OCEAN RESOURCES
Improvements
When was plastic first made?
A graph on plastic consumption!
How much gold in ocean?
Currently, between 10 and 13 billion gallons of
water are desalinated worldwide per day.
That's only about 0.2 percent of global water
consumption, but the number is increasing.
Mandatory Practice Work
1/12/12
1. You have some water…in 20 lbs of it there is
3.5 lbs of salt. What is the salinity? (both %
and %0)
2. Rabbits has 2,200 lbs of water with a salinity
of 7%. How many pounds of salt are in it?
3. Cory is in a boat and uses sonar. It takes
9.0 s for the sound to return. How deep is
the water?
Bell Work 12/7/11 – 2 minutes
1. What is the most valuable ocean
resource?
2. What is the most plentiful ocean
resource?
Bell Work 12/8/11 – 4 minutes
1. What is the base of the ocean food
chain?
2. How is salt obtained from ocean water?
3. What are 3 ways fresh water is obtained
from ocean water?
Natural Resource
• Something, such as a forest, mineral
deposit, or fresh water, that is found in
nature & is necessary or useful for
humans
• How much salt is in the ocean?
• There is 50 quadrillion tons in the oceans.
• If the salt in the ocean could be removed and
spread evenly across all of Earth’s land it would
form a layer more than 500 feet tall…the height
of a 40 story building!
How do we harvest salt?
• Harvested via evaporation
How is sea salt harvested?
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SQAdhQOcboE
• Start at 4:50
Bell Work 12/13/13
Do 1-5 on the study guide
Missing Work
20.2 Quiz
1st - Dade
4th - Nevin
20.3 Reading Guide
1st 4th - Sammy, Bri
How much should a half pound of sea salt cost?
• Pump water into a field (about 2 gallons)
• Wait a week for it to evaporate.
• Rake into a pile, put in bucket & carry away
• Dry out further elsewhere
• Take out the impurities
• Vacuum seal it in plastic
– Plastic – drill hole, pump oil, transport, refine, make plastic
•
•
•
•
Drive it to a boat
Ship it across the ocean
Unload & drive it to a warehouse
Drive it to your house
W
• You’re rich & powerful! Be happy, be
generous.
• Guy gets salt from a gallon of sea water
– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JdnkG8wGNwM&fe
ature=related
Salt Sinkhole!
How is sea salt different from table salt?
• Table salt is iodized
– includes a small amount of
potassium iodide or sodium
iodide
– People need small amount of
iodine
• necessary for the proper
functioning of thyroid gland.
• Prevents enlargement of the
thyroid gland, a condition called
goiter.
• iodine deficiency during
pregnancy dangerous to child
How is sea salt different from
table salt?
• SEA SALT
• Mostly same chemical makeup
– Slightly different taste, color, or texture.
– contains natural traces of other minerals, including
iron, magnesium, calcium, potassium, manganese,
zinc and iodine.
• “bright, pure, clean” flavor
– It already contains iodine, so it doesn’t need to be
iodized.
Water Water Everywhere and Not a
Drop to Drink.
• Drinking sea water is dangerous and can
result kidney failure.
– Dr. Bombard proved you can drink seawater!
• No more than 32 oz/day
– He drifted on a raft in the ocean for 63 days,
surviving on “nothing more than the ocean
provided”.
Fresh Water from the Ocean
• Desalination
– Extraction of fresh water from salt water
– Harder than harvesting salt from ocean water
• Advantages
– There’s lots of ocean water!
– water always available, even in droughts
Fresh Water from the Ocean
• Disadvantages
– Costly
• Becoming more viable as technology improves & demand rises
– Changes local salinity levels, which can harm local
organisms
– Plankton and tiny sea creatures in the water are
removed for the process
• Why is this important?
• They can be vacuumed out & returned! $$
3 Methods of Desalination
• Distillation – water heated to remove salt
• Freezing - freeze ocean water, remove first ice
that forms & thaw it
• Reverse osmosis desalination - water is forced
through special membranes under pressure,
membranes block salt but allow water through
Solar Evaporation
Distillation
• water heated to remove salt
• Salt stays behind when water evaporates
• Requires a lot of energy, expensive 
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CieNY9bxnYo&NR=1
Distillation
• Oldest method…sailors have been using
distillation to separate salt from sea water
for at least several thousand years.
