Water Quality Monitoring and Aquatic Organisms: The Importance of Species Identification
Author(s): Vincent H. Resh and John D. Unzicker
Source: Journal (Water Pollution Control Federation), Vol. 47, No. 1 (Jan., 1975), pp. 9-19
Published by: Water Environment Federation
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/25038592
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http://www.jstor.org
and aquatic
quality monitoring
of
the importance
organisms:
identification
species
Water
Vincent
H. Resh
and
John D.
Unzicker
to
methods
used
have
been
the effects of human activities
Severalanalyze
on aquatic
include
environments.
They
and physical
the use of selected chemical
as well as a variety of biologi
parameters,
that range from bacterio
cal measurements
to bioassay
studies of fish
logical analyses
and other aquatic
Although
organisms.
are rarely used in bio
macroinvertebrates
to be ex
assay studies,1 they have proven
water
in
useful
quality monitoring
tremely
of investigation:
in two different methods
and use as
studies of community
diversity
indicator
organisms.
to water quality anal
The first approach
involves de
macroinvertebrates
with
ysis
that
of
the
organization
termining
degree
is present
in the structure and composition
of the component
species of the benthic
mathematical
These
expres
community.
termed
sions,
indexes, are widely
diversity
and of great potential value.2-4 There
inherent both
are, however, many problems
in the choice of an index5 and in the in
of the estimate
terpretation of the meaning
or diversity
index that is
of organization
used
calculated.6
the use
involves
The second
approach
as indicator
of macroinvertebrates
orga
nisms. While
there have been several use
ful reviews of the literature on the use of
indicator
organisms,7-11
the
recent
mono
is currently
the most
graph by Sladecek12
It is
work on the subject.
comprehensive
to note
that the use of this
interesting
system has
saprobic or indicator organisms
been accepted and applied by the majority
of hydrobiologists
in continental
Europe
It is only in Great
and the Soviet Union.
Britain and North America
that the indi
cator
wide
organisms
system
has
not
received
acceptance.12
have cited certain
Several
investigators
of clean
taxonomic groups as characteristic
of pol
water
and others as characteristic
a biotic
Beck13
luted water.
developed
index of water quality based on a mathe
of the numbers of or
matical
comparison
no significant
can
tolerate
that
ganisms
those that can
amounts of pollution with
limita
amounts.
The
tolerate moderate
entire taxo
tions of arbitrarily
assigning
level or
nomic
groups
family
(usually
above ) a tolerant or intolerant designation,
as was done in the biotic index and in sev
formulae14'15
eral other proposed biological
are obvious.
For instance, not all chiron
are
to
or oligochaetes
limited
omids
the
In
conditions.16"22
strictly polluted
classic stream pollution
recovery pattern,23
in which
the dissolved
oxygen
(do) con
increases from a mini
centration gradually
mum
level in the septic zone of extreme
to a higher
level in the zone of
pollution
in the genera
certain
recovery,
species
are among the
and Simulium
Chironomus
first insects to appear in the recovery zone.
Some species in these genera are also often
found only in clean water conditions with
Even
a high concentration
of do, however.
tolerant
in genera with pollution
species,
there often exists a wide
range of ecologi
that
that allows organisms
cal tolerances
in the
have been
taxonomically
placed
tol
same genus to be designated
pollution
intolerant.
erant and pollution
to develop
of attempting
The
futility
indicator
criteria
water
using
by
quality
to
organisms that have been identified only
I.
in
is
Table
illustrated
level
the generic
-Vol.
47, No.
1, January
1975
9
and Unzicker
Resh
TABLE
I.?Benthic
than
for more
water
for which
genera
indicate
Column
headings
macroinvertebrate
a single
species.1
T/F/I
T/F
Parachironomus
Palpomyia
Pleurocera
Gyraulus
Quadrula
Placobdella
Dina
Hyallela
Palaemonetes
Procladius
Psectrotanypus
Rheotanytarsus
Callibaetis
Helisoma
Musculium
In this table, the genera of aquatic macro
for which water
invertebrates
tol
quality
erances
to decomposable
wastes
organic
have been established
for more than a sin
are
gle species
(of a particular
genus)
to the arbitrary
listed according
assign
ment of the individual species' water qual
These
data are compiled
ity tolerances.
