Advanced Gas Turbine Power
Generation Technologies
Jinyue Yan
Luleå University of Technology (LTU)
Royal Institute of Technology (KTH)
Presented at
Sweden-China Workshop on Energy R&D and Climate Change
Stockholm, November 14-16, 2001
© J. Yan-1999-11
Driving forces of power market
Source: International Power Generation, Vol. 21, No. 5, Sept. 1998
©J. Yan
What happens in Nature when energy provides
services ? A “heat engine model”

What have we paid
for the services?

Have we ever paid?

Forgot the nature?
Nature (Source)
service/e
nergy
resources
Society
wastes
Nature (Sink)
©J. Yan
When are you going to pay
now or future ?
©J. Yan
Gas Turbine R&D Trends
Efficiency Improvement
 Reduce emissions including CO2
 Integration with other advanced power
generation technologies, e.g. fuel cells
 Distributed power generation- Microturbine

©J. Yan
Fuel-based power plants combustion engine based

Steam Turbine
– steam as working fluid
– max temp 650-700C
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Gas Turbine
– combution gases as working
fluid
– max temp. 1260 --> 1400C
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Combined cycle: ST+GT
Hero Steam Turbine BC200
©J. Yan
Market of Gas Turbines and Turbines
Development of orders placed (MW) worldwide for hydrocarbon fueled power plants
(Langston, Global Gas Turbine News, IGTI, Vol. 36, No. 3, 1996)
©J. Yan
(News) from Gas Turbine Manufacturers
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ABB: (1994) GT24/26: simple cycle 38%, CC 58.5%.
GE: (1995) G and H-Technology, CC 60%.
Siemens-Westinghouse
Capstone(2000): Microturbine 30kWe (60kWe)
– 1998: 3 units
– 1999: 211 units
– 2000: 790 units

……..

Note:
1791: first gas turbine patent (John Barber)
1900: first gas turbine operated in France by Stolze

©J. Yan
R&D on Steam and Gas Turbines
1200
Gas Turbine
Steam Turbine
800
400
0
1970s
1980s
1990s
Annual Publications in “Steam Turbines” and “Gas Turbines” in the Last 30 Years.
Literature Searching Results from Ei – Engineering Index
by Yan, May 10, 1999. Key Words: gas turbine, steam turbine.
©J. Yan
Gas and Steam Turbine Efficiency Evaluation (McDonald, 1994)
©J. Yan
Efficiency vs turbine inlet temperature
Efficiency
Inlet Temperature
60% CC
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
©J. Yan
Efficiency Improvement of Gas Turbine
Cycles

Turbine Machinery
Aerodynamic
Advancement to
improve compressor
and turbine efficiency
- CFD Code
- Blading geometry
- Casing surface treatment
…...

Turbine Inlet
Temperature
Increases
- Material technology
- Cooling techniques

More advanced
Cycles
©J. Yan
Cycle
innovation
Hardware
improvement
Working
fluids
System
integration
Approaches for Gas Turbine R&D
Integration
©J. Yan
Advanced Gas Turbine Systems

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Combined cycles
Evaporative gas turbine (HAT) and STIG cycles
Reheat
Inlet air cooling
Microturbines (30kW-300KW)
Chemical Looping Combustion (CLC)
Kalina bottoming cycle
Chemical recuperation
Hydrogen combustion turbine
…...
©J. Yan
Recuperation
Reheat
Intercooling
Inlet air
cooling
Recuperation
Heat
recovery
Modification of System Configuration by Additions of
Options to Simple Cycle.
©J. Yan
Processes
Energy Sources
Externally fired gas turbines
Natural Gas Fuel
- System optimization & analysis
- Heat recovery subsystems
- High temperature heat exchange
- Topping combustion
Product
Outputs
Evaporative gas turbines
- System optimization & analysis
- Humidification tower
- Transport characteristics
- Water recovery
Solid Fuels
Biomass, Coal, etc
Power
+
Heat
Ammonia-water cycles
- System optimization & analysis
- Working fluids
- Economic analysis
- Thermophysical properties
Power
Close cycles
- System optimization & analysis
- Working fluids
- Economic analysis
- Equipment sizing
Waste Heat
Chemical looping combustion
- System optimization & analysis
- Economic analysis
- Equipment sizing
- CO2 reduction
©J. Yan
Role of Heat Exchangers in GT Cycles/Applications
I.C.
STEAM
GENERATOR
I.C.
STEAM
GENERATOR
INTER
COMBINED -COOLED INTER
-COOLED
CYCLE
COMB.
STIG
CYCLE
NO HEAT
EXCHANGER
SIMPLE
CYCLE
I.C.
R.C.
A.F.
SATURATOR
HAT
EvGT
AERODERIVATIVE
GAS TURBINES
CHEM.
RECUP.
CLOSED
CYCLES
I.C.
COMB.
HEATER
CYCLE
STEAM
GENERATOR
IGCC
EFCC
PFBC
HEAVY DUTY
GAS
TURBINE
CHEM.
RECUP.
STIG
COMB.
CYCLE
NO HEAT
EXCHANGER
STEAM
GENERATOR
GASIFIER
SATURATOR
I.C.
R.C.
A.F.
SUPPLIMENT.
-FIRED
COMB.
CYCLE
HTHx
STEAM
GENERATOR
I.C.
REFORMER
STEAM
GENERATOR
GASIFIER
REFORMER
(REHEATER)
STEAM
GENERATOR
©J. Yan
R&D on Evaporative Gas Turbines

