Dipali B. Choudhary Sagar A. Tamhane

A SURVEY OF FONTS AND ENCODINGS FOR INDIAN
LANGUAGE SCRIPTS
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-&=)-*o&_&5bp;5D)*)-Fq;M3-%E898i%3-)L)*&,r%/3:&57-f&5*3:&,)h%/3-&,;J%&,)7)*&,s)
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Abstract
Key Words: Fonts, Indian languages, Encodings, Tools, Input Technologies
1 Introduction
!"lMA#$)*3Hl823-&)*8{3CO-&)<)3:&5#4)9%nBC%|-&}O(-3*3:&5%n%0>9%)*nD%&"~"3:&
)3=3CO}E&,;,&,)5AH&_d3:)=*&0Lf&5%K;M--&,3b3-?&5%L&0BC%D%%&,)b%y;5#43:&5
)*l)*3-&,#$),wx&03:&4%&08z)*8{3CO-&&5o&5#4&5%63j%BC%E-#4*?-&5#%)|3-/L2&
>9%)-Ad<;5#$&,%3=&5o&,#4&5%3j)l)*3:&5#4)=Mo&$L2&,&,%&,%L&5O(F3:BC%%D%&5)O(3-
3:&0&,88i%3:)G%&,%;5<%)b&5)-%&,8ibBC%D%s%&,)5uR/%s%3=%3:<3
3:&5;J%&5)|Mo&uL2&,&5%&5o&52&,s8ibBC%D%s%&,)%sf&,*&,%3G3-8i*#4)5G!z&u-&,
8<;,,%b)-8{3CO*&|%4&,)*+3:K%BC%3:&5-%&_3zL)*%=)@;5-*&,%3:F$o&,w;_3:Fo&@7&,%;5&
3:)()-o&5/2&,7)hLf&5&,%/8i&53(3:#4&5BC%?3:& %&vg<3)-&5;53:%AO&j-&5)-&5%63b4;,)-)*q;,3:%E8
8i%3:)GL)*&,%o-)b;,*3:&5-A%)-L)-&5ml&,%3:F&5)-;5-L2&u&M;Jy;,)-)b%l&,;53-%)j3:E
!z&z;,)-)*q;,3:%n88i%3-)9)9L)*&,u%08i&M3:*&,)9)-;J)k3-&,k%3-&,-%*&,*&,)-&5%3J3-%A6%)*3:FS
D3-%0#$&53-lAO(3-8fF<),All)-;,&_g<)3:&5%;,&A<8i%3&,%;5<%j%$8i%3q&(-&,LF3C
<&,;_3:%j)**o&5l)(&_g<)3:%n&,%;,l%j3:&,;J%m6&5)z+&h|B-BJA9!zBjABB-BJA!7B-BJAB<~"G
%K7%;5<&kx&b-&,)*&,%373:&b%33-&,;J%&,)z)-&,8izBC%D%%&,)%E<&5;53:%sPV
)-o&_?8kMoL&h3:l)8izBC%%KD%&5)z)zFo&5%?%/l&,;53-%
1
2 A Font Classification System
x&b%aO-&5)-&,%30;,D)-)-Fq;M3:%8"8i%63-)(L)-&5?%E3-&,zf&,*&,%37-2&,3:&,),9z;5;,*%u3-
%3:&5-%"*&,*&,)-&5%3J3-%Af8i%3:)|;,%sLf&j;M3-&,-5&,s%63-
F3:#4E8i%63-)b%r@&5;53-8i%3:)5bBC%
3-#w8i%3:),AFl)h-&G-&5-&5)-&5%63-&,)(#43:*;5&,)(8"3:)(O(&5-&M)%@&5;53:78i%3-),Al)
-&(*&,*&,)-&5%3:&,E);,*o&5),~%3:);M%4Lf&h;,)-)*q&54%63- )3J3-;7%4l%#$;z8i%3:)})2&,@3:&
%)3JD3-%#$&53-l7hl%#$;G8i%3:)|-&n3:#43-;M4PO(%&5rf&5hol&_O(%A2O(&5-&,)
)*3:3:;8i%3:)-&7FOMl)MoDL&%u3-&7l;M<#;J%&Hz;,;5-%G3:GO(3-u8Fl),A8i%3-)
;M%$L2&7;5D)*)-Fq&,4%3:bqg<&,$O(3-w%$o*DL&O(<3:9~"Fg<&,uO(3-$8i%63-)-&z3Cl;,Fn)*&,
8i;5%)*&5),AfO(&j#4)*3|&,)-+3-L)-%;M3:%)()-&no*DL&=O(3:?8i%3:),G~%3-)