7 of the M acroinvertebrate
from Table
of Weber.1
Section
In that review,
the
index species are classified according
to the
of (a) tolerant,
"fre
categories
arbitrary
associated with gross organic con
quently
tamination
.
.
.
thriving
under
anaerobic
as
conditions";
(b ) facultative,
"frequently
sociated with moderate
levels of organic
and
"not
contamination';
intolerant,
(c)
found associated with even moderate
levels
of
organic
contaminants
and
. . . intolerant
of moderate
in dissolved
reductions
oxy
Of
89
the
for which water
genera
gen."
tolerances
have been
established
quality
for more than a single species, the compo
nent species
fell into different
tolerance
in
61
of the genera examined.
categories
The
in Table
T
largest group of genera
to
some
in
the
which
spe
belong
category
cies in the genus were
judged tolerant to
others in the same genus were
pollution,
to pollution,
intolerant
and
designated
as facultative
others were
classified
with
10
JournalWPCF
quality
tolerant,
Plumatella
Asellus
Cambarus
Procambarus
Pentaneura
Albabesmyia
Coelotanypus
Tanypus
Cricotopus
Chironomus
Cryptochironomus
Dicrotendipes
Glyptotendipes
Polypedilum
Calopsectra
(T/I)
Telmatoscopus
(T/I)
Tabanus
Caenis
Stenelmis
Tropisternus
(T/I)
Goniobasis
Physa
Lymnaea
Planorbis
Ferrissia
Unio
Sphaerium
Pisidium
tolerances
facultative,
have
and/or
been
established
intolerant.
F/I
Orconectes
Clinotanypus
Orthocladius
Psectrocladius
Xenochironomus
Harnischia
Tanytarsus
Micropsectra
Simulium
Hydropsyche
Stenonema
Hexagenia
Acroneurita
Sialis
Argia
Enallagma
Gomphus
Dineutus
Valvata
Ancylus
Lampsilis
Anodonta
Labrundinia
Corynoneura
Thienenmanniella
Diamesa
Stenochironomus
Stictochironomus
PsedochironomUvS
Microtendipes
Tribelos
T?pula
Macronemum
Hydroptilia
Chimarra
Viviparus
Campeloma
Amn?cola
Truncilla
This table
tolerances.
regard to pollution
is a summary of the current state of knowl
indicator organisms,
and,
edge concerning
it
than
better
any other example,
perhaps
for
iden
need
the
species-level
emphasizes
water
in ascertaining
tifications
quality
all else, it signifies the
Above
tolerances.
of the generic-level
value
questionable
taxonomic unit as a water quality indicator.
have
identifications
In practice,
generic
the process
of
to be made
either during
or
at the species
identifications
arriving
during the process of assessing what ma
to the specific
terial is worth
identifying
studies ).
level ( for example, water quality
in
The use of the genus as an end point
is of dubious
identifications
value, how
ever. For instance, in examining
the range
in Table I, the num
of tolerances present
ber of genera that are either entirely tol
is
to organic pollution
erant or intolerant
the number of
small when
compared with
different
genera
containing
species with
This raises the ques
tolerances.
pollution
tion of the value of identifying
organisms
level
the family level if the generic
below
is the most precise
level that may be ar
in
rived at with any degree of confidence
the accuracy of the determinations.
it is true that the family-level
While
about eco
tells us nothing
identification
Water
Quality
Monitoring
it seems
Even when associations
have been made
logical indicators or water quality,
true
and species-level
that
identifica
identification
generic-level
equally
keys have
tions will not yield a great deal of addi
been constructed,
the problem of discover
tional information
and may not be worth
tolerances for each individual
ing ecological
In fact, an empirical
still
the time and effort.
exists.
