Unit (1) Inclusive Practice: Objective (1) DTLLS: 2012, Term (2) Tutor: Mark Jones Unit (1): Inclusive Practice Diploma in Teaching Life Long Learning Sector Learning outcomes There are five outcomes to this unit. The candidate will be able to understand: • • • • • Factors which influence learning Impact of legislation on practice and organisations Legal and contractual responsibilities and role boundaries in relation to inclusive practice Management of an inclusive learning environment How to evaluate and improve own inclusive practice 2 Unit (1): Inclusive Practice Diploma in Teaching Life Long Learning Sector Unit content In delivering this unit, the following will need to be considered: Cultural, personal and social factors, including barriers to learning Embedding good practice from Access for All into teaching Legal and statutory requirements, e.g. DDA (1995), SENDA (2001), ‘Every Child matters’ Health and Safety Leaning difficulties and disabilities Learning preferences, e.g. Dunn and Dunn, Honey and Mumford, multiple intelligences Issues of equality and diversity, and strategies to promote inclusion Effective management of an inclusive learning environment Organisational structures, e.g. roles, responsibilities and boundaries (including support roles, specialist support, etc) Collaborative working practices 3 Unit (1): Inclusive Practice Diploma in Teaching Life Long Learning Sector Assessment Criteria 1/2 will be delivered today 1 1 2 2 2 Criteria Discuss personal, social and cultural factors that influence learning 20-21 Identify and summarise legislation relevant to inclusive practice 26 – 28 Review the impact of legislation related to inclusive practice on organisational policies Discuss implications for own practice of legislation related to inclusion and inclusivity Review own role and responsibilities in relation to inclusive practice, identifying the boundaries 3 Identify and discuss a range of learner and learning support roles and their role boundaries 3 Review points of referral available to meet individual learning needs 3 Review key components and resulting benefits of an effective inclusive learning environment 3 Discuss issues of equality and diversity and ways to promote inclusion Review strategies for effective coordination between the teacher and learner and learning support team(s), identifying good practice Review own approaches, strengths and development needs in relation to inclusive practice, using reflection and feedback from learners Discuss ways to develop and improve own skills in inclusive practice 4 4 Understood 11-19 Review the impact of different cognitive, physical and sensory abilities on learning 3 4 Page 29-31 33 4 Pre-workshop notes Workshop (1): Inclusive Practice Date: March 3rd WISE Campus Room: WS18 / WS17 Time: 09:30 / 12:30 – 13:15 / 16:15 Requirements: Writing materials / PC login / relevant materials (E&D Policy) from place of work / Lunch Dear learner, it’s that time again, the Saturday workshop. This next session is on inclusive practice that is one of the optional units on the DTLLS programme (Unit (1)). It has been chosen because of its obvious relevance to the new Common Inspection Framework (CIF) and also because it is critical to understand how to deal with an increasingly diverse range of learners. I list of pre-reading materials are attached below and if you could ensure you have looked at them before Saturday that would be great. If you have any problems accessing the materials or are unable to make it for any reason, please contact me directly on 01179 092 333 or at [email protected] Pre-reading materials Leading Inclusion: A Guide to Practice in Leadership of Equality, diversity and Inclusion in the Learning and Skills Sector Equality and Diversity Impact Policy: Filton College (2012) A small scale study into inclusive practice (2002) All of the relevant documents can be found on a wiki which has been set up: https://inclusivepractice.wikispaces.com/ 5 Unit (1): Inclusive Practice (IP) Diploma in Teaching Life Long Learning Sector Time Aim/s Objectives 1/5 09:30 General introduction to Unit (1) Inclusive Practice Understand assessment criteria Map assessment tasks against criteria 1 10:15 Discussion, context and comment: what exactly is inclusive practice Provide a written definition of inclusive practice (pairs) Engage in debate: what does inclusive practice mean Discuss how IP has been embedded into FE 1 11:00 Provide a summary of the personal, social and cultural factors that influence learning Explain, with reference to appropriate theorists, how learning is influenced by IP 11:00 / 11:15 Short break 1 11:15 1 11:45 Provide a summary of the personal, social and cultural factors that influence learning Review the impact of different cognitive, physical and sensory abilities on learning Cite relevant examples from your own experiences Analyse the impact of cognitive, physical and sensory abilities on learning Explain at least one theory of learning in the context of IP 2 13:15 12:30 - Lunch Provide a brief overview of relevant laws relating to IP 2 2 14:15 15:00 Assess the impact of current legislation on policies, procedures and working practices Explain at least 3 relevant acts of parliament relating to IP Summarise the links between theory and practice Analyse the impact of current legislation on SGS policies and procedures 14:45 / 15:00 Short break Assess the impact of current Analyse the impact of current legislation on policies, procedures legislation on current practice and working practices Review current teaching and learning strategies embedding IP 1/5 16:00 Plenary and next steps Evaluation of session Targets arising from session 6 Unit (1): Inclusive Practice (IP) Objectives 1/5: General Introduction So what will I have to do to pass this unit? How does this unit link with the other core modules? How will this Unit benefit me as a practitioner? How will this unit impact my learners? 