– Wasn’t common on ships because it takes a
lot of wood to distill water & fires are
dangerous on wooden ships.
• Freezing
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6WpNs-aJBlc&NR=1
– first ice crystals do not contain salt
– Freeze ocean water, remove first ice that forms, & thaw
the ice
– Advantage – cheaper!!
• Northern Chile – dry atmosphere & cold nights
make desalination via freezing cheap
– Water evaporation rate = 5 mm/night
– Also cools lots!
– make it possible to freeze salt water, placed in pans
which are oriented towards the open sky.
– After controlled melting, the ice yields approximately
9 liters of fresh water per square meter of pan
surface per day.
– water costs are estimated at $0.10/m3.
– Water is used in greenhouse crop cultivation in the
desert
Reverse Osmosis
• Reverse osmosis
– seawater is forced through special
membranes under pressure, membranes
block salt but allow water through
Mineral and Energy Resources
• Take out ze homework!
Petroleum
• Most valuable resource in ocean
• Oil and gas wells are drilled in the ultra-deep
waters of the Gulf of Mexico and beyond.
• drill on a ship, platform, or gigantic legs that
rise the floor up. They begin drilling in the
sea floor until they hit the oil. Then they must
use a pump to remove the oil.
• Workers make $50,000 - $100,000 /year
depending on job
oil rig at night
Nodules
• Potato shaped lumps of minerals
– manganese, iron, copper, nickel, cobalt, phosphates
• Very deep in ocean and scattered, so recovery
is expensive & difficult
– Currently too expensive to be economically viable
Trace Minerals
• Tiny amounts of minerals dissolved in
ocean water
• Magnesium & bromine – ocean is our
main source for these minerals!
• Other trace minerals too scarce to be
worth it
– Includes gold!
Other Resources
• Oxygen!
– About half of the world’s oxygen is produced
by phytoplankton (algae).
• Salt, Sand, Gravel
• Food
Bell Work 5/8/12 – 4 min
1.How is salt harvested from the ocean?
2.What is the difference between sea salt and
table salt?
3.Table salt is iodized to prevent what?
4.What does drinking too much salt water
cause?
5.List the 3 methods of desalination.
Bell Work 5/9/12 – 4 min
1. Why are phytoplankton so important to
life on Earth?
2. What is the disadvantage of distillation?
3. Explain reverse osmosis diffusion. (c.s.)
Learning Targets
• Define bycatch
• Explain the 6 main methods of ocean
fishing & identify the environmental effects
• Recite income of Alaskan Crab Fishermen
• Identify most expensive seafood
• Identify the reasons for, methods of, and
legality of whale hunting.
• People are eating more fish than ever!
• What do we eat?
– Tuna, Flounder, Anchovy, Cod
– Lobster, Crab
– Shrimp
– Clams, Oysters, Scallops
– Mullet
– Herring
– Squid
Food from the Ocean
• Which fish are overfished?
– Alaskan Pollock, Blue Fin Tuna, Sharks,
Swordfish, Whales
• Endangered blue fin tuna
• Bycatch – unwanted marine animals
caught when fishing for another species
How are fish harvested?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Trawling
Purse Seine
Pot & Trap
Long Line
Gill Net
Pole
Trawling
• Trawl nets, which can be as large as a
football field, are either dragged along the
sea floor or midway between the floor and
the surface.
• Trawlers catch fish such as pollock, cod,
flounder and shrimp.
• Sea cucumbers & pearl oysters
Trawling
• Bottom trawling results in super high levels of
bycatch. 
• Bottom Trawling
– Also rips up the bottom of the ocean, killing lots of
benthos.
– Destroy coral
– Bottom trawling is the most destructive &
irresponsible fishing method.
– Illegal in all RMFOs, but hard to police.
– Possible prevention - place huge rocks at strategic
locations inside the oceans to discourage bottom
trawling
Greenpeace Video
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bUHcD
_jTgVA&feature=related
Purse Seine
• establishes a large wall of netting to
encircle schools of fish.