Several
species
investigators
in the sample
to
of the diversity
have
observation
correlate
habitats
of
attempted
to draw the same
macroinvertebrates
with water
may be all that is needed
chemistry
25~28
conclusions
that are reached
after a de
The major difficulty
in us
analyses.8'
from
is
made
and costly
these
water
tailed
that
chemis
ing
techniques
appraisal
identifications.
and
may fluctuate widely
generic-level
try parameters
In most groups of aquatic
of
because
insects, iden
rapidly
temporary
pollutional
effects or dilution
tification
of the immature
from rainfall, and the
stages cannot
level.
component
currently be made below the generic
species of the biotic community
it is the immature stage in may better
serve as a reflection
of past,
Unfortunately,
insect that is
rather
than
water
con
the life cycle of an aquatic
present,
chemistry
most
ditions.
enoountered
by hydro
commonly
24
out that in
An alternative
has been
the
Wiggins
biologists.
pointed
approach
one of the best known orders of aquatic
use of laboratory
in developing
studies
im
tolerance
levels for aquatic
insects
sub
insects, the Trichoptera
(caddis flies),
and adult stages have been asso
mature
such as
stresses,
jected to environmental
for only 20 percent
ciated
of the total
low levels of
heated water,29-32
pH,33'34
North
American
this
in
and
extremes
other
and
Basically,
do,3540
species.
physical
is the reason
critical
lack of information
Gaufin41
chemical
factors.
the
reported
for species-level
usable
larval keys
in
results of detailed
studies
why
laboratory
identifications
have not been
which
the larvae of 20 species of aquatic
developed.
have been several keys developed
There
insects and one species of amphipod were
for species-level
identifications
that are
to high water
low
temperatures,
exposed
confined to the fauna of a small region or
do concentrations,
and low levels of pH in
to cases in which
associations
of immature
order to determine
their tolerances to these
and adult stages have been made
for only
One problem with
the lab
parameters.
a fraction of the species
in the genus.
is that little is
oratory based
technique
These keys are rarely open-ended,
that is,
known about the maintenance
of immature
series
of
the
choices
insects under controlled
by following
through
stages of aquatic
in each of the couplets,
made
it is very
and the effect of the
laboratory conditions
on the
stresses of an artificial environment
may be made
likely that an identification
seem correct.
and may
If a species-level
The method
themselves.
has,
organisms
on information
based
key were
dealing
however, proven effective with certain spe
with
of the species of
cies and has been used to evaluate
their
only a percentage
an incorrect
that genus, however,
identi
to particular
reactions
stresses.
Difficul
fication might
ties in using
to
the laboratory
quite easily often be logi
technique
if the key
water
Likewise,
at
criteria
cally determined.
the
spe
develop
quality
were
on associations
based
of
primarily
cies level may arise because of two factors.
eastern U.
S. species,
identifications
of
First, because
closely related species may
from
western
the
S.
U.
would
specimens
have
water
different
drastically
quality
not
In
determined.
likely be correctly
a
to
tolerances
all species
stress,
particular
of the above
both
it would
be
cases,
must undergo
a
testing before
laboratory
to
easy for misidentification
particularly
can be made.
final evaluation
occur if the key were not well illustrated or
Second, be
cause organisms
in nature are subjected to
did not contain an adequate morphological
a variety of physical and chemical
and ecological
that
could
be
stresses,
description
used in a final verification
of the species
there is the possibility
that a synergistic
level identification.
effect caused by the interaction
of com
-Vol.
47, No.
1, January
1975
11
Resh
and Unzicker
stresses may have a greater
influ
bined
ence than either of the two stresses alone.42
With
the recent increase in the number
environ
of federally
and locally funded
mental
research projects, the lack of knowl
the water
tolerances
edge about
quality
of aquatic macroinvertebrates
and the pau
to immature
city of identification
keys
insects have
stages of aquatic
suddenly
are
serious
become
These
problems.
ser
for consulting
caused by the demand
vices in the identification
of aquatic ben
thos for faunal surveys and the preparation
and evaluation
of species lists for environ
em
mental
Although
impact statements.
in
for
the
literature
many years,
phasized
the need for keys and basic life history in
is
formation for aquatic macroinvertebrates
a
now recognized
of
number
growing
by
biologists.
source of baseline
A potentially
valuable
data for a particular area are the specimens
that were
collected
during earlier studies
or permanent
in university
and deposited
museum
of
The preparation
collections.
any type of environmental
inventory or the
assessment
of
an
area
for
an
environmental
requires a rou
impact statement
usually
litera
available
tine search for pertinent
ture on the area to be examined.