7 Unit (1): Inclusive Practice (IP) Discussion, context and comment: what exactly is inclusive practice? In pairs, briefly discuss what you understand by the term inclusive practice. Once you have come up with a list of relevant terms, try to write a brief definition. This will then be shared with the group. Key terms relating to IP *Learners / personalisation / equality / access Write a definition of IP In order to listen to the audio, scan the QR Code of click here 8 Unit (1): Inclusive Practice (IP) Discussion, context and comment: what exactly is inclusive practice? Whole class discussion: Bringing together definitions… Inclusion is a process. That is to say, inclusion has to be seen as a never-ending search to find better ways of responding to diversity. It is about learning how to live with difference, and, learning how to learn from difference. In this way differences come to be seen more positively as a stimulus for fostering learning, amongst children and adults. (Ainscow, M: 2004) As the Tomlinson Report (2004) states, we too “believe that learning can only be fully effective if it is inclusive”. 9 Unit (1): Inclusive Practice (IP) How has IP been implemented into the FE sector? Setting the scene ~ 21st century education In recent times, change has been a constant feature of education. A major reason for this is the desire to increase participation and achievement in the UK education system to better respond to the demands of a global economy. As Ball, S. (2008:1) notes: “Education is now seen as a crucial factor in ensuring economic productivity and competitiveness in the context of ‘informational capitalism’...” As Ball argues, the general political consensus appears to be that continued economic success is dependent upon harnessing the skills and abilities of the nation within a high skills equilibrium. Continued economic success in an ever-changing and technologically advanced economy requires those both within and outside the labour market to engage in a constant reformulation of their employability profile through a process of constant re-engagement in education and training. This need for a flexible labour force has opened challenges of constant up-skilling and retraining of the workforce. To achieve the goal of a high-value, high-skilled economy, the UK Government has set a target of 50% participation rate of 18 - 30 years old in Higher Education by 2015. Record your notes here: objective (1)) How will IP influence the implementation of the government agenda? In order to listen to the audio, scan the QR Code of click here or here 10 Unit (1): Inclusive Practice (IP) Some theory: Models of IP? Critical thinking: Social model The social model of disability moves away from the deficit focused approach to disability where the differences of the individual are seen as personal inadequacy or abnormality. The social model places a greater emphasis on how individuals are disabled by the actions of people and institutions. The social model of disability proposes that systemic barriers, negative attitudes and exclusion by society (purposely or inadvertently) are the ultimate factors defining who is disabled in a particular society. It recognises that while some people have physical, sensory, intellectual, or psychological differences, which may sometimes cause individual functional limitation or impairments, these do not have to lead to disability, unless society fails to take account of and include people regardless of their individual differences. The model does not deny that some individual differences lead to individual limitations or impairments, but rather that these are not the cause of individuals being excluded. The medical model of disability The medical model is based on an assumption that the child must adapt to the environment which exists. This model promotes an atmosphere of ‘dependence’. The social model starts with the assumption that the way a school operates, the barriers present and different attitudes can prevent individuals from participating in society. This view of disability works to empower children and young people. Critical thinking supplemental question: What are your thoughts on the 2 models? How do they relate to your own understanding disability? 