MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF UKRAINE
National Aviation University
A.D. Kustovska, T.V. Kravchuk, O.P. Yashchuk
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY. ANOXIC COMPOUNDS
Guide
Approved by Academic Council of National Aviation University
for University students
of specialty 162 “Biotechnology and Bioengineering”
Kyiv 2017
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UDC
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced
in any form without the prior written permission of the publisher
Compilers:
A.D. Kustovska – candidate of chemical sciences, docent –
chapter 5-8;
T.V. Kravchuk – master of chemical technology, junior lecturer –
chapter 1-4 (together with Yashchuk O.P.);
O.P. Yashchuk – specialist of the english language and literature,
junior lecturer – chapter 1-4 (together with
Kravchuk T.V.)
Reviewers: Sokolsky G.V. – Doctor of Science (Chemistry)
(National University of Food Technologies);
Nesterova L.O. – Doctor of Technical Sciences, docent (National
University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine);
Novoselov E.F. – Candidate of Chemical Sciences, docent
(National Aviation University)
Approved by Academic Council of National Aviation University
(Minute №___ of ________)
Навчальний посібник уміщує теоретичний та практичний
матеріал для вивчення дисципліни «Органічна хімія».
Для студентів вищих навчальних закладів спеціальності 162
«Біотехнологія та біоінженерія».
Kustovska A.D.
Organic Chemistry. Anoxic Compounds: guide /
A.D. Kustovska, T.V. Kravchuk, O.P. Yashchuk. – К.: NAU, 2017.
– 200 p.
The guide contains theoretical and practical material for the
study of discipline “Organic chemistry”.
For University students of specialty 162 “Biotechnology and
Bioengineering”
Kustovska А.D., Kravchuk Т.V.,
Yashchuk О.P., 2017
NAU, 2017
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Contents
Introduction ............................................................................................. 7
CHAPTER 1. STRUCTURE OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS ......Error!
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1.1. Introduction to organic chemistryError! Bookmark not defined.
1.2. Structure of organic compounds . Error! Bookmark not defined.
1.2.1. The structure of the atom ..... Error! Bookmark not defined.
1.2.2. Concept of hybridization of atomic orbitals .................Error!
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1.3. Methods of representation of organic molecules .................Error!
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1.4. Isomerism ................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
1.4.1. Structural isomerism ............ Error! Bookmark not defined.
1.4.2. Types of stereoisomerism .... Error! Bookmark not defined.
1.5. Atoms cross-coupling in a molecule.......... Error! Bookmark not
defined.
1.5. Acids and Bases .......................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Questions and problems......................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
CHAPTER 2. CLASSIFICATION OF ORGANIC REACTIONS.
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2.1. Classification by the type of reactions ....... Error! Bookmark not
defined.
2. 2. Classification by type of chemical bonds braking .............Error!
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2. 3. Classification by the nature of a reagent... Error! Bookmark not
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2. 4. Classification by reaction order . Error! Bookmark not defined.
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CHAPTER 3. CLASSIFICATION AND NOMENCLATURE OF
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS ................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
3.1. Classification of Organic Compounds ....... Error! Bookmark not
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3.2. Nomenclature of hydrocarbons .. Error! Bookmark not defined.
3.3. Nomenclature of the derivatives of hydrocarbons ...............Error!
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CHAPTER 4. SATURATED HYDROCARBONS ... Error! Bookmark
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4.1. Alkanes ....................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
4.1.1. Nomenclature of Alkanes .... Error! Bookmark not defined.
4.1.2. Physical Properties of Alkanes ........... Error! Bookmark not
defined.
4.1.3. Sources and Preparation of Alkanes ... Error! Bookmark not
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4.1.4. Chemical Properties of Alkanes ......... Error! Bookmark not
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4.2. Cycloalkanes............................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
4.2.1. Nomenclature of Cycloalkanes ........... Error! Bookmark not
defined.
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4.2.2. Isomerization of Cycloalkanes ........... Error! Bookmark not
defined.
4.2.3. Physical Properties of Cycloalkanes ... Error! Bookmark not
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4.2.4. Chemical Properties of Cycloalkanes Error! Bookmark not
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Questions and problems......................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
CHAPTER 5. UNSATURATED HYDROCARBONS .................Error!
