Name
Date
Genetic Code Notes
Period
Genetic Code Notes
Warm Up – What does the image above represent? State 2 facts you observe in the image.
Slide #2 – Basic Units of Hereditary:
1.DNA (deoxyribose nucleic acid) – Material of the chromosomes that contains all the
information encoded in the sequences of
1.
for passing genetic information from generation to generation
2.Located in
3.Double
of a cell
shape (twisted ladder)
4.Nitrogen bases are attached by weak
5.Composed of a long chain of nucleotides
bonds
Slide #3 – Major Components of DNA:
Slide #4 – Nucleotides:
1.Each nucleotide is composed of three parts –
sugar and 1 of 4
group, 5-carbon
bases
2.Four nitrogen base options are adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T)
3.DNA Base Pairing Rule :
Adenine (A) Guanine (G) -
Slide #5 – Packaging of DNA:
1.To allow the DNA to be tightly packed, it will coil
around proteins called
.
2.A segment of the DNA wrapped around a histone
forms a
.
3.A
is made up
of many nucleosomes in a row
Slide #6 – Genetic Code:
1.Genetic Code – Hereditary information
upon the
of the different nucleotides in DNA molecule
1.
to the cell to make certain proteins
2.Triplet codes – arrangement of groups of
3.Production of one type of protein is controlled by a
(order) of nucleotide triplets
4.Sequence of nucleotides = a
Alphabet
DNA Code
Letters
Nucleotides
Words
Three nucleotides
Sentences
Genes
Chapters
Chromosomes
Book
Nucleus
nucleotide bases
Slide #7 – DNA & RNA
Slide #8 – Replication:
1.Replication – DNA makes exact
of itself; Exact copies are
passed from parent to daughter cells
1.Occurs in
and
2.Two strands that make up DNA double helix will ‘unzip’ by using the helicase enzyme
3.Bonds holding nitrogenous bases break, leaving the molecule in the form of two strands
of nucleotides
4.Each strand is a
(template) for the new nucleotide strand
Slide #9 – Protein Synthesis:
1.Protein Synthesis – formation of
molecules (chain of amino
acids) that occurs at cell’s ribosome
2.Proteins – long folded chains of amino acids in a specific sequence.
3.
= Shape =
Slide #10 – Transcription, Translation & Protein Synthesis: See attached.
Slide #11 – Protein Synthesis:
1.Transcription :
1.DNA acts as a
and messenger RNA (mRNA) copies the
specific sequence so that the sequence can be brought out of the nucleus
2.mRNA travels out of
and attaches to a ribosome.
is two large to travel freely outside the nucleus
2.Translation :
1.Based upon the mRNA
(tRNA)
, the corresponding transfer RNA
-codon will be brought over to the ribosome
2.The codon & anti-codon relationship correlates to a specific
acid
3.Protein Synthesis :
1.Amino acids are connected into by
bonds to form a protein
2.The specific sequence of amino acids = shape of protein = function of
Slide #12 – Codon (mRNA) Amino Acid Chart:
Slide #14 – Hereditary & Genes:
1.In order for genetic information to be passed from generation to generation, it must be
accurately
before being passed from parent to offspring
2.Heredity –
of genetic information from parent to offspring
1.Hereditary information is contained in
, located in the chromosomes
2.Genes – a sequence of
in DNA that carries coded
hereditary information; codes for a protein and therefore determines a inherited trait
(characteristics)
3.An inherited
can be determined by one or by many genes, and a single
gene can influence more than one trait
Slide #15 – Chromosomes:
1.Homologous chromosomes – pairs of chromosomes
that carry the same characteristics (but not necessarily
the same
1.
)
homologous chromosome
is received from each parent
2.Alleles – pairs of genes that carry the same
and are found at the same
location (loci) on pairs of homologous chromosomes
3.Sister chromatid – two
together by a centromere
copies of a strand of DNA connected
Slide #16 – Karyotypes:
1.Karyotypes – photo displaying the number and
appearance of the homologues chromosomes in a cell
2. Karyotypes can be used to determine if any
chromosomal abnormalities are present
3. Humans have 46 chromosomes in body cells (diploid
= 2n) and 23 chromosomes in sex cells (haploid = n).