• used to catch schooling fish, such as
sardines, or species that gather to spawn,
such as squid
• some bycatch
– Can usually be released alive 
Purse Seine
Purse Seine Salmon Fishing in
AK
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9mNtjS
1XFms
The Tuna – Dolphin Problem
• Dolphin & Yellowfin Tuna hang out
together
• To catch the tuna, fishermen herd the
dolphin with speed boats, then set the net
around them
• “dolphin safe” tuna
• By the end of the 1970s, dolphin bycatch
kill had declined from about 500,000 to
about 20,000 dolphins per year
Gill Net
• curtains of netting are suspended by a
system of floats and weights
• anchored to the sea floor or allowed to float
at the surface.
• Netting almost invisible to fish, so they swim
into it. Head passes through, gills get stuck.
• often used to catch sardines, salmon and
cod
• Bycatch  (sharks and sea turtles)
Gill Net
Longline Fishing
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=78Oyi52
hVB4 near AK (kind of boring)
• How its done
– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3HsKj7wO1
7g&feature=related
Long Line
• a central fishing line that can range from one to 50
miles long; this line is strung with smaller lines of
baited hooks, dangling at evenly spaced intervals.
• Longlines can be set near the surface to catch pelagic
fish like tuna and swordfish, or laid on the sea floor to
catch deep dwelling fish like cod and halibut.
• Bycatch  (sea turtles, sharks & seabirds)
– By sinking longlines deeper or using different hooks,
fishermen can reduce the bycatch problem.
– Therefore bycatch not too bad if done responsibly.
• Must be checked frequently
Long Line Fishing
Pot & Trap
• Pots are traps used to catch crustaceans
such as lobster, crabs and whelk (conch).
• Traditionally, pots made of wood &
netting…now made of plastic coated
metal. Typical pots are 4x2x2 feet in area.
• Bait…small skates (rays)
• Pots strung together by rope or cable
called a string, about 100 feet in length
• pots lay on the ocean floor, usually near
rocky terrain, the preferred habitat of the
target species.
Pot & Trap
• submerged wire or wood cages that attract
fish with bait and hold them alive until
fishermen return to haul in the catch.
• usually placed on the ocean bottom, often
to catch lobsters, crabs, shrimp, sablefish
and Pacific cod.
Pot & Trap
• Environmentally friendly 
• Low bycatch
• Bycatch can be easily released!
Bell Work 5/10/12 – 5 min
1. What is bycatch?
2. What is trawling? What is a
disadvantage?
3. Explain how purse seine fishing works.
What is an advantage?
4. Explain how gill nets work. What is a
disadvantage?
King Crab Fishing
• One of the most hazardous occupations in America
– Fatality rate is 90 times average US job
• Boat owner (50% of gross): $434,000 to apply
toward expenses and income
• Deck hand (10%): $43,400
• Greenhorn: $150 day
What do cats think of king crabs?
Hate ‘em!
Almas Caviar
• Almas caviar is the most expensive seafood
– Fish eggs of 100 year old albino Sturgeon from
the Caspian Sea
– $11,000/lb
• Almas means “diamond”
Why hunt whales?
• Whale oil!
– Used in lamps, candles, & sometimes food
• Whale oil is scarcely used today, so
modern commercial whaling is mainly the
hunting of whales for food or “scientific
research purposes”.
Whaling
• Sperm Whales are largest toothed whales
• Modern whaling, targeting species such as the
blue whale, expanded rapidly in the 20th
century, using factory ships and explosive
harpoons.
Whale being gutted.
• The oldest known method of whaling was to drive them
ashore by placing a few small boats amongst the animal
to frighten them with noise and activity, herding them
towards the shore to beach.
• Next, they used an object called a drogue, such as a
wooden drum or inflated sealskin which they tied to an
arrow or harpoon.
» Whale being caught by a hunting vessel
How now?
• The usual way the Japanese to kill a whale at sea is they
wait for a whale to come up for air (Whales are
mammals, so they can't breath underwater), then they
harpoon it.
• The harpoon can sometimes have grenades inside the
tips, so that it will explode inside the whale's body. The
whale is then pulled close to the boat and shot several
times with a rifle.
• The whale is then pulled up onto the boat, and cut into
pieces. Sometimes it is butchered alive. 
Is whaling legal?
• Minke whales are the only legally hunted
species.