Rarely
are floral and faunal lists published
for pre
for facili
cise sites that may be proposed
ties such as nuclear reactor plants or other
construction
Museums,
major
projects.
however,
lections
records
usually
maintain
that greatly
of
an
area,
extensive
exceed
and
col
the published
catalogues
and
col
if
lection data are often available.
Even
are unidentified,
the collections
they may
serve as representative
of the
samples
earlier biota of the area to be examined.
While
have
occasionally
ichthyologists
use of museum
to ex
made
collections
amine faunal changes,
records of such a
followed
procedure
being
by invertebrate
or
are con
zoologists
aquatic entomologists
fined to a single study, that of Starrett.43
Larimore
and Smith44 used the fish collec
tions of the Illinois Natural History
Sur
in the fish fauna
vey to illustrate changes
of Champaign
111., over a 60-yr
County,
of
urban
period
growth and development
12 JournalWPCF
in the area.
Their
conclusions
indicate
that even with fish, a group far more sen
sitive to environmental
stress than benthic
the
information
that
macroinvertebrates,
a
be
derived
from
of
may
past
comparison
and present
in
studies is extremely
useful
on
effects
the
bio
evaluating
pollutional
The potential value of
logical community.
museum
collections
with pres
comparing
ent population
is well
documented
by
Starrett's study of Illinois River mussels.
In the following
example, water quality
tolerances are developed
for caddis flies of
conven
the genus Athripsodes
by using
tional water
litera
chemistry
techniques,
ture
reviews,
and
a
reexamination
of
pre
vious collecting
sites to determine
temporal
faunal changes.
This genus was
chosen
in
for several reasons.
the species
First,
it have varied
life histories.
Second, be
cause of its large size and widespread
dis
it is one of the most frequently
tribution,
collected
caddis flies in aquatic
surveys.
larval and adult associations
for
Third,
species in this genus have also allowed for
identifications
of the imma
species-level
ture stages, and keys have been developed
for the eastern North American
species.45
re
While
caddis
flies have
often been
garded as clean water species, several stud
ies 27>46have indicated
that many of them
may occupy
aquatic habi
fairly polluted
tats. It should be emphasized
that several
features of caddis flies as a group make
in studies of this
useful
them particularly
type. These features include the presence
a
of both tolerant and intolerant
species,
adult taxonomy,
workable
and the availa
successful
for
techniques
bility of several
of immature
the associations
and adult
stages.47-49
is the sixth larg
The genus Athripsodes
est genus of caddis flies in North America.
40 species
of the approximately
Many
to the genus may be syn
names assigned
In many preimpoundment
surveys,
onyms.
larvae of Athripsodes
spp. typically appear
other
lists along with
in compiled
species
common triehopteran
genera such as Cheu
and Hydroptila.
Hydropsyche,
matopsyche,
the species an
In the genus Athripsodes,
cylus,
angustus,
cancellatus,
dilutus,
resur
Water
gens,
tarsipunctatus,
are
transversas
and
over
eastern
North
distributed
widely
while
several
additional
America,
species
seem to be more
locally distributed within
as
this range.
In establishing
larval-adult
larvae
and
sociations,
pupae
Athripsodes
from localities ranging
have been collected
to Florida,
from Ontario
small
including
large rivers, small glacial
standing pools,
lakes, and the Great Lakes.
The A. cancellatus
has been reported as
in large rivers such as the
being abundant
St. Lawrence
River50
and the Niagara
River.51
A. annulicornis,
tarsi
Likewise,
are
transversus
and
punctatus,
typically
found in both large and small rivers.
Spe
cies such as A. ancylus, dilutus, and flavus
are common
in small to moderate
sized
streams, often occurring
together in collec
tions. Larvae and pupae of the locally dis
tributed A. nephus
inhabit "black water
streams" of high tannic acid content, such
as the tributaries of the Suwannee River in
and northern Florida.