4. Having the
amount of
chromosomes can result in genetic abnormalities
Slide #17 – Inherited Traits:
1.Gregor Mendel, “father of genetics” developed the Genes Chromosome Theory
1.In
reproduction, during fertilization, the male and female
parents
genetic information to zygote. Therefore, one-half
of genetic information is received from each parent
2.Determined some traits are always expressed when the allele is present in the cell
(
Trait) and some traits are hidden by the dominant trait
(
Trait)
3.Dominant trait is written as an
letter
4.Recessive trait is written as a
letter
5.Species Chromosome Number – each body cell of an organism normally contains the
same number of chromosomes as each body cell in the parent organism (unique to a
species)
Slide #18 – Punnett Squares:
1.Punnett Square – diagram that is used to predict an
of a particular cross
or breeding experiment
1.Each box corresponds to
% of the
offspring population
2.Types of Pairs –
1.Homogenous Dominant (BB) –
alleles are present
and the dominant trait is expressed
2.Homogenous Recessive (bb) –
alleles are present
and the recessive trait is expressed
3.Heterogeneous (Bb) – one
and one
allele
is present and the dominant trait is expressed (the recessive trait is overshadowed by the
dominant trait)
Slide #19 – Hereditary and Environment:
1.Genes determine an organism’s heredity, the expression of genes can be modified by
interactions between
and their
2.Himalayan rabbit fur color can be affected by
. The gene for
black fur is active at low temperatures.
Slide #20 – Variation:
1.Reproduction results in new organisms that closely
their parents.
However, within each species there will be some
(differences)
in traits
2.Types of Reproduction:
1.Asexual reproduction – Involves only
copied
parent so genetic material is
from single parent (little to no variation; variation
possible from mutations)
2.Sexual reproduction – Involves
parents so it brings together genetic traits
from two parents to produce an organism with a
1.Offspring
its parents but is also
2.Genetic variations are responsible for
play an important role in evolution
combination of traits
different
species survival and
Slide #21 – Mutations:
1.Mutation – any
or mistake in the genes or chromosomes of an
organisms that can be
1.
and recombination of genes during meiosis and
fertilization produce a greater variety of gene combinations
2.Results in
variation (diversity) among organisms (ie: biodiversity)
3.Random chance events that occur naturally or be caused mutagenic agents
4.Mutagenic agents –
cellular mutations. Examples – x-rays,
ultraviolet light, radioactive substances, chemicals, asbestos fibers, drugs, alcohol
2.Changes produce new characteristics (
variation)
Slide #22 – Mutations:
1.To be inherited, the mutation must occur in the
cells. If they
only occur in body cells, the mutation will only be passed on to other body cells (not any
future offspring).
2.Most mutations are harmful because mutations upset normal cell function
3.A beneficial mutation is one that results in traits that make an organism
adapted to its environment
1.The World’s Strongest Toddler – (0 – 2.0 min, 12:40 – 17:00, 24:30 – 27:00, 29:0030:00) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HEhzoCOqZJ8
Slide #23 – Gene and Chromosome Mutations:
1.Gene Mutation - A
in the genetic code of DNA
2.Chromosome Mutations – occur when there is a change in the
or structure of
chromosomes
Mutation
Cause
Crossing Over
Chromatids break, exchange segments, and rejoin during meiosis.
Linked genes are separated resulting in variations among offspring
Nondisjunction
Pairs of homologous chromosomes fail to separate during meiosis
resulting in gametes containing 1 chromosome more or less
Down syndrome
Nondisjunction of human chromosomes #21. Offspring has an extra
chromosome
Polyploidy
An entire set of chromosomes fails to separate during meiosis. The
resulting gamete contains twice the normal chromosome number. Fatal
in animal offspring. In plants, offspring often larger or more vigorous
than normal plants.
Deletions
A chromosome segment is lost
Translocation
A chromosome breaks off and becomes reattached to nonhomologous
chromosomes
Inversion
A chromosome segment breaks off and becomes reattached at a new
point on the original chromosomes
Slide #25 – Linkage & Crossing Over:
1.Linkage – traits located on the same chromosome that tend to be inherited
2.Crossing-over – chromatids break, exchange segments and rejoin during meiosis. Linked genes
are separated resulting in
among offspring
1.Mitosis – type of cell division that results in two daughter cells
to the parent
cell and to each other (Video -
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VlN7K1-9QB0 )
2.Meiosis – type of cell division in which the daughter cells contain
the number of chromosomes found in the parent cell; occurs only in
formation (Video - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D1_-mQS_FZ0 )
3.Meiosis & Crossing over Video - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pdJUvagZjYA