• Some countries still hunt whales illegally
under the “scientific research” loophole
– Japan
Minke Whales
Its
its
Whaling Video
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=27nX3D
sv9Xk&list=PL_q_d2Rc3p6y8ny4eyxoB1h
1ab6sJZinc
Objectives
• Evaluate the renewability of ocean fish.
• Define aquiculture.
• Identify the advantages & disadvantages
of ocean aquiculture.
America's Living Oceans: Charting
a Course for Sea Change
• Of the 959 commercial fish types listed by the
Department of Commerce, only 304 (31.7%)
have been assessed.
• Of that 304 stocks, 30.6% were or are
overfished
Overfishing
• Will we run out of fish?
– Overharvesting may cause fish populations to collapse
– rate at which fish can be sustainably fished depends on
rate of reproduction & growth.
– Many governments have passed laws to manage fishing
– Answer…probably some kinds
– Chilean Sea Bass & Greenland Halibut could be
in danger
• many younger fish kept; remaining fish can’t reproduce
to keep their population up.
Aquaculture
• Farming aquatic plants & animals
– Catfish, salmon, oysters, shrimp, fish,
seaweed
• Not only are there salt water farms, but
fresh farms as well!
• Eel aquaculture began around 6000 BC
FISH FARMS?
• Americans eat 25 percent more seafood than
they did 20 years ago
– 16 lbs/year
• US government plans to open offshore waters to
industrial-scale fish farms
• Farmable fish would be limited largely to local
native species
– It can be bad to transplant non-native species
Fish Farms!
Advantages of Fish Farms
•
•
•
•
Decrease American dependence on foreign fish
Increase number of jobs
Decrease pressure on wild fishing
No bycatch
Disadvantages of Fish Farms
• Cause nearby wild fish to decline
– The farm fish eat lots of food!
• Increase infection & decrease health of local fish
• Cause sea lice to grow
– sea lice produce over a thousand larvae during their life
– larvae drift off into the ocean & infect other fish
Disadvantages of Fish Farms
• Chemicals
– Chemicals must be put in fish farm to lower
disease rates
• Farm Breaks!
– Sometimes fish escape
– They’re genetically modified
• Grow faster, eat lots
• Sterile (but not always)
Bell Work 5/11/12 – 3 min
1. What species of whale can be legally
hunted?
2. What is the most expensive seafood?
3. How much does a greenhorn on a
crabbing boat make? (include units)
4. What is the “loophole” that Japan uses to
hunt other species of whale?
Objectives
• Name and describe the 3 zones of ocean
ownership.
• Describe the problems created by:
– Ghost Nets
– Garbage
– Fertilizers & Pesticides…
– Sewage
Ownership of Coast Lines
• 3 Zones
– Territorial Waters
• 0-12 miles
– Contiguous Zone
• 12-24 miles
– Economic Exclusion Zone
• 24 – 200 miles
Ownership of Coast Lines
• "territorial waters“
– 12 miles out from the average low tide
– Owned by country
– every law that exists on land applies
Ownership of Coast Lines
• "contiguous zone"
– 12-24 miles
– limited legal access in this area
– customs, immigration and sanitary laws/regulations
apply
Ownership of Coast Lines
• "economic exclusion zone"
– country controls everything worth owning
(natural resources)
– Can’t deny passage to anyone, for any reason,
on, under, or over the territory.
Ownership of Coast Lines
• However, if someone comes to fish for
crab in the Bering Sea, and we haven't
given them permission to do so, we can
send in a Coast Guard cutter with a big
bullhorn and a cannon shouting "Get the
heck out!" and that's internationally fairplay.
Ocean Water Pollution
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Ghost Nets
Garbage
Fertilizers & Pesticides
Sewage
Nuclear Waste!
Mercury
Oil
Ghost Nets
1. What are ghost nets?
2. How do they affect coral reefs?
3. What has changed about nets that cause them
to be problems?
4. What tools & information do scientists use to
find ghost nets?
5. What did they call the area where the ghost
nets were predicted to be?
6. How many sightings of ghost nets did the pilot
see in 3 flights?
Ghost Nets
• NPR Story
• (also downloaded on my computer)
Bell Work 5/14/12 – 5 minutes
1. Name & describe the 3 zones of ocean
ownership. (Include the boundaries in
miles & laws)
2. List 2 problems ghost nets cause.
3. Why are they more of a problem now
than they used to be? (What has
changed about them?)