;M%L2&s;,)-)*q&5%3:l)-;,|8i%3:)K%;M(8i%3:)K;5;,*%3-l)-;,b&_g<)*3:&5%;,&
;,98i%3:)u*&w)*&,8i 2*3:L3Crz;,;5-%r3-r8i%30&,%;5<%)5Ak8i%3:)u*&w;,)-)*q&5
%3:uaSCLF3z8i%3:)7%PXSUL3}8i%3:),!z&5)-&j-&b3:&=L3:)(*&,m6*&,K3:u&,%3:F8{3:&=2)*3:%8H
;J-;53-&, F<%K3:&jL2&53M}BC%r3-%w3-43:),A8i%63-)h;,%/L2&=;,D)-)-Fq&,E%3-4|B-B
8i%3:)}%
%*08i%3:)};5;,*%=3:=3:&76#%-&,LF3C08f3:&78i%3}q&@l#4&z8i%3-)*&
&,F3JL&j)bbB*Bzq&5),=~H-&4n;M<3:*&,)b3:);5D)*)-q;M3-%/3--&5&n898i%3:)5=>;J83-&,)*&
;,)-)*&,)7-&G&5)-;5-L2&,EL2&,PO%K&_3JQ
Font Classes
Internal Representation
Bitmap
BDF
PCF
Installation
Vector
TrueType
Static
PostScript
Glyph width
Dynamic Fixed
Opentype
Physical existence
Variable Physical
Logical 8−bit
Metafont
Type 0
Type 1
Type 2
Type 3
Type 4
Type 5
Type 9
Type 10
Type 11
Type 14
Type 32
Type 42
Figure 1: The Font Classification tree
2
Encoding
Readability
16−bit ASCII Binary
3 Classification According to Internal Representation
!z&0)-f&083-&nFls;M%L2&n)*3--&5%r3:&n8i-#8}wL3-#/|%r3:&n8i-#8@o&,;_3:*)
-&5)-F3:%=%$
3-#$%$@&5;53:@8i%63-),@
F3:#4n8i%3:)}*&7*&,%&,-&58)3:&,93-%u@&,;53-@8i%3:),
hPO}&5o&5,A2@&,;53-h8i%63-)hw%3h;,)3&vgl3::4)*3::&G8i()-;,%u3:&5h3:)7f&5%;Ji{
%+&G
}3:#4w8i%3-),
Figure 2: (a) A Bitmap font glyph
(b) A Vector font glyph
3.1 Bitmap Fonts (BDF and PCF)
Fl)9%$LF3:#4n8i%3:)}-&(*&,*&,)-&5%3:&,w)@#3--;,&,)@8f3-),A6O(;J$#4F3:)I3:&5# 3:jG*3-;_S
D9-&,)*<3:%k~&_g#$&AO&h#M0Mo&|L3-#u8i%63-)8i}2%3)-,&5)})*;JK)7PVAa¡<A<¡TA
&53-;@
F3:#408i%3:)-&h8i*3:&,ol&,%3:j3CO} 3Cl2&,)L)-&,%43-&h8i%3}q&(8i-#43,A Bitmap
% Portable Compiled Font (PCF) 2!@<;MA8i%3q&,);5%3J%
Distribution Format (BDF)
&53:)=Lf3nFl)n%¢#$&53J3J?L23 3-&48i%63jq&5),/
|~ £[,¤q&5)n*&%%¢|B-B
&,%;5<&,Ak6#4%<SU-&,L&$8i-#E!z&5-&4;,#$2)-&58z#$&53:SC%8i*#3-%/%y3-&&M&5
8iPO&5LyK)-&,*&5)j8&_g&,;,#&5%;,l%?83:&4Fl)=%s3:&u8i%3MwN}~~-#43G)
?L%y)3:-&$8i-#43=8ijL3:#48i%3:)jq&,)£e¡a¤Q?!z&wL%*8i%3jq&4;,%3J%) 93:&
%8i-#43:%wL237n8i%37)-;J?3:3(3z)z;,#$;_3h%K&5¥$;,&,%378iz#;J%&b*&ML3C
3.2 Vector Fonts (Outline Fonts)
Fl)7%?@&5;53-h8i%3-)|*& &5)-;,*L2&,rL?%&jh#$*&j;5*o&,),!z&,)*&n;,o&5)G-&=&,)*;,*L2&,
)-%¦
&,5&,E;,*o&5),>@;J
