50 sm
siRrmeze. niadagSi damuSavebis win
1 ha farTobze Setanili unda iqnes
30-40 tona gadamwvari nakeli, da
fosfor-kaliumiani sasuqebi ( P2O5
50-70 kg; K2O 50-60 kg).
Tu Txilis dargvamde nakveTi
dakavebuli iyo tyiT an buCqnariT,
aseT nakveTze mcenareuli narCenebisagan sabolood gawmendis mizniT,
rekomendirebulia pirveli ori wlis
manZilze moyvanili iqnes erTwlovani
kulturebi, mesame wels ki SesaZlebelia Txilis baRis gaSeneba.
Tu Txilis gaSeneba dagegmilia
SemodgomiT, maSin niadagi unda
damuSavdes imave wlis gazafxulze
an zafxulis damdegs, xolo gazafxulze gaSenebisaTvis - wina wlis
gaSeneba rekomendirebulia iq sadac
haeris minimaluri temperatura ar
ecema minus 20-23 gradusamde. Txili
egueba yovelnair niadags, garda mZime
Tixnari da daWaobebuli adgilebisa,
PH 5,5-dan 8-mde. upiratesoba eniWeba
kargi aeraciis, tenian, organuli nivTierebebiT mdidar niadagebs.
Txilis kulturis gavrcelebis
tradiciul raionebSi (kolxeTis
dablobi, samegrelo, guria), sadac
daSrobili Waobebia, aucilebelia
sferuli an naxevrad sferuli kvlebis mowyoba. unda moewyos dasaSrobi,
sawreti arxebi, xolo mSrali klimatis regionebSi sarwyavi kvlebi.
TiTqmis yela regionSi rekomendirebulia qarebisagan daculi adgilebis
SerCeva an qarsafari zolebis mowyoba
(Txilis gaSenebamde 2 wliT adre).
baRis gasaSeneblad gankuTvnil
SemodgomiT. dasaveleT saqarTvelos
Warbteniani da mZime niadagebis damuSaveba umjobesia zamTris bolos,
gazafxulis dasawyisSi.
niadagis sabolood mowesrigebis
mizniT, moxvnis Semdeg saWiroa niadagis zedapiris gafxviereba mosworeba.
Txilis baRebSi mcnareTa dgomis
sixSiris gansazRvra damokidebulia
niadagis nayofierebis, jiSis zrdis
siZlieresa da reliefur Taviseburebebze. ama Tu im zonaSi SeiZleba
SerCeuli iqnes dargvis sqema - 5X3 m,
4X3 m, 5X4 m, 4X4 m.
mcenaris dasargavi ormoebi mzaddeba gadargvamde 2-3 kviriT adre,
ormos zomebi 40X50X50 sm, sadac
Setanili unda iqnes 10-15 kg organuli sasuqi (gadamwvari nakeli),
100 gr fosforisa da 60 gr kaliumis
sasuqis damatebiT. TiToeul ormoSi
#4 ianvari - ivnisi 2016
irgveba kargad ganviTarebuli 1 an
2 wliani erTi standartuli nergi.
aucilebelia nergebis dargvisTanave
morwyva. samrewvelo baRebi Sendeba
2-3 jiSiT, damamtverianebeli jiSis
gaTvaliswinebiT. nergi ise unda
dairgas rom fesvis yeli daifaros
7-10 sm sisqis miwiT.
Txilis fesvTa sistema Zlier
kompaqturia, rac icavs niadags
Camorecxvisagan. amitom Txilis plantacia xSirad gamoiyeneba ferdob
adgilebze, rogorc niadagis eroziisagan damcavi saSualeba.
Txilis sicocxlis xangrZlivoba
80-90 welia, buCqis simaRle 6-8 metramde aRwevs.
Txili sqesgayofili, erTsaxliani
mcenarea, mdedrobiTi da mamrobiTi
yvavilebis yvaviloba xSirad ar emTxveva erTmaneTs, amitom plantaciis
gaSenebisas gaTvaliswinebuli
unda iqnes damamtverianebeli
jiSebis ganTavseba.
dasaveleT saqarTvelos tenian, subtropikul raionebSi
Txili simwifeSi Sedis ivlisis
Sua ricxvebidan. aRmosavleT
saqarTvelos raionebSi ki erTi
TviT gvian.
Txilis kultura msxmoiarobaSi Sedis dargvidan me-3 an
me-4 wels. srul mosavlianobas
iwyebs me-10 wels.
Txilis buCqis mosavlianoba
23-25 wlis asakidan klebulobs,
amitom mosavlianobis aRdgenis
mizniT saWiroa mcenaris gaaxalgazrdaveba. plantaciis gaaxalgazrdaveba SeiZleba Catardes
mTlianad da nawilobriv anu
TandaTanobiT. plantaciis erTdroulad mTliani gaaxalgazrdavebisas yvela buCqze moberebuli deda toti unda gadaiWras
an gadaixerxos niadagis zedapirTan axlos. plantaciis gaaxalgazrdavebisas erTi ram aris
gasaTvaliswinebeli, wlebis
ganmavlobaSi mosavalianoba
mkveTrad rom ar Semcirdes ar
SeiZleba yvela moberebuli buCqis erTdroulad gaaxalgazrdaveba.
erTi savegetacio periodis manZilze
rekomendirebulia buCqebis 15-20
%-is gaaxalgazrdaveba. nawilobivi
gaaxalgazrdavebis dros Txilis
buCqebs yovelwliurad unda SeeWras daberebuli deda totebis
erTi meoTxedi an mexuTedi. Txilis
nargaobis gaaxalgazrdaveba tardeba oqtomber-noemberSi. buCqis
Zveli, moberebuli Reroebi iWreba
ZirSi, miwis zedapiridan 5-8 sm-is
simaRleze. amis Semdeg miviRebT axal
amonayrebs, maTgan 8-10 Zlier nazards
vtovebT deda totebad, danarCenebs
movacilebT.
Txilis daraionebuli jiSebiT
gaSenebuli plantacia kargi movlis pirobebSi iZleva 1,5-1,8 t/ha
mosavals.
agromani