Special Nutritional
Needs
Foods I
Obj. 4.02
Eating Through the Life Cycle

Refer to picture

Each person
requires a
different amount
of nutrients and
food
Eating Through the Life Cycle

Stages of the Life Cycle

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Pregancy
Lactation
Infancy (0-12 months)
Toddler (1-3 years)
Preschool (3+ years)
School-aged
Teen-aged
Adults
Older Adults (50+ years)
Eating Through the Life Cycle

Pregnancy

Choosing low-fat,
nutrient dense foods






Increase calories based
on Dr’s recommendation
Extra helpings of dairy
items
Reduce Caffeine intake
Iron needs to double
Folic acid—Why?
Contaminants in foods
can cause problems

Fish (tuna, swordfish,
etc.)
Eating Through the Life Cycle

Pregnancy


Poor eating habits place the baby at risk for
serious problems
Inadequate nutrition can damage the mother’s
health also.


Baby pulls nutrients from mother’s supply
Teen pregnancy


Teens need added nutrients for their own growth and
development
Increase in low birth weight, physical, and learning
problems
Lactation—Feeding Your Child

Nutritional Needs



Increase water, calcium,
protein, folic acid.
Increase calories based
upon body weight.
Foods to Avoid

Eat no more than two
meals per week of fish
high in mercury.
Eating Through the Life Cycle

Infancy

(0-12 months)
The infant body
grows more at this
period of time than
any other in life.
 Good nutrition is
critical for keeping
the infant healthy.

Eating Through the Life Cycle
Infancy
 Breast-feeding vs. Bottle-feeding



Both provide all the nutrients needed
Yet, breast milk is recommended

Why?
– This milk has the right balance of fat, carbs, and protein
for the baby.
– Lowers the rate of infections
– Mother passes immunities to baby through colostrum

Lactation

Mother is burning calories while producing milk therefore
she still needs to eat nutritiously.
– Watch out for spicy foods, acidic foods, etc.
– No alcohol or drugs!!!
Eating Through the Life Cycle

Infancy

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4-6 months--Add
solid foods—mash,
iron-fortified cereal
Introduce one food
at a time—Why?
9 months—self
feeding
 Example of finger
foods.
 Watch for food
allergies these
could be deadly
Eating Through the Life Cycle
Infancy
 Foods to Avoid

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Avoid honey or corn syrup.
Beware of choking risks.
Eat no more than two meals per week of fish high
in mercury.
Withhold juice until 6 months of age.
Need whole milk for infants up to two years of age
Eating Through the Life Cycle

Toddler


(1-3 years)
 Nutritional Needs
– Increase iron.
– Introduce new flavors
and textures in order to
increase the variety of
foods.
– Increase self-feeding.
This becomes an
important
developmental
milestone.
Foods to Avoid

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Eat no more than two meals
per week of fish high in
mercury.
No hot dogs, nuts, seeds,
chunks of meat or cheese,
whole grapes, hard, gooey,
or sticky candy, popcorn,
chunks or peanut butter,
raw vegetables, raisins, or
chewing gum.
No more than 16-24 ounces
of milk or 4-6 ounces of
juice/day.
Servings should be ¼ size
of adults.
Eating Through the Life Cycle

Preschool
(3+ years)
Nutritional Needs
 Need same variety of foods
as adults but in smaller
proportions.
 Serve about 2/3 of a
serving.
 Entice them with foods that
are bright in color, to make
it more appealing.


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Encourage children to try
new foods.
Eating Through the Life Cycle

Pre-school

Children have small stomachs and short
attention spans


Try small meals and regular snacks throughout
the day
Appetite varies depending on growth

During growth spurts they may eat more
Eating Through the Life Cycle

School-aged
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2nd most rapid growth
period of life
Need for calcium and iron
for bone growth is of most
importance
Like toddlers, teens have
growth spurts—increase in
caloric needs
Continue healthy eating
habits
Dieting, losing weight, etc
can be harmful
Eating Through the Life Cycle

School Age
Girls need 2200 kcal per day
 Boys need 2800 kcal per day


Foods to Avoid
High-sugar snacks
 Fatty foods

Eating Through the Life Cycle
Teens
 Nutritional Needs
 Eat more
carbohydrates.
 Females need more
calcium and iron.


Foods to Avoid
 Avoid fried and
saturated fats,
excessive salt and
sugars.
Eating Through the Life Cycle

Adulthood

Dilemma
Need for nutrients but less calories
 Need for exercise but no time


Solution
Choosing a variety of healthful, low-calorie food
 Making regular physical activity a priority

Eating Through the Life Cycle

Older Adults

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
(50+ years)
Nutritional Needs
 More vitamin B6, B12,
and vitamin D and
calcium.
 Follow dietary guideline
daily.
Foods to Avoid


Eat no more than two meals
per week of fish high in
mercury.
No unpasteurized cheese,
raw fish, raw milk, soft
cheese, lightly cooked egg,
raw meat or poultry or raw
sprouts.
Eating Through the Life Cycle

Older Adults

Good nutrition =
longer life

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Why
Should choose
nutrient-dense foods
Thirst signals decline
therefore adults
need make sure to
get 8-8oz cups a day
Eating Through the Life Cycle

Older adults
Men over 51 need 2300 calories per day
 Women over 51 need 1900 calories per
day
 Problems

Low income
 Disabilities
 Depression

Foods I—Obj. 4.02
Nutrition and Chronic Conditions
5.02F Nutrition and Chronic Conditions
21
Nutrition and Chronic Conditions
• The following chronic conditions may be affected by managing
ones eating patterns include:
 High Blood Cholesterol
 Hypertension/High blood pressure
 Obesity
 Diabetes
 Osteoporosis
 Eating Disorders
 Anorexia Nervosa
 Bulimia Nervosa
 Binge Eating
Special Diets—
High Blood Pressure

A risk factor for heart disease

1# killer of women in US
Reduce sodium and saturated fats
 Diet rich in calcium, potassium, and
magnesium

Special Diets— High
cholesterol

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
Causes
 Eating Fatty (saturated fats) foods
 Eating High cholesterol foods
 Lack of Fiber in the diet
 Increase risk of heart disease and stroke
Symptoms
 Elevated blood pressure
 Elevated HDL/LDL levels
Foods to include

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Low-fat or Fat-free
Whole grains
Lean meats
Fish
Fresh fruits and vegetables
Foods to avoid
 Partially hydrogenated oils
 Processed snack foods
 Highly marbled meats
Special Diets—Diabetes—Type II

What is it?

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A condition in which the
body cannot control
blood sugar levels
If left untreated it can
cause severe damage to
the body—especially the
kidneys, eyes, and heart
To control—carbs are
rationed through regular
meals and careful food
choices

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Causes
 