&5,&,K;,o&¢)§c%<SU;,o&¨%p§c2SU;,o&¨7;5%3:*Gf%3:),
!z&,)*&n
&5,&,7;,o&,)b;,%/L2&=89&,F3:&5(ml:3:;=7;,L;G3C<2&z@&5;53:78i%3-)|*&j)*;M&ML&
!z&,)*&-&/;,D)-)-Fq&,t%3:¢!I-&,!@<2&©£c¤QA7N")*3:)*;,*3£ªT¤\Ahb2&,%!l2&¦£c«¤%R?&_3J8i%63s£cX¤
;M3-&,-&5),¬!I-&53Clf&8i%3:)E)-&ym6-3:;;5*o&,)5A=O(&5-&,),AjN")3v<;5-3?8i%63-)?)-&;5L;
;,o&5),E|f&5%!@<2&8i%3=)j%&_gl3:&5%)-%¢8}3:&$!I-&5!l2&8i%3MAO(;Jy;M%y;,%3:%&,F3:&5
%F¢!I-&5!l2&?0%!l2&yK3:suLf3-©R?&_3J8i%3u)*2*3-)4;5-&M3:%©8h8#$F8
8i%3:)73:*?:#4&_3:&,*,3:%zBC%s3-%K3:w)*2& &_3J)5Af$@&,;53-h8i%63|)*4;5%)*)*3-)
3
8I#4&_3:*;|3J0)-;J/)z;J-;53-&,zO(<3:?%K+&5-%E*)G£eWa¤Q9®+&5-%E)(08"l)
8iO(;J?)*3:]*)*3-#4&5%3h)z-&5ml-&5EO(&,%?3-&5w<;5;,(%K)*&,m6&,%;,&
3.2.1 TrueType Fonts
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&,5&5
;,o&5)w£¯¤93:E-&5-&5)-&,%3n3-&$3:%&5)b83-&$l)5!I-&5!l2&8i%3:)=)*3--&u3:&4#$&53--;u%
)-f&0%8i-#43-%E%)-%&jq&nO(3: .ttf &_gl3:&5%)-%0>Hg#$&5)b8!"*&,!@lf&u8i%3:)G*&
A
A
% Subak
XDVNG Shusha DV-TTYogesh
3.2.2 PostScript Fonts
"N )3v<;5-3H8i%3I3:&5;J%GO)H&_o&,2&,0L=zL2&zll)*3-&,#$),k!z&,)-&8i%63-)H)*&;5L;
&,5&5
;,o&5)w£¯¤93:?-&,-&,)*&,%3n3:%&5)=83:&4Fl),N")3v<;5-3j8i%63-)j;,%L2&08i*3-&,=;,)-)*q&5
%3:u!@lf& VA!l2&A!@<2&0¡lA!l2&nA!@<2& TA2!@lf&n«<A!@<2&n<A2!@lf&4PVA!@lf&4A!l2&
MTAl!l2&G¡j%!l2&bT6¡G8i%63-)b£[PV¤\@N")3v<;5-<38i%3:))-&3CO}0)-&5-3:&q&,)}8i};5%3J%%
;J-;53-&,(3-%&,)(%E#$&53:*;b3J~z&_g#$&A<3:%&,)z#4ML2&=)3:*&,?)hN@*%3:&5(~%3
%*/<8iLzN9-%3:&,~%63bB*B|i8_k>kg#$&,)z8#$&53--;3J=q&5)(-&bN9*%3:&5z~%3
R?&53--;,)?8i#_A@zLf&E~%34R?&53--;,)?\8i#_A@BC%8i-#43:%q&,)?%8Jj%tR?3-&R/)*3:&5
R?&53--;$#$#4#_
3.2.3 OpenType Fonts
f&5%!l2&78i%6393-&,;J%nO)&5o&52&,4L0zL2&7%R?;5-)*8{3M"!z&,)*&h8i%3:)*&zL)*&,
|
%h%;,l&j!z&_POO(& :%&n8;J-;53-&,-)b3--)-&53G8}l)O(F3:r3-&0&,
87#%sLf&_3CO&5&,%t;J:;_3:&5-)4%l),!z)0#%s)*2*3-)u;,%]*%;53-)$)*;J°)
±P² A8i*#4)=-&5ml-%Ef)*3-%%K)-;J¢) % ´ ³ % µ³hAkF3:&5-%3-o&,)=)-;J)j% ¶·¸{¹|%
¶·ºQ¸%y)*L)*3-3-3:%)G)-;J)»³½¼¿¾j¼ ÀÂÁ Ã74N")-3-%%8}F<)G;M%Lf&u%3CO}
#$&,%)-%),@|2&,%K3Clf&b8i%3:)(#4MwMo&=&_gl3-&,%)*% .otf .ttf 3.2.4 Metafont
R &53:8i%3")H*3"8% .b%l<3:¨¯)k!I&_g )*l)*3-&,#EH!z&_n*&:#$&53-&,-,&5n% ;M%j&,%&5:3-&
?