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A national R&D program, 1992: prestudy, 1993 Team includes industrial companies and universities:
Alstom (ABB), (Volvo), Vattenfall, Sydkraft, El-forskare, ElKraft (Denmark), KTH, LTH, STEM.
Three blocks
– Pilot plant: 600 KW simple cycle, EvGT started operation in 1998
– Water Circuit of EvGT: water recovery, humidification, flue gas
condensation ……
– Advanced EvGT: Modifications of EvGT, future market and
applications, EvGT+CO2, EvGT Cogeneration, …...

Other supporting projects: for example: thermodynamic
properties of humid air (supported by STEM in another
program: “thermodynamic processes for power
generation“)
©J. Yan
by pass air
IC
air
fuel
Intercooler
REC
aftercooler
AC
H
ECO
water
EvGT (HAT) Cycle with Partial Flow Humidification
©J. Yan
Core Turbine: Volvo VT600
for Pilot EvGT Turbines
©J. Yan
©J. Yan
©J. Yan
©J. Yan
©J. Yan
Integration of advanced gas
turbines with CO2 removal

Semi-closed cycles
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Chemical Looping Combustion
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Hydrogen Turbines

…...
©J. Yan
Marriage of Gas Turbines
and Solid Fuels
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Solid fuels: Coal, Biomass
Coal: 40 % of electricity based on coal in the
world
Biomass: 17% of total energy supply in
Sweden
Require: more efficient, cleaner, cheaper
©J. Yan
Solid Fuel Fired Gas Turbines
- Clean coal technology

Integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC)
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Pressurized fluidized-bed combustion (PFBC)
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Externally fired gas turbines (EFGT)
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Direct solid-fuel fired gas turbine
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Supercritical steam turbines (not gas turbine)
©J. Yan
Money?
Is it affordable?
©J. Yan
Strategy for R&D of Solid Fuel
Power Generation Technologies
Strategy for R&D:
¨ Integration of features
of different systems
¨ Simpler integrated
system
¨ Based on accepted
technology
IGCC
EFGT
R&D Trends
PFBC
¨
¨
¨
¨
¨
Increase efficiency
Reduce cost
Lower environmental
Impact
Improve availability
……
©J. Yan
Motivation for the EvGT-BAT Cycle
- Integration of three advanced Technologies EFGT
EVGT-BAT
EVGT
Biomass Gasification
©J. Yan
Concept of EvGT-BAT
Air
Gas Turbine
~
Furnace
Recuperator
Topping
combustor
Biomass
EVGT
Cyclone
Humidifier
Biomass Gasification
Water
Biomass
©J. Yan
Theoretic volume of the gasifier,
relative to a gasifier in IGCC
EvGT-BAT
1:5
1:6
1:12
900
1:9
800
750
700
HTHx Temp. [C]
©J. Yan
Future
Power plant --> Clean energy plant