11 Unit (1): Inclusive Practice (IP) What personal, cultural and social factors that influence learning? This next section discusses how personal, cultural and social factors influence learning. Before proceeding to discuss the theory, let’s first discuss your own understanding of how your learner’s backgrounds influence their progress Cultural Personal Social Factors that influence learning Personal Social Cultural 12 Unit (1): Inclusive Practice (IP) What personal, cultural and social factors that influence learning? Personal The view that educational achievement is solely based upon innate characteristics within one child compared to another, has, at its roots, the concept of individual causal factors. Seeking reasons within the child, diagnosing the problem and then recommending remedies places the child as the problem. In this way, the solution to the problem of a child who finds learning in the classroom problematic is to suggest that the child needs to change and adapt to circumstances (if they can). There is generally little attention paid to the view that the educational context around the child needs to change. Learning happens internally in the brain, but is heavily dependent upon environmental factors. Consequently, any approach to understanding cognition and learning that seeks to explain this process in a deterministic and universal manner is unlikely to be a sufficiently comprehensive to explain the reality of learning across the whole population. In other words, there will be cognitive processes involved in learning and these differ from individual to individual. These internal cognitive processes are affected by, and are in a dynamic relationship with the social and environmental factors and meanings that individuals place upon all aspects of this context Case study: An Extract from the Ravensbourne College Staff Handbook – David Grant “My dyslexia goes to bed with me, gets up with me, and goes on holiday with me and to the toilet.” NW, 2005 Being dyslexic is a way of life. It shapes and colours a wide range of everyday experiences and behaviours. It is far more than an unexpected difficulty with reading and spelling. Through becoming aware of the everyday signs of dyslexia it is possible to recognise dyslexic-type behaviours in a wide variety of settings… Being dyslexic is a way of life. A surprisingly high number of students have gone through primary and secondary education without their dyslexia being picked up and have often significantly underachieved as a result. By being aware of the many soft signs of dyslexia and their causes, you have an opportunity to do two significant things: firstly, to refer on for screening a student you suspect of being dyslexic; secondly, to adjust your teaching style to better accommodate the needs of dyslexic students. (Taken from Hewlett, K. and Crabtree, D. 2005) 13 Unit (1): Inclusive Practice (IP) The classification of factors that affect learning Group task To understand how we categorise the factors affecting learning, let us begin by considering the following examples: In each instance consider whether the influencing factor is personal or environmental Ravi is sixteen years old and wants to please his mother by getting good results in his board examinations. He is so eager to please her, that he spends long hours of concentrated time and energy on his studies. He consciously tries to control other sources of distraction in his life and reduces the time spent on watching television, playing games and chatting with his friends. Rita Williams wants to be a famous tennis player. To achieve her goal, she practices tennis whenever she can, even though she gets no encouragement from her family. She makes it a point to watch tennis matches and maintain a good rapport with her sports teacher. Yuvraj is a good student, but lately he has been scoring very low marks at school. He is not able to concentrate or pay attention and his class work and home assignments reflect a very poor quality. Sources revealed that his parents fight a lot with each other and are about to get divorced. Arti and Kavita are two sisters. Arti is very good at art and craft and can sketch just about anything she sees. Kavita has a ear for music. She knows most songs and can sing them even if she has heard them only once. Both of them spend hours together pursuing their respective interests. Sayeeda is tall, attractive and has a very good figure. She wants to be a model or an air-hostess and nurtures this secretly as her dream. She is too scared to share her wishes with her family, since she belongs to an orthodox family, where girls at best can pursue teaching as a career. When she tries telling her mother what she wants, she is firmly told that she must take the traditional route of A-Levels and then University. 14 The above cited examples illustrate that everybody learns in accordance with higher unique, individualized blend of personalised environmental factors. For example, in case of Ravi, the desire to please his mother, striving to do well in his board exams and managing his Life situations appropriately constitute the key factors which influence him. For Rita Williams, it is her intrinsic desire to be a good tennis player which is paramount. She is not deterred by the lack of family support and continues to make efforts to promote her love for tennis on her own and fulfil her desire to be successful. In case of Yuvraj, in spite of his innate capacity to study and perform well, his lack of achievement can be attributed to the emotional insecurity stemming from his parents' divorce. As far as Arti and Kavita are concerned, their special interests and talent in art and music respectively, seem to guide their activities. For Sayeeda, the home environment and family culture and values determine her professional choice. In all the examples cited, you can find evidence of both personal and environmental factors influencing the process of learning. Personal factors like motivation, interest and abilities can predispose an individual towards learning, as in the case