f&,*&,%3(8i%3h8#4&5),}<;,%u)(:;,&58iI&j3-$3-&,(OME8k%%%&M()*;M%?f&,-&5%3
-#4&_3:&5-)$)-;M&/f&,-&5%3:vÄ~$&_g#$&Az3?PV2%34%Å¡Vy2%3,A)-f&5)w#M©L2&
f&,*&,%3M!z&,)*& 8i%3:)h-&=%3h*&58i&,*-&5/8izx°Æ=<BUx°Æ L)-%u&=3:$)-PO}&,h-&,%&,S
%$R?&53:8i%3Gq&5)=Po& .mf &vg<3-&,%)*%dw>Hg#4&08R?&53:8i%3j)|3:& Computer Modern
R?&53:8i%3M
4 Classification According to Installation
~%3:);,%Lf&b;5D)*)-Fq&,%63- 3CO}$;,3:&5*&,)5A static % dynamic A<L)*&,K%w3-&|OM43:&_*&
%)3J&5w%?u;5#$3:&5,l3:3:;|8i%3:)7*&b#%64%)*3J&5kBU8I3:&G)*&,zol)*3:)7nO}&,L&
3:3@)@|8i%3@%3%)*3J&5n%u)9)*l)*3-&,#EAl3-&zL-PO()*&,@3C<;Mj)*&,))-#$&z&583k8i%6393-
4
-&5%&,3:&}3:&vgl3MH!I&_gl3H&,F3:*)"PO3:&vg<3"3:7Lf&;,#42)-&5jO(F3: %b)3J3-;,F|%)*3J&5b8i%3:),
!z&|l%#4;78i%33-&,;J%/£[,¤f)};,*&M3-&,L7&53:)*;M2&b%K
3-)*3:*&M#EHl%#$;78i%3
%jO}&,LK)*&,*o&,()3:%0 &|)3-#3:;,FnPO(%&5L43-&|L*aO()*&,(%%)3J&,
3:&5#42:-F48i(ol&5O(%!z&_?3:+&=PO(%?3-#$&bao&,*&M),hhl%#$;G8i%3:)h-&=8H3CO}
3Clf&5),A>9#nL2&,&5r|2&,%!@lf&4i&,3J%EN"3JL&b~%37'(&,)--;5&i8iJv@h%;,l&|)*2*3-&,
&,38i%3:)=-& )-23:&,LsL23:sB>%h&53-)-;,f&0O(&j8i|8i%3:)G*&0%F/)*2*3-&,L6
h&_3:)-;,2&
5 Classification According to Width of Glyphs
~%3:) ;,%L2&w;,)-)*q&5)
%
8i%3-)£FP¡¤|£[P¤\>@;J;J-;53-&,
%3:&uqg<&,¢O(3:8i%3 )jfixed
)-#$width
&$O(3:K~"variable
Fg<&,O(width
3-y8i%3:)j*&4)*&,¢8iG;5%)-&4%y3-
-&5-&5)-&,%30;5#$3:&5 *-#4)5K%¢&vg#4&48qg<&,¢8i%3j) courier rRE)*3 8z;,#4#$%F
)-&58i%63-)=-&08o-L& O(3-s8i%3:),u~%3-)G8ibBC%D%%&,)|-&u8o-L&=O(3-
3Clf&G)-%;,&G#4%w8I3:&GO}*)hPo&j;5%]*%;53:)5
6 Classification According to Physical Existence
~%3:)I;M%jLf&};,D)-)-Fq&,j%3: physical % logical 8i%3:)3:73J+&%63-|;5;,%63"2*3:L3C)-)*&,)
£F,T¤QN96l)*;M@8i%63-) -&u3:&4;53-98i%3:)=L:-&5)O(;J;M%L2&4%)*3:&,s%E;5#43:&5
)*l)*3-&,#E>Hg#$&5)78kl)-;M8i%3:)h*& Times New Roman A Helvetica A Courier New 1I"
cVu)*2*3-)|;Mf8i%3:)(;M&5/l&,-F8A2%)7)-&5-F8A2R?%)*;5&,AfDA%?DBC%3M
!z&,)*&n;,d8i%3:)-&=%3;_3:8i%3hL:*&,)5!z&_r*&j%#4&5)h*&,;5%,&,/L6K3-&01Mo
-%3-#$&b%E#n)3hL2&b#42&,3:$&_g<)3:%u<)*;,8i%3:)(%)*3J&5w%K3:&G)<)3:&5#?
7 Classification According to Font Encoding
~%3:)n-&w;5D)*)-q&,%3-/3COs;,3:&5*&,)j8
%
L)*&,%¢3-&w%6#nL2&, 8(L3-)
-&5ml-&5?L3-&=8i%63(3-$)3:*&j&5%;,l%u8k&,8-bit
;J/Fl}16-bit
>;JrSUL38i%637;5%3J%)(#g<#n#
¡«X7;J:;53:&5-)5k!z&z):#4&};J:;53:&5k%6#nL2&,";M%0*&,*&,)-&5%3f&,*&,%3k;J:;_3:&5k%nf&,-&5%3
&,%;5<%¢)*;J&,#$&,)5½~&_g#$&AzBC%%°%&?8i%3-)w8b3:)43Cl2&-& DV-TTYogesh,