Integrated
– large become larger

Distributed
– small becomes smaller (PC power plants)
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Flexible fuels
Multi-products
©J. Yan
Future Hybrid System
Fuel Cells
1200 C
Gas Turbine
550 C
Steam Turbine
100 C
Temperature
Combined Cycle
District Heating
Heat
©J. Yan
Future Technology Modules
Feedstocks
Fossil
- coal
- gas
- oil
Opportunity
Feedstocks
- Biomass
- Municipal
waste
- Refinery
waste
Fuel
Upgrading
Ash/trace
Elements
CO2
Gas stream
cleanup
CO2-Rich
Stream
Process
Options
Co-products
Gasification
Energy
Combustion
Conversion
Heat exchange
- Turbine
Separation
- Fuel Cells
Catalysis
Fuel &
Chemical
Synthesis
Output
Options
Electricity
Chemicals
Transportation
Fuels
Syngas
Hydrogen
Steam
©J. Yan
Thanks
© J. Yan-1999-11
R&D on EvGT
- System analysis and optimization
- water recovery
- air/water properties
- transport characteristics
R&D on Externally fired gas turbines:
- High temperature heat exchangers
- topping combustion
- furnace
- system optimization
Evaporative Gas
Gas Turbine
Turbine
Evaporative
R&D on Closed cycles:
- system optimization
- economic analysis
- integration with other
systems
Rakine cycle
Products
Kalina cycles
Power
Combined Cycles
Kalina cycle
Heat
Solid Fuels:
Biomass, Coal etc
Fuel stocks
Natural Gas
Kalina Cycles:
- cycle optimization
- properties of ammoniawater mixture
©J. Yan
Electricity Generation
- large contributes to environmental pollution
Coal fired steam
turbine plants
Natural gas fired
combined cycle
Strategies
 Increase efficiency
 Reduce emissions
 Shift to alternative fuels
©J. Yan
Challenges
- Reflection by the forgotten Nature
• Shortage of resources
• Environmental impacts:
particulate pollution,
SOx, NOx, CO2
Nature
Nature
Human
Society
Service, service, service
Resource, Resource, Resource
©J. Yan
Technology +
Take care of Nature
Solution: Sustainable development
Human
Society
Nature
©J. Yan
Schematic of Biomass and Coal Co-fired EFCC
with Externally Heated Gasification for
Topping Combustion
Externally
heated
gasifier
Cleanup
Moisture
Medium
system
biomass
Btu gas
Flue gas
Furnace
Steam
Turbine
Gas Turbine
Air
coal
©J. Yan
The Development of Efficiency of Coal Fired
Supercritical Power Plants
©J. Yan
Performance of Near and Long Term Coal & Power Systems (DOE, 1999)
©J. Yan
Externally Fired
Combined Cycle
Externally Fired
Humid Air Turbine
Flue gas
After
Cooler
Furnace
Furnace
Recuperator
N-gas
(optional)
N-gas
(optional)
Gas Turbine
Air
Eco
Steam
Turbine
Air
Solid fuel
Gas
Turbine
Humidifier
Solid fuel
Water
©J. Yan
EFHAT System Configuration
GAS TURBINE SUBSYSTEM
top combustor
air
natural gas
SOLID FUEL COMBUSTION SUBSYSTEM
combustor
compressor
solid fuel
generator
high temperature
heat exchanger
turbine
aftercooler
intercooler
recuperator
humid air
heat exchanger
preheater
make-up
water
humidifier
economizer
preheater
combustion air
district heat network
condensing
heat exchangers
HEAT RECOVERY SUBSYSTEM
flue gas
from gas turbine
flue gas from solid
fuel combustor
©J. Yan
Externally Fired Com bined Cycle Perform ance
based on 14 references
Electrical Efficiency
60
50
40
30
metallic
20
700
900
ceramic
1100
1300
1500
1700
Inlet Temperature of Gas Turbine
Efficiency based on HHV
Efficiency based on LHV
©J. Yan
Externally Fired Evaporative Turbine Perform ance
based on 9 references
Electrical Efficiency
60
50
40
30
ceramic
metallic
20
700
900
1100
1300
1500
1700
Inlet Temperature of Gas Turbine
Efficiency based on HHV
Efficiency based on LHV
©J. Yan
Features of Biomass Air Turbine (BAT?) Cycle
with Topping Combustion by Gasification

High efficiency
– Topping combustion increases air temperature to the TIT of modern GTs.
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Low cost
– Metallic HTHx working at moderate temp.
– Small gasifier compared to IGCC.
– Using existing proven technologies, boiler at atmospheric pressure, gas turbine.
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Technical features
– Clean working fluid in gas turbine path.
– Less volume-flow to turbine which means no/less modification needed for gas
turbine design compared to IGCC.

Low emissions
– Possible to use CFB with reduction of SOx and NOx.
– High preheated air combustion in topping combustor to reduce NOx.
©J. Yan
Studies on EFCC
EFCC
Case Study
Parameters
Analysis
Second-Law
Analysis
©J. Yan
Studies on EFHAT
EFHAT
Case Study
Parameters
Analysis
Subsystem
Investigation
Heat Recovery
System
©J. Yan
Outline
History of Power Generation
 Current Market and R&D Driving Forces
- Challenge
 State-of-Art of Gas Turbines
 R&D of Gas Turbine Cycles
- Chance
 The Marriage of Gas Turbine and Solid
Fuels (Coal and Biomass)

©J. Yan
Inlet Temperature
HEAT Rate
1940
1950
1960
1970
1980
1900
2000
©J. Yan
History of World Energy Mix (DOE, 1999)
©J. Yan