Larvae of
Georgia
A. slossonae
have been collected
in the
of a trout
backwaters
small, slow moving
stream in Virginia, where
the predominant
caddis flies were
temporary pool limneph
trout stream
ilids.
The
itself contained
numerous
larvae of A. dilutus, but no lar
vae
of
were
slossonae
present.
include A. erraticus,
lake species
Large
are
erullus, saccus, and submacula, which
to Lake Erie in
almost entirely
restricted
their distribution.46
The presence
of these
that were made in the
species in collections
in the Entomology
1930's and deposited
at the Ohio
Collection
State University,
the
for the
Columbus,
impetus
provided
into
current
status
the
of
these
investigation
re
Marshall52
Athripsodes
populations.
the results of the extensive
ported
light
from Lake Erie near Put
trap collections
in-Bay, Ohio, in 1937. Of the nine species
of Athripsodes
the
collected,
following
were
latus,
listed
erullus,
as
common:
resurgens,
cancel
angustus,
saccus,
and
tarsi
of A. erraticus that
punctatus.
Specimens
were
also collected
from Put-in-Bay
and
are currently
in the Ohio State University
collections
indicate that it was also quite
common
in Lake Erie during the 1930s.
Quality
Monitoring
53 re
In a more
recent study, Horwath
results
the
of extensive black light
ported
ing from the same location as Marshall's
earlier work.
four of the original
Only
were
nine
A. angustus,
species
present:
cancellatus,
and
resurgens,
tarsipunctatus.
The
ber
total numbers
collected
and the num
of collections
in which
each species
Marshall
de
appeared were also reduced.
scribed
the abundance
of shoreline habi
tats. These
included
shal
sandy beaches,
low bays of mud
and vegetation,
shores
with rubble, and other habitats with
large
rocks and boulders.
The rubble areas with
wave action resembled habi
accompanying
tats in stream riffles. The similar substrate
of habitats present
types and the diversity
in this area today indicate that the poten
tial for use by several species of Athrip
sodes is still present.
these
Undoubtedly,
were
the habitats
used by the past Lake
Erie
species.
The
entire
area
was
ex
amined intensely in 1972 and the only spe
cies present were those found in Horwath
s
1964 study.
in the Lake Erie mayfly
The changes
fauna,54 the aquatic flowering plants,55 and
56_58
water
conditions
have been
chemistry
in the
documented.
well
The
changes
caddis fly fauna may also be seen because
it seems that the extirpation
of four of the
common Athripsodes
species, erullus, err?ti
and submacula,
from Lake
cas, saccus,
Erie is now complete.
The more tolerant
of Athripsodes
in
but
remain,
species
reduced
numbers.
greatly
Larvae
and
cases
of
A.
resurgens
were
first
from
freshwater
sponges,
reported
Spongilla
fragilis Leidy, by Krec
probably
ker59 in Put-in-Bay,
Lake Erie.
Krecker
described
the larval case as being made of
a parchment-like
in the form of a
material
cone approximately
12 mm in length.
Al
though he identified these specimens as be
from
longing to the family Rhyacophilidae,
the description
of the case they were un
most
Athripsodes,
doubtedly
likely A. re
surgens.
With
the exception of a single record of
a freshwater
the case
sponge's encrusting
of a limnephilid
caddis fly,60 this associa
tion of caddis ?ies and freshwater
sponges
-Vol.
47, No.
1, January
1975
13
Resh
and Unzicker
is unique
to certain
species of the genus
Several
have al
investigators
Athripsodes.
are
luded to the fact that the Spongillidae
to
intolerant
extremely
organic pollution.1'61
Mason
et
al.,62
however,
reported
the
abun
dance of the chironomid
Xenochironomus
in the Ohio River.
larval
xenolabiis
The
stage of this midge has also been reported
on freshwater
to be dependent
sponge.45?