% Shusha ÂPXSUL3z8i%3h;M%?-&5-&5)-&,%3GX««Xu;J-;53-&,*),(%?&_g#$&G8zMXSCLF3
SUBAK
&,%;5<%n)}3-38Ih%;,l&hO(;J;,%3:%2#a]*}%&,)}%3-&O}-9>Hg#4&,)8
PXSUL38i%3-)")*2*3-%7BC%% %&,)I*& Arial Unicode MS, Code2000, Mangal, Raghu8,
8iR/;5%3:)*A Devanagari MTS 8iR/;,%3-)-A Sibal
TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Devanagari MT
i
8
(

l
%
l
d
g
Devanagari
8 Classification According to Human Readability of Font File
~%3:);M%wL2&7;,D)-)-Fq&,%3: ASCII % Binary k!z&hbB*Bk8i%3q&,)}-&7%>9%)-$8i-#43M
!z&5$;,%wL2&&,3:&5&,)-0O(3-w%4&,F3:59>Hg#4&,)8|B-Bk8i-#43@8i%3:)-&h
|~y8i%3-)
5
%?N")3v<;5-3b~%37bB*B=¯8v
%*8i%63(q&,)7-&5ml-&=)-2&,;5D3-<)z8izo<&5O(%%
&,F3:%|NI)*3J<;,*3-%3:&,*)|&5%&,-F?;5%3J%rL%*K8i%3-)|%¢¯8iL/8i-#43%s'zGRÇh%
)*+>Hg#$&5)=8L%*/8i-#43|8i%3-) *&u!"*&,!@lf&~%63-) %NI)*3J<;,*3 ~%3GL%*
¯8iLv
9 Encoding Techniques
-;53-&,w&5%;,l%¢)#4&_3:l°8G;5%o&5*3:%¢)-&5m6&,%;5&8GLl3-&,)%63-)*&,m6&,%;,&8
;J-;53-&,-)5!z&)*3:%*;J:;53:&5n)-&_3:)n8i BC%D%¢D%&5)n*&A9|B-BJA93-%AHBB-B
%Eh%;,l&kx&G&_g<%K&,;J?8"3-&,)*&j&5%;,l%)(Lf&5POG
9.1 ASCII and Extended ASCII
#$&,*;M%l3:%*Kl&8i}BC%8i-#43-%$BC%3:&,*;J%&$bB-B})0WPSCLF3)*;J&,#$&GPO(%
8iba¡u;J-;53-&,7f)-3-%),>Hg<3-&,%&,r|B-B)-&,)SCL3:)3-4*&,*&,)*&,%3G¡«X$;J:;_3:&,*),h
873:&ESUL30BC%D%%&w8i%3:)u)*&?&vg<3-&,%&,t|B-Bn)03:&K&,%;,l%s8in3-&KBC%%
D%&l)5
9.2 LATIN
3:%<SJ BhSC«S:ak)}jo&5-)*%8&_gl3:&5%&,EbB-BJBU3)}&5#4%Fn8i>@%)-w%
x&5)*3-&,-%>9*2&M%¢%&,)5/7PO&_o&,5A@BhS«E)3J%-,&5)n;J-;53-&,n)*&53:)j8ij3:&5
)-;5-<3:)j)*w!z&$8#4/%;5&5)=I3:%dr{x&5)*3:&5-%>9*2&M%vAk3-%¡\>@)30>9-f&,%_A
3:%KQ<3:?>9-2&M%_A3-%TEh3:?>@-2&M%_A3:%<S}l*;A<3-%<SU-L;A3-%<S
*&,&5+2A3-%<SCh&5L-&_OGA3:%«!I-+6)-z%?3:%XK\7-;Pv
9.3 ISCII
&,*3-#4&5%63n8h>@&,;_3:-%;5)K\>} L)-&5BB-BBC%D%<;,*3$l&w8ijBC%8i*#3-%
BC%3:&,*;J%&P)w)*3:%*Å%P8iBC%;/)*;,*3-)wL)*&,Å%t3-&,;5#4#$%¦%&_3:;
)*3--;_3:*&£Fa«a¤Q®BB*B4)w%ÅBÈSCL34;,l&s)*3:%*A(O(;JÅ;5%3J%)wbB-B$;J:;53:&5
)-&_3u%¢3:&PO&50F8A9%3:&BC%;)*;,*30;J:;_3:&5$)*&53-)$%¢3:&f&50F8!O}y#$-&
)*l)*3-&,#$)}L)-&5%$BB-BHMo&|)-GL2&,&5%w-Po&5Yk7B-BzL2&53-;7l&(8i9BC%8i*#3-%
BC%3:&,*;J%&P(%KB~IG»BC%3-&,&5%;,&bL)-&5s<;5-<37~%63hl&M_
9.4 TSCII
!H#4d63J%-Kl&b~}BC%8i*#3-%$BC%3:&5-;J%&i!7B-Bb£[PX¤2O)-2)*&,LwBC%3:&5-%&_3
!H#4#$#n%F3Cw%P}BC%?BB-B(%/7%;5<&=3-&G&,%;5<%)*;J&,#$&,)78i7f3:&=BC%;
D%&5))-&y&_o%*G)-;,*3?)K3:&y*&58i&,*&,%;5&y%&AL3E%%)-;5-<3
):&b8I!H#49\h:Mol%}%&)zf&,*&,%3M@7&,%;5&G3-&b%&5&,K8i(n)-&5:3:&G)*3:%*