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5.1. Alkenes ....................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
5.1.1. Nomenclature of Alkenes .... Error! Bookmark not defined.
5.1.2. Physical Properties of Alkenes ........... Error! Bookmark not
defined.
5.1.3. Preparation of Alkenes ........ Error! Bookmark not defined.
5.1.4. Chemical Properties of Alkenes ......... Error! Bookmark not
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5.2. Alkynes ....................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
5.2.1. Nomenclature of Alkynes ....... Error! Bookmark not defined.
5.2.2. Physical Properties of Alkynes Error! Bookmark not defined.
5.2.3. Preparation of Alkynes ............ Error! Bookmark not defined.
5.2.4. Chemical Properties of Alkynes ............. Error! Bookmark not
defined.
5.3. Dienes ......................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
5.3.1. Preparation of Dienes .............. Error! Bookmark not defined.
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5.3.2. Chemical Properties of Dienes Error! Bookmark not defined.
Questions and problems......................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
CHAPTER 6. AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS Error! Bookmark not
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6.1. Introduction ................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
6.2. Nomenclature of the Benzene Derivatives Error! Bookmark not
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6.3. The Stability of Benzene ............ Error! Bookmark not defined.
6.4. Physical Properties and Sources of Aromatic Hydrocarbons
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6.5. Preparation of Benzene............... Error! Bookmark not defined.
6.6. Chemical Properties of Benzene. Error! Bookmark not defined.
6.7. Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds Error! Bookmark not defined.
Questions and problems......................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
CHAPTER 7. NITROGEN COMPOUNDS ........ Error! Bookmark not
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7.1. Introduction ................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
7.2. Nomenclature of Amines ............ Error! Bookmark not defined.
7.3. Physical Properties of Amines .... Error! Bookmark not defined.
7.4. Preparation of Amines ................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
7.5. Chemical Properties of Amines .. Error! Bookmark not defined.
7.5.1. Basicity of Amines .............. Error! Bookmark not defined.
7.5.2. Acylation of amines ............. Error! Bookmark not defined.
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7.5.3. Reactions of Amines with Nitrous Acid ... Error! Bookmark
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7.6. Arendiazonium Salts................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
7.7. Uses of Amines and their Derivatives ....... Error! Bookmark not
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Questions and problems......................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
CHAPTER 8. HALOGEN COMPOUNDS .......... Error! Bookmark not
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8.1. Introduction ................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
8.2. Nomenclature of Halogen Compounds ..... Error! Bookmark not
defined.
8.3. Physical Properties of Halogen Compounds ... Error! Bookmark
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8.4. Preparation of Halogen Compounds .......... Error! Bookmark not
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8.5. Chemical Properties of Halogen Compounds.. Error! Bookmark
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8.5.1. Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions... Error! Bookmark not
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8.5.2. Elimination Reactions.......... Error! Bookmark not defined.
8.5.3. Uses of Halogen Compounds ............. Error! Bookmark not
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Questions and problems......................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
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Introduction
Organic chemistry plays a great role in the present day life. All
plants consist of organic molecules. Organic molecules pass signals
between neutrons in all animals; they are main part of food we eat daily.
And the most important role of organic molecules is that they store all
genetic information on the planet. Every day people use some things,
which consist of organic substances. The common examples of such
things are our clothes, mobile phones, stationery and so on. Modern
screens of mobile phones are made of organic liquid crystals. Polymers
are used for paper production. So, organic chemistry takes a very
important place in our lives.
Organic chemistry as a branch of science changes very fast. In the
early days of organic chemistry, it worked mainly with soaps and dyes,
but now it takes the central place in various fields of industry. So, we
need to know organic chemistry for better understanding
interdisciplinary problems.
General chemistry tells us that a substance structure determines its
properties. And organic chemistry helps us to understand in the best way
connections between the structure and properties of a substance.
Organic compounds of different classes have different structure. We
tried to explain this interrelation between the structure and properties for
better understanding the main principles of organic chemistry.
Nowadays it is very important to make a theoretical part of organic
chemistry more powerful. That is why a special attention is being paid
to the structure of organic compounds, principles of atomic orbitals
formation and types of organic reactions.
This guide has a classical structure. Aliphatic hydrocarbons are
considered at first, then aromatic hydrocarbons and at last nitrogen and
halogen organic compounds.
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