63,64 Thg condition
is
of the Ohio River
not the pristine situation that has been de
scribed as a typical habitat
for the distri
bution
of freshwater
As in the
sponges.
case of Athripsodes,
this suggests that with
a wide
in the Spongillidae,
range of water
is
also
tolerances
Brown,65
present.
quality
while
the biology
of sponge flies
studying
in the family Sisyridae,
found
the same
in both a cool, clean
S. fragilis,
sponge,
lake and a warm, polluted pond.
Sponges
in the lake yielded only larvae of the genus
and sponges in the pond yielded
Climacia,
of the genus Sisyra.
larvae
only
on freshwater
Because of the dependence
the
distribution
of
the obligate
sponge,
Athripsodes
(angustus,
sponge-feeding
the micro
reflects
alces, and resurgens)
habitat distribution
of the sponge. Jewell61
of
and chemical
ranges
reported
physical
seem
to
that
affect
distribution
parameters
of freshwater
certain habi
sponges within
tats. The sponge usually
associated with
A. angustus
is S. lacustris, although another
larva was reported as Ath
sponge-feeding
the
from
sp. by Lehmkuhl66
ripsodes
mulleri.
sponge,
Meyenia
Fortunately,
in the col
these specimens were deposited
lection
of the Royal
Ontario
Museum,
enabled the identity of this
Toronto, which
at A. angustus.
species to be confirmed
The early collections
and detailed
field
notes of R. E. Richardson16
at the Illinois
Natural History
ad
Survey also provided
ditional data for developing
water
quality
criteria for Athripsodes
caddis flies. From
Richardson
extensive
made
col
1924-27,
lections with detailed
locality descriptions
along the length of the Rock River, from
northern
Illinois to the point at which
it
into the Mississippi
empties
eventually
River at Rock
Island.
Additional
collec
tions were made by H. H. Ross 46 from sev
14
Journal WPCF
eral locations along the Rock River during
the late 1930's and the early 1940's. From
examinations
of the collections
and locality
of both early collectors,
the
designations
at which
were
A. menteius
localities
col
lected in earlier studies could be deter
mined.
This
the dominant
species was
caddis fly in the collections
of
leptocerid
he referred to it as
Richardson,
although
in his notes.
In 1971
dilutus
Leptocerus
and 1972, the Rock River was examined
at
four sites where A. menteius was abundant
in both series of earlier collections.
Neither
immature nor adult specimens of this spe
cies was found, although
large numbers of
rare in Richard
A. transversas,
especially
son's
collections,
were
collected.
In
ex
tensive
sampling of both larval and adult
this was
the only species
of
populations,
In his analysis
of
present.
Athripsodes
Illinois streams, Smith67 reported that the
Rock River contains areas of urbanization
and industrialization
to the
that contribute
deterioration
of water quality.
A decline
in the population
of A. men
teius may also have occurred
in two north
ern rivers, the St. Lawrence
and the Ni
on the abundant
In reporting
agara.
caddis fly fauna of the St. Lawrence
River,
Corbet et al.50 noted the similarity of that
fauna to the caddis flies reported
in the
was
River by Munroe,51
which
Niagara
on collections
in the 1940's.
based
made
Only three species reported from the ear
lier Niagara River study were not collected
in the St. Lawrence
River
investigations.
One species was A. menteius.
Two other
also in the family Lepto
species were
ceridae.
museum
In
collections,
reexamining
a locally dis
in which
there are situations
In
remains unchanged.
tributed
species
in northwestern
the Apple River
Illinois,
A. flavus was collected by Ross in the late
It was collected again in 1972, and
1930's.
a relatively
abundance
similar population
was reported.
It must be noted, however,
that the Apple River is one of the cleanest
streams in Illinois.67
and most unchanged
there is a paucity of data
Unfortunately,
studies on the ef
laboratory
dealing with
stress on caddis flies,
fect of environmental
Water
Field studies by
Athripsodes.
particularly
in which
water
toler
Roback,27
quality
ances were
of
analyzed
by the frequency
occurrence
caddis fly genera
of different
under a specific range of water
chemistry
indicate a wide
range of toler
conditions,
ances affecting
of species
the distribution
of
of this genus, however.