8i !"#$}-)-&5),!7B-Bj)-&5)4aSCLF3 L%@)*;J&,#$&O(3:|B-B=;J-;53-&,0)*&53u%PO&5
F8@l3J%*)8iz!"#4#4<3:% *yQ<!7z)z&5o&,f&5?#4%8i%3-),A+&_lLf-
-Fo&5-),A&53-(%K;5%o&,3:&5-))-%u3-)z&5%;,l%
6
9.5 ISFOC
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;,%3:%)zL)-;b)-2&,)7-&5m6*&,K8iz-&5%&,*%$0)-;5-3M9!z&5)-&j)-2&,)(;,%?L2&bPo&5-Df&5E3-
;,#$2)-&G%wO}*?%K3-&b8i%3M
9.6 Unicode
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% %)*+6-3,Ah%6HR/-3:\H7%;5<&})H-&5)-&5*o&5uf)*3-%)8i"&_o%*i:%&YIVVV
SHVW~9vA
&5%I:%&YHVV|SHV~k~k_A -# +6":%&YHV|VVbSHV|W~9_A ]--3::%&Y
V|VnSV~k~9vA2b*/i:%&Y}V
VVnS
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V0SV
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VVVESbVzW~9vAk.G%%i:%&YwVVESGV~k~9 %©R/DMD# i:%&YV|VVESbVbW~k
)-;5-<3:),
10 Keyboard Input Techniques
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N9%&_3:;n%!l2&5O(*3:&5GDM<3:)bL)*&,%r3:&0#%8;53:H+&5l)j%3-&0+&_lLf-
3:BC%%D%&;J:;_3:&5-),¦~0&_g#$&A%3:&E&_o%-3Clf&_O(-F3:&,uP3,A}3:&
;J-;53-&,b§ ¨8I3:&=+&5lL2-?#)3:»ÉÊAO(&b%KBC%)*;,*3(P373#)3:»Ë
10.1 Inscript:
BC%w3:&BC%)-;5-<3z+&_<L2*KDM<3MA3:&hoPO&5)7*&;,&5%w3:&&58{3)-&|83-&|+&_lLf-
DM37%3:&=;5%)*%%3:)7%K3:&G*3z)*&
10.2 English Phonetic:
z! )uP34)-&5)43-:%)*F3:&,-3:%L2&53CO}&,&,%Å%&,)5°!I:%)*F3:&,-3:%-&_8i&,*)43:3:&EO(*3*S
3:&5%©*&,*&,)*&,%3J3-%©87%&%&wL%3:&5,¢h%&_g#$&8(3-:%)*F3:&,-3: )$13-:%)
£FM¤QAkO(;J©)0s)-;5-308i 3-:%)*F3:&,-3:%y8i*#Ì>9%)*¢3:&_o%-Qx&5%©3-&wO-
§c3-+6*#E¨)3Cl2&,A3:&=;5-*&,)*f%%0O}-E%E&_o%-QA0Í Î,³I·Ï·Ð©)z)*PO(%
10.3 Typewriter Layout:
!z)(P37)()*#$D}3:$3:&G;5-*&,)-2%%4DM<3h8H3:&jBC%D%ED%&|3Cl2&5O(*3:&5%
&,%;,&G)()*&58i8i3Cl)*3-)h%?3:&572&,&|8#$D9O(F3:3:373Cl2&5O(*3:&5(DM<3M
7
11 Tools
BC%$3-)}<&5;53-%A6O}&h&5%)*3@o-)k8i%3}-&,3:&5$3-<)9)-;J)@8i%3};5-&,3:%%4&53-%b3-<),A
8i%3()*DM&,%%&,)7%E3-&,-#$%d&5#nD3:*),
11.1 Font Creation and Editing Tools
!z&,*&7-&z#4% 8i%3@;5-&M3:%u%u&,F3:%|3:l)H3982O(;J4)*#4&-&z;5#4#$&,*;,<O(&5-&,)
)-#$&7-&(8i-&5&5O-&@)-*&5O-&9x&7Mo&|)3:&,$)-#4&(3:l)@%43:L3:&543:&,@*2&,*3-&5)
%!"L&$
Software
Creator
Details
Operating
System
Font Creater
High-Logic
http://www.highlogic.com/fcp.html
Macromedia Inc.
http://www.macromedia.com/
software/fontographer/
Dave Emmett
http://users.iclway.co.uk/
l.emmett/
FontLab Ltd
http://www.pyrus.com
/html/typetool.html
Microsoft Corporation
http://www.microsoft.com
/typography
Bitstream Inc.
