On-line Unsupervised Outlier Detection Using Finite

On-line Unsupervised Outlier Detection Using Finite
Mixtures with Discounting Learning Algorithms
Kenji Yamanishi
NEC Corporation
4-1-1,Miyazaki,Miyamae,
Kawasaki,Kanagawa
216-8555,JAPAN
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Jun-ichi Takeuchi
NEC Corporation
4-1-1,Miyazaki,Miyamae,
Kawasaki,Kanagawa
216-8555,JAPAN
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ABSTRACT
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CSIRO Mathematical and
Information Sciences
GPO Box 664, Canberra ACT
2601, Australia
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