Representatives
were
in rivers
found
and
Athripsodes
streams with wide
ranges of each of the
orange alka
methyl
following parameters:
to
3 to 11
20
200
chloride,
mg/1;
linity,
carbon dioxide, 5 to 10 mg/1; do, 1
mg/1;
to 11 mg/1;
total
iron, 0.01 to 1.0 mg/1;
10 to 500 mg/1;
0.00
ammonia,
hardness,
to 1.0 mg/1 as N; nitrate, 0.03 to 0.7 mg/1
as N; pH, 3.0 to 9.0; phosphate,
0.005 to
to
0.5 mg/1;
10
90
sulfate,
mg/1;
turbidity,
10 to 1,000 units; and biochemical
oxygen
The mode within
demand, 0.5 to 1.0 mg/1.
these ranges is usually indicative of a clean
water
For instance, Ath
fauna, however.
were
in habitats
collected
spp.
ripsodes
do
in
concentrations
1 to 11
from
ranging
Similar
mg/1, but the mode was 9 mg/1.
indi
findings by Scott68 for A. harrisonii
cate a wide
this
range of tolerances, with
in
in
habitats
which
the
species occurring
in
2.8
to
from
9.2
acid
swamps
pH ranges
in alkaline lakes. Even with this range of
to pH, however,
tolerance of A. harrisonii
Scott still considers
the subfamily
Lepto
to which Athripsodes
to
cerinae,
belongs,
most
sensi
be the group of trichopterans
tive to mild organic or inorganic pollution.
From a consideration
of the results of
the above field studies and the change
in
the fauna of the Rock River
and Lake
it seems that within
the genus Ath
Erie,
a
is
there
wide
ripsodes
variety of water
tolerances.
The
quality
species A. errati
cus,
erullus,
tolerant
cancellatus,
menteius,
of pollution
tarsipunctatus,
and
than
saccus
are A.
or
are
less
ancylus,
transversas.
The
distributions
of the sponge
feeding
A.
and resurgens
alces,
angustus,
species
are intimately
linked to the water quality
tolerances necessary
for the survival of the
sponge.
associations
of immature
and
Through
adult stages and the development
of spe
cies-level
identification
keys, the museum
Quality
Monitoring
in con
that have been collected
specimens
extensive
water
junction with
chemistry
analysis, such as those studies reported by
recent
Roback27
and
several
investiga
70
will
in de
be
useful
tors,69'
extremely
on
annotations
indicator
veloping
biological
The
used by Ro
organisms.
technique,
at
the frequency
back,27 of illustrating
a
which
different
genera appeared within
water
of
and
range
particular
chemistry
will be a convenient
parameters
physical
form for data storage.
This will particu
case
it is known how
when
be
the
larly
these specific abiotic parameters
affect, and
thus can be assigned to, organisms that have
been identified at the species level. When
data on an individual
species are available
over
a wide
of
range
variate
such
analysis,
a matrix
conditions,
type of data arrangement
as
that uses
canonical
a multi
correla
in using information
tions, will be valuable
water
about
and
chemistry
biological
a predictive
in
to
order
agents
develop
A systems analysis approach
that
model.
as
as
and
well
employs biological,
physical
in
data will be extremely useful
chemical,
the possible
examining
impacts of proposed
actions
on
aquatic
environments.
benthic
collec
The macroinvertebrate
in the prepara
itons currently being made
tion of environmental
impact statements
are also potentially
to the devel
valuable
annotations
opment of workable
regarding
at the species
water
tolerances
quality
level. The most obvious aspect of the im
of the specimens
used in prepar
portance
is that, in most studies
ing these statements
involving
macroinvertebrates,
water
chem
are measured,
istry parameters
along with
at designated
stations.
De
the benthos,
and geological
tailed substrate, vegetation,
in stud
is also often combined
information
ies of potential
sites of power plants, dams,
or other major civil works
activities.
Be
cause of the tremendous
of sam
number
in conjunction
environ
with
taken
ples
occurrence
the
mental
statements,
impact
at which
of and frequencies
species appear
in certain chemical
and physical
ranges
a great deal of useful
in
provide
might
in preparing
annotations
of wa
formation
at the species level.
ter quality
tolerances
-Vol.
47, No.