http://www.bitstream.com
Thomas A. Fine
http://hea-www.harvard.edu/
fine/Tech/bdfedit.html
Robert Brady
http://gote.sourceforge.net/
George Williams
http://pfaedit.sourceforge.net
Windows
Fontographer
Softy
Type Tool
Web Embedding
Tool
(WEFT)
Web Font Maker
BDF Font Editor
Commercial
or
Shareware
or Freeware
Shareware
Open
Source
Type of
the font
supported
No
.ttf
Windows,
Macintosh
Commercial
No
Windows
Shareware
No
Type1,
Type2,
.ttf
.ttf, .bdf
Windows,
Macintosh
Commercial
No
Type1,
Type2
Windows
Freeware
No
.ttf
Windows
Freeware
No
.ttf
Linux
Freeware
Yes
.bdf
Linux
(POSIX)
Linux
Freeware
Yes
.ttf
Freeware
Yes
Linux
Freeware
Yes
.ttf, .bdf,
.pfa, .pfb,
.bin, .otf
.bdf
Ñ
GOTE
PfaEdit
xmbdfed
Computing Research
Laboratory, http://crl.nmsu
.edu/ mleisher/xmbdfed.html
Ñ
Table 1: Comparision between font editing tools
8
11.2 Font Servers
8i%3H)*&,*o&,")I7L;J+6-%n*<;5&,)-)O(;J #4+&5)I8i%3-)HMoL&H3:(Òb~-&5&MX<k~%3I)-&,o&5-)
-&4)-&5%%6<gy#4;J%&,),/%o%3:&8z8i%30)-&5*o&5-)0)j3:3 3-&5y;M%)*&,%8i%3-)
3:4-&,#$3-&j)-M<)5(!z&,*&0-&G3:-&,&=8i%3|)*&,*o&,*),Ygl8i),A2gl8i)SQgl3-3|%?gl8i)*3*3M78k3:&,)-&j8i%3
)-&5*o&5-)u;M%-Pol&!"*&,!@lf&8i%30*&,%&5-%y-*&,%3:Fygl8i)n)*2*3-)0!l2&A@!I-&_3C<2&
%LF3:#4¢8i%308i-#43-),h)*A@#4lq;M3-%¢8h3-&w8i%3$3:)0#&&M)*&,nO(F3:3:&
3:F3Cs;J+8i%3:3:rBU8gl8i)n) %3n%)*3J&53-&,%¢~*&,&5!l2&!I-&5!l2&w8i%3n%&5Jj%
!l2&¢zL2&E!l2&K8i%34%&,Jn#$<&5)4-&K-&5ml-&5tÒ|~*&,&,X)$3CO}f&,-&5%3
!"*&,!@lf&8i%3 -&,%&,*%s&5%%&,),A@~*&,&,!@lf&K&5%%&w%¢Ò7SC!I-&5!l2&y{gl3-3Jj&,%%&s!z&
~-&,&5!l2&Ki8i-#$&,-Fwgl8i)*8{3v7)7L)-&5s%r3:&n~-&5&,!@<2&uL-*7gl8i)*3*3|;,%s%& !I-&,!@<2&
8i%3:)59BU3h;,%%3h%&|ÒpL3:#4A<!l2&A2z1.|p%E)-$%
11.3 Terminal Emulators for X
!"&5-#$%&,#n3:-)h-&=-:#$)(3:3PO$;,#$3-&,h3-w;_3+& u3:&,*#4%\x&jl+
3z3CO}4#$)*3(;5#$#4%&5#n3:*),Y
gl3:&5-#EY@gl3-&,-#Ó£c¡V¤)z3:&G#$)*37;,#4#$%F)*&,/3-&,*#4%d&5#n3:8i(Ò AO(;J?)-lS
2*3-)(%<37%E3:378k>9%)*3:&_gl3,@gl3:&5-#Ô&5#nD3:&,)!bPVV$%E!"&5+3:-%Fg<TV,T
3-&,-#$%)5!z&n;J:;_3:&,h&,%;5<%4)-&5/8izg<3-&,*#Õ)h|B-BJd|%Egl3:&5-#ÖBC%%?3-&_gl3
;J:;_3:&,*)h&53zO(&,4)-&5-3:&5?L2&,;,)-&|gl3:&5-#¬;,%K%&b%F4q<g&5EO(3:K;J:;vS
3-&,-)5}BU3z3:+&5)73-&G#ag#n#×O(3-K8"3-&G;J-;53-&,(8iz)*DMl%uf;J:;53:&5-)5
¡<(.|3:&5-#EY(.|3:&,*#È£e¡<5¤H*-#Ô)#nF3:%f3-&,*#4%O(;Js&,#n3:&5)7!bPV¡%
!I&,+3:*%[gTVMT=BU3b)b)*2*3b8i|%3*SU3:3|8%&,)*&A"1%&,)*&A%.7-&,%
3-&_gl3M
11.4 Glyph processing on Windows
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3:&!I-&5!l2&'7)*3-&,-,&5E)w3:©&,%&,:3:&;J:;53:&5?L3:#4)w8iE)*;,*&,&,%)r%*%3:&5-)EBU3
;,;5#$)-&5)3:)(L6wf&5*8i*#4% 3:&G8iPO(% 3J)-+6),Y
('(&M%03:&=3:%&|&,)-;5-3:%K8"3-&G;J-;53-&,z8i-#¿3:&G!I-&5!l2&=8i%3(q&
¡<7<;,%3:&?3:%&K&5)-;5-<3:%t8|3-&/;J:;_3:&543:3:&?-&5ml&,)*3-&,Å)*,&/%¦&5ol;5&
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&,%%&O(3-)-&,ol;,&5)r£c¡¤z+&/|2&,%!@lf&/P3<&5*ol;5&,)4L:*©!z&?h%;,l&E<;5-<3