of Rita Williams, Arti and Kavita. Environmental factors on the other hand, are those contextual factors which highlight the role of the environment in learning, such as the socio-emotional, societal and cultural factors as seen in the case of Yuvraj and Sayeeda. Although the two factors represent different categories, they operate in a common system. The environmental factors provide the context within which the personal factors, operate. The learner and the learning process can only be completely understood with reference to the interaction of both environmental and personal factors. Write your own definition of how personal factors can influence learning and development In order to listen to the audio, scan the QR Code of click here 15 Unit (1): Inclusive Practice (IP) What personal, cultural and social factors that influence learning? Cultural Other cultural aspects influence student learning. Many students experience a gap between their natural learning style and how material is presented in class. Anderson (1988) posited that learning styles differ among ethnic and racial groups, given that they reflect different cultural, social, and environmental backgrounds. Learning styles are the “ways students begin to concentrate on, process, internalize, and remember new and difficult academic information” (Dunn, 2000, p. 8). These learning style differences are expressed in the classroom. A second learning style area focuses on sociological aspects. Students’ sociological preferences include working alone, in pairs, or in larger groups; learning with an authoritative versus a collegial instructor; and learning with a routine structure or with a variety of social groupings (Dunn, 2000). Euro-Americans tend to prefer learning alone, whereas Native Americans tend to be more peer oriented (Dunn & Griggs, 1995). As stated earlier, each of the groups of students includes wide within group variations. Faculty who understand different learning styles and integrate a variety of teaching techniques to address them will likely help a diverse student body learn more effectively in the classroom. Our culture teaches us how to think Cultures and social groups are also characterised by particular ways of thinking. For effective participation in social activities in the culture, members of the culture are expected to learn these. Some theories of learning and thinking propose that individuals learn ways of thinking directly in their social interactions with others, particularly they are engaged in solving socially defined problems. They internalise this activity and later use the newly-learnt mental processes by themselves, without the support of others; cognitive development is "the conversion of social relations into mental functions" (Vygotsky, 1981, p. 165). Cultural beliefs about how learning occurs Cultures differ in how they believe people learn. The teaching they provide reflects these beliefs. Some cultures believe that ideas are learnt best by learners accepting them without question and 'taking them in'. The culture will present the content 'gift wrapped' in its final form. The assumption is that learners will simply add it to their existing knowledge. Other cultures believe that people learn best by discovering new ideas for themselves. These cultures will encourage learners to analyse and question the teaching information, re-organise and transform it, explore and trial ideas. These different beliefs lead to the cultural groups valuing different ways of learning and different learning outcomes. 16 The cultural contexts in which learners learn provide a restricted set of ways in which they can display what they know. The cultural groups value some ideas more than others. A tension can arise when the ideas that one social group wants students to learn, or the ways in which they allow the ideas to be displayed, clash with the expectations of another group. Many children who are seen as gifted have difficulty coping socially and interpersonally because their social peer group doesn't encourage honest display of knowledge by them. They may believe that a particular set of ideas is the most appropriate solution to a problem, but not communicate these because past experiences suggest that their peer group will reject the ideas and them as individuals. How do cultural factors influence learning and development? Do you take account of cultural factors when planning your own delivery? How could you improve your own delivery by reconsidering the cultural diversity of your learners? Does the college encourage staff to have a cultural understanding of the learners and if so, how? 17 Unit (1): Inclusive Practice (IP) What personal, cultural and social factors that influence learning? In order to listen to the audio, scan the QR Code of click here 18 Unit (1): Inclusive Practice (IP) What personal, cultural and social factors that influence learning? Social Learning Theory: Bandura, A Record your notes below: this will then inform our discussion.... In order to listen to the audio, scan the QR Code of click here 19 Theory Social learning theory is derived from the work of Albert Bandura which proposed that observational learning can occur in relation to three models: • Live model – in which an actual person is demonstrating the desired behavior • Verbal instruction – in which an individual describes the desired behavior in detail, and instructs the participant in how to engage in the behavior • Symbolic – in which modeling occurs by means of the media, including, movies, television, Internet, literature, and radio. This type of modeling involves a real or fictional character demonstrating the behavior. An important factor of Bandura’s social learning theory is the emphasis on reciprocal determinism. This notion states that an individual’s behavior both influenced and is influenced by the environment and characteristics of the person. In other words, a person’s behavior, environment, and personal qualities all reciprocally influence each other. Bandura proposed that the modeling process involves several steps: 1. Attention – in order for an individual to learn something, they must pay attention to the features of the modeled behavior. 