1, January
1975
15
and Unzicker
Resh
these collected
specimens,
are
to as voucher
specimens,
or
museum
in
either
major
rarely deposited
collections
and are not available
university
use.
firms
for general
Many
consulting
not
main
of
have
their
practice
justified
taining specimens, because
they feel either
that the clients may prefer to keep all or
or that
themselves
representative
specimens
has been
after
the project
completed,
firms
neither
the client nor the consulting
has any further use
for the specimens.
are kept by the consult
Even if collections
are great that, with
chances
the
ing firms,
out
to
the trained
necessary
personnel
maintain
them, the specimens will become
or unusable
in some other way
desiccated
re
to future
and therefore
be useless
Unfortunately,
often referred
searchers.
The
advantages
at museums
or
of depositing
major
universities
collections
far
out
of
the possible
any
weigh
disadvantages.
for fu
The specimens would
be available
ture studies of an area, and they may be
in assessing
valuable
changes,
extremely
such as is the case with the Lake Erie and
Rock River collections
that were deposited
at Ohio
and the Illinois
State University
Natural History
When
specimens
Survey.
are deposited
at a museum
that has trained
curatorial personnel,
their value as voucher
more
in
be
may
specimens
adequately
is that the taxo
sured. A third advantage
nomic expertise
that most universities
pos
sess would
to assist in the
be available
identification
of the con
major
problems
a long-term
co
Therefore,
sulting firms.
nature
effort
of
this
benefit
operative
might
both the impact statement
and
specialists
the
academic
with more valuable
thus
information,
a
each
in
collection
the
making
component
a
in
of
potential
development
biological
dicator
organism.
the authors are suggesting
between
the consulting
greater cooperation
and academic
from
industry
personnel
which
both sides would
benefit.
The in
formation compiled
firm
by the consulting
will greatly
aid both the taxonomist
and
in
water
ecologist
developing
quality cri
serve to enhance
teria that may
the true
of an indicator organism,
that is,
concept
an understanding
of water
toler
quality
ances at the species level.
is a critical need
There
for increased
to develop
iden
support of investigations
tification keys and resolve basic
life his
of aquatic macroinverte
tory problems
It is also important that ecological
brates.
of taxono
agencies
support the programs
mists
data
and
by collecting
producing
As is illustrated
in Table
I,
publications.
are engaging
exer
in fruitless
biologists
cise if they intend to make
any decisions
about indicator organisms by operating
at
the generic
level of macroinvertebrate
identifications.
The time and effort spent on identifying
end
genus and in developing
specimens'
less and often meaningless
faunal lists for
environmental
impact statements should be
immature
and adult
shifted to associating
insects
to
and
identi
aquatic
developing
If this were done, the spe
fication keys.
cies lists prepared
in the future would
not
merely be taxonomic exercises but valuable
tools in the biological
assessment
of water
In essence,
quality.
taxonomists.
It is not unfeasible
to expect consulting
or taxo
firms to pay a fee for curatorial
nomic
assistance.
In the long run, the
overhead
for voucher
mainte
specimens
nance and the difficulty
in locat
involved
and specialists would
be
ing taxonomists
more
reduced.
These
would
advantages
than compensate
for curatorial
and taxo
nomic assistance fees. For the taxonomists,
a cooperative
not only would
effort with
firms
increase
size
the
of the col
consulting
also result in speci
lections, but it would
16
mens
Journal WPCF
Acknowledgments
Credits.
The authors would
like to thank
Warren
U. Brigham,
Smith,
Philip W.
Milton W.
and Glenn B. Wig
Sanderson,
the manuscript.
Charles
gins for reviewing
Wilson
Britt
and
Triplehorn
speci
provided
mens
from Put-in-Bay,
Lake Erie, Ohio,
for this study.
Vincent H. Resh, formerly with
Authors.
the Water
Resources
Univer
Laboratory,
is
assistant
of
Louisville,
Ky.,
sity
professor
of biology,
of Biology,
Ball
Department
Water
14. Patrick,
R.,
of Stream
Ind.
State University,
Muncie,
John D.
is assistant taxonomist,
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