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9
)-f3:)7;,#$&_gK*&5)78i%/%?)*;,-3:)h)-;Jr)hh:L;ABC%D%?%?!zQh%)-;,*L2&=)*
%&,))-;,*3-)wO(-F3-3:&5%°8i-# -3*SQ3:SU&58{3,A)*;JÄ)w-L;r%h&5L-&_OG '(;J>9F3)
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&,%%&5)-<3:%&,), '7;J>93K&,)w3-&;,#$&_g<3-&,)8=;,&,3J%)-;,*3-)8i-# 3:&r3-&_gl3
DM3 ;5&,%3:)5?!z&b2&,%!l2&KIM3ul&,*ol;,&,)nL:*¦Q|!(<&5*ol;5&,)J=)nE)-&_3083-&_gl3
-l;,&5)-)*%&52&,8i%;53-%)5G!z)|L-*E)|)-&5s8i|-&,%w%<8i-#43:%K8i-#Ö8i%3|q&,),
!z&n3:&vgl3bDM3|8i%;_3:%)|%/3:)|L:*K;M%L2&n)*&,s3:2&,8i-#F<s)-L)3:F3:3-%s%
lK2)-F3:%%
11.5 An Additional List of Tools
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;5#wvAdh+l)*-#Dr@3-3:dYÙØØ+6)--#4D¯;,#wØLf<3vØvAÆ303-3-YeØØOzOzOGª<3,
*6ØvABUx*3-&M¡K3*3:YeØØ#$&,#nL2&,*),ª3:*2<¯;,#wØÚ)*L)O)JØBUxy-F3:&M¡ØBUxy-3-&M¡lc3:#${vA
h9!(hbREBz%E!(hB'Âi63*3:YeØØOzOzOG¯&5<;53:&,)5c;5#wØ3:&5%)JØz;5-2)JØlMT6¡WØ
%&_gf¯3:#_APxBBÄ3*3:YeØØOzOzOG¯D%&_3:&5;J%&5),c;¯%ØO(6ØO(#%dc3:#$_
¡<z!I:%)-F3:&5:3-%YHz;J*ri63*3:YeØØ;J*¯3-#?c;c%_A13:-%)j3-3-YeØØOzOzOG¯)-LQ
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£c¡T¤\Ax*3-%bN"08ikBC%D%u%&5)b%lS%&z:;53:&5@'7&5;,%3-%u6<)3:&5#Ô£e¡«¤Q
«<7R/%ull)3:&,#EY@3-3:dYÙØØaOzOzOGc&53:-¯;,#EA63*3:YeØØOzOzOG¯#4Û]*Q¯;,#EA6BbGR?hB
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3J)*&,&_3vØ)*8{3CO-&PØ+¯3:#${_ABC%D%?N"%/oL&|3,Y963*3:YeØØ%%6<gfc-6Ø
PO(%):ØPO(%)5c_ABC%FgiIoDL&=3MYz3-3-YeØØ-%\c%;,)*3,c&5-%&_3M¯%Ø%[g_A
F3:&,*#ÜiIoDL&b3,Y963*3:YeØØOzOzOG¯;,)*&¯F3:+e;¯%ØÚb#$<%Ø)*;,6ØF3:&5-#Ø#%¯3:#$D
W<z!I&M;J%$!"l\Y9h% *3-3-YÙØØ)-2&,;5D3Cl)-8{3CO*&¯;,#Ø-Ø
73:&,(!"l),Y93:&,+6Ei63*3:YeØØOzOzOG¯#$<DSC%<8i3:&5;Jc;5#Ø3:#${Ø3:&,+6<
3:#_ABU3-:%) i3-3:dYÙØØaOzOzOGe;5,%&¯;,#Ø3-:%)JØvA
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)-#4%Q¯63-#4D
12 Summary
BC%3:)n2&,nO}&Mo&K)-*o&_&5t8i%3:)u%8i%63 3:&,;J%&5) O(3-3-&Ll]*&5;53-o&8)*#uS
#-5%43:&u&_o&,#$&,%3:)G%3-)=*&M8}&,%L%BC%%D%&5)bao&,G3:&u;5#43:&5
10
)*l)*3-&,#$),txy&KMo&?-&5)-&,%3-&,Å;,)-)*q;,3:%88i%3-)$L)-&5°%3:&5u-f&5*3:&,)5°R/%6
)*3:%*)+&7BB*B}%h%;,l&hMo&|L2&,&5%&5o&,f&5L64*%):3-%)@3:=8;,F3J3-&7# FS
3:%l;,#$&,%3-),<#$&08}3-&03:l)b&5o&52&,3:K;5-&M3:&$BC%D%%&nl;,#4&5%63-)
Mo&GL2&,&,%?)*3:&5%K)-&5;53-%
h%K)-&,)*3-%)7(F3:%2%8i*#3:%w;M%EL2&b*&,;53-#&53:u3:&=<3:*),
Note:
13 References
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£¯T¤"zLf&0ll)*3:&5#4)BC%;,*f:3-&,AdN")3v<;5-<3b%&n'(&58i&5-&5%;,& 3-*r&,3:%A2'(&M%A
R/)*):;J6)*&53:)5Az)-%lSUxy&,)-&5$N9L)*%=#4%6AfM"IoDL&3,YH3-3-YeØØ3:%&5-)5
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%AR/)*):;J6)*&53*3:),Yz)*%<SQx&5)-&_APT
£eWa¤zL2&j<<3:%)zh&_3CO-+Yh&5o&52&,hN9-:#EY9.b&,*%%A¡VVV<kIoDL&|3MY
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12

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