2. Retention – humans need to be able to remember details of the behavior in order to learn and later reproduce the behavior. 3. Reproduction – in reproducing a behavior, an individual must organize his or her responses in accordance with the model behavior. This ability can improve with practice. 4. Motivation – there must be an incentive or motivation driving the individual’s reproduction of the behavior. Even if all of the above factors are present, the person will not engage in the behavior without motivation. How can the work of Bandura help us to understand our own learners? 20 Unit (1): Inclusive Practice (IP) More Theory: Review cognitive, physical and sensory abilities on learning Review the following short videos and reflect upon the extent to which a learner’s cognitive, physical and sensory abilities have on their learning 21 Unit (1): Inclusive Practice (IP) Multiple intelligences theory 22 Unit (1): Inclusive Practice (IP) Plenary, reflections and further thoughts Please discuss the following statements in your groups and then complete the sheet on the next page. This is just for you and does not need to be shared. How will I share my new skills What will I do next? What will be the impact on the learner How will I do it? When will I do it? 23 What will I do next? How will I do it? When will I do it? What will be the impact on my learners? How will I share my new skills? 24 Reflections and further thoughts… Critical thinking supplemental question: What theories of learning influence your own professional practice? 1. Learning is a complex activity. At least 15% of learners learn in a different way than they are generally taught. Learners whose cognition involves processing of information and methods of learning that are different from the ‘traditional’ teaching and learning methods are disadvantaged in education if an inclusive approach to pedagogy is not adopted. 2. Learners with different approaches to learning report problems with their education. For some of these learners, the process of education becomes a process of rejection. As identified by Crabtree, D. and Maguire, D (2008:3) “Nearly three quarters reported that school life was negative with a school history of incremental marginalization”. 25 Unit (1): Inclusive Practice (IP) Relevant laws relating to IP Understand the importance of promoting equality and diversity in work with children and young people Each college must produce a range of policies which formally set out the guidelines and procedures for ensuring equality. These must take account of the rights of all individuals and groups. When considering the way policies work to ensure equality and inclusion, we often just think of the teaching and learning that is happening in the classroom. Policies must also pay regard to the values and practice which are part of all aspects of college life. Before exploring the policies at Filton, it is helpful to gain an understanding of relevant legislation and its purpose. You do not need detailed knowledge of each one, but it is important to understand the legal duties of the college. This will help you to understand your own role and responsibility to adhere to legislation and policy. The rights of all children and young people are stated in the United Nation’s Convention on the Rights of the Child (1989). The UK government ratified the treaty in 1991 and must ensure that the rights of children in the UK are protected through law. 26 Unit (1): Inclusive Practice (IP) Relevant laws relating to IP 27 Unit (1): Inclusive Practice (IP) Relevant laws relating to IP: Research Task In small groups undertake a short piece of research which identifies the how the Act of Parliament actively promotes inclusion, equality and diversity. Come prepared to discuss your findings with the group. What are the links between theory and practice ? 28 Unit (1): Inclusive Practice (IP) Analyse the impact of the Legislation of SGS The college has recently produced an equality and diversity impact assessment. The extract below is taken directly from the policy and indicates how the college is approaching the issue of inclusion. An Overview of Success Rates at Filton College Overall, there were well over 15,000 students enrolled at Filton College during 2010 – 2011. The following graph shows the success rates of all students at the College over a three-year period and compares these to the national FE Sector success rates in England. Filton College Success Rates vs. National FE Sector Success Rates 95% 93% 91% 90% 89% 87% 85% 84% 83% 83% 81% 81% 80% 80% 79% 77% 75% 2008 - 2009 2009 - 2010 Filton College 2010 - 2011 National FE Sector Success Rates The success rates of students at Filton College are consistently above the national success rates of the FE Sector in England, showing a significant increase in 2010 – 2011. Students are very satisfied with their experience at the College; the student survey results in 2010 – 2011 show that 90% of students would recommend the College to a friend and 81% of students state that the College is either “Very Good” or “Good”. 