Objectives
• Describe the problems created by:
– Garbage
• Great Pacific Garbage Patch
– Fertilizers & Pesticides…
– Sewage
– Mercury
– Nuclear Wast
Great Pacific Garbage Patch
Great Pacific Garbage Patch
• 1-2x size of Texas!
• CSPAN Video
• TED Video
Bell Work 5/12/12
1. Between what two states is the Great
Pacific Garbage Patch?
2. Where did most of the garbage there
come from?
3. What is most of the garbage made of?
Fertilizers & Pesticides
• Add nutrient imbalances & toxins to water
• Leads to
– HAB!
• Added nutrients cause certain plankton to grow…but
too many!
– Overgrowth of seaweed in coral reefs
• Coral reef  seaweed reef 
– Human exposure to toxic substances
• consumption of contaminated seafood
• Swimming in it 
Gulf of Mexico Dead Zone
• Caused by pesticides & fertilizers
• Nothing lives there
• Size of New Jersey!
Sewage!
• Sewage
– Some goes directly into ocean
• Sewage pipes sometimes connected to storm pipes,
when overflow sewage comes out storm pipes
– Causes beaches to close
• Creates infections…unsafe waters!!
• Surfers
• Sludge
– Everyone used to dump their sewage sludge in
the ocean…now mostly undeveloped countries
do.
Mercury
• Causes nerve damage
– Nerves control how you walk, talk, hear, and
see, so that’s bad!
– Also causes problems in the development of
brain & nerves of unborn children
Mercury
• Enters atmosphere
– Naturally
– Unnaturally via coal power plants
– Amount in atmosphere has increased 400% in
last 150 years
• Builds up in fish
– Might be natural…still conducting research
– Amount in ocean increased only 30%
– Methylmercury is the kind that builds up in fish
• CH3Hg
Nuclear Waste
• 1940’s – 1960’s
– Everyone dumped it in the ocean!
• Has been illegal since the 1970’s
– Russia has been dumping nuclear waste in
the Arctic Ocean anyway
– Other countries have probably done so as
well
STOP
Bell Work 1/2/12 – 4 min
1. What are the health hazards of mercury?
2. How does man cause mercury enter the
atmosphere?
3. How much (%) has the mercury content
of fish increased in the last 150 years?
4. W5SAYBoS
Bell Work 1/3/12 – 4 min
1. In an ocean oil spill, 10-15% is usually
able to be removed from the water. In the
Gulf oil spill, 172 million gallons were
released. This means that _____ to
_____ gallons of oil were probably
removed.
Oil
• An estimated 706 MILLION GALLONS of
waste oil enter the ocean every year.
What problems are caused by
oil spills?
• Habitats Destroyed Animals Killed
– Spread to swamps
– Crabs killed
• Money Lost
• How much did gas prices go up after the
Gulf oil spill?
• Gas prices on average were costing about
$4 and even more in some places.
• Is the Gulf oil spill cleaned up yet?
• 90% was cleaned as of April 2011 
• Where Did The First Major Oil Spill Occur?
• The first major oil spill occurred during
World War II (1939-45), between January
and June of 1942. German U-boat attacks
on tankers off the East Coast of the
• United States spilled 590,000 tons of oil.
Clean Up
• What is an unusual way to clean an oil
spill?
•  Mushrooms can be used to clean up oil
spills.
• Using mushrooms and hair is a greener
way to clean up oil.
•
• How
Top 5 Oil Spills
#1: Gulf War 
240 - 360,000,000 gallons
#2: Ixtox 1 
140,000,000 gallons
#3: Atlantic Empress 90,000,000 gallons
#4: Noruz Oil Field 
80,000,000 gallons
#5: ABT Summer 
80,000,000 gallons
Top 5 Oil Spills
• Video Top 5
– See how this compares to the data I gave
you, found in popular mechanics
• 2010 Gulf spill 172 million gallons
• 2nd largest oil spill ever!
Exxon Valdez Oil Spill
10,800,000 gallons
Clean Up
• Microbes clean up oil!
Dawn dish detergent cleans oil
off of feathers and fur without
irritating the skin! (AWWE!)