29 Disability During 2010 – 2011, 16% of all students at Filton College had a disability, a 2% growth on the previous two years. The graph below shows the success rates of students with disabilities and compares these to the national FE Sector success rates in England. Filton College Success Rates - Disability 100% 90% 90% 89% 83% 83% 80% 83% 85% 79% 79% 79% 79% 79% 79% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Disabled Learners Success Rates National Disabled Learners FE Sector Success Rates 2008 - 2009 Non-Disabled Learners Success Rates 2009 - 2010 National Non-Disabled Learners FE Sector Success Rates 2010 - 2011 Success rates for Disabled students at Filton College are consistently above the National FE Sector success rate every year during the three-year period. In 2009 – 2010 the success rates of Disabled students at Filton College was just 2% lower than the College success rate for Non-Disabled learners, but 4% higher than the National FE Sector success rate. In the year 2010 – 2011, the success rates of Disabled learners was just 1% lower than the College success rate for Non-Disabled learners, but 10% higher than the National FE Sector success rate. In 2010 – 2011, the overall success rate for adults with disabilities was 88%, and for 16 – 18 students with disabilities undertaking long courses, the success rate was 87%; both of which are significantly greater than the National FE Sector success rate for Disabled students. Comprehensive support is provided for students with learning difficulties, disabilities and additional learning needs which supports the progress made and enhances attainment. Appropriate specialist staff and specially adapted learning resources are in place. A well equipped room is set aside for students with autism. The Learner Services team work effectively with external agencies, for example, links with Young Carers, Looked after Children Services and Mental Health Services, enables the College to identify at risk learners prior to enrolment to ensure early intervention and maximum/additional support to be put in place. There is an effective process in place to support students with complex learning difficulties/disabilities or medical conditions prior to beginning a course. Students 30 attend case conferences with parents/carers, support workers and professional advisers. The Learner Services department works in partnership with curriculum departments, tutorial staff and external agencies to provide support for students. A programme is provided for students with learning difficulties/disabilities with the focus on progression to independent living and work. This embraces a variety of vocationally specific sessions and work experience, in particular, Horticulture, working with Bristol Zoo at Hollywood House and transforming the College gardens at main site. In response to learner suggestions, further work experience options were available in 2010 – 2011, for example, a monthly market staffed by students with learning difficulties/disabilities selling produce. These provide excellent opportunities to develop skills such as customer service. Additional Learning Support (ALS) is any activity that provides direct support for learning to individual learners, over and above that which is normally provided in a standard learning programme that leads to their learning goal. The need for additional learning support may arise from a learning difficulty and/or disability, or from literacy, numeracy or language support requirements. At Filton College, 1 in 6 students received ALS in 2010 – 2011; for 16 - 18 students, the success rate was 87% and for adults receiving ALS, the success rate was 95% 31 Unit (1): Inclusive Practice (IP) Relevant laws relating to IP: Impact on current practice Consider all of the teaching and learning strategies you employ and the extent to which they cater for all of the needs of your learners. Write a summative statement for one of your groups, addressing a specific issues of inclusion, this could be the inclusion of BMEs, students with mild or extreme disabilities or even age (19+). In doing so, complete the box on the right which identifies appropriate strategies to ensure full inclusion. 32 Act of Parliament of relevant policy Relevant issue Current teaching and learning strategy Summative statement: How will I embed this new practice into my delivery of the curriculum? Impact on the learner Proposed new strategy Unit (1): Inclusive Practice (IP) Plenary, reflections and further thoughts Please discuss the following statements in your groups and then complete the sheet on the next page. This is just for you and does not need to be shared. How will I share my new skills What will I do next? What will be the impact on the learner How will I do it? When will I do it? What will I do next? How will I do it? When will I do it? What will be the impact on my learners? How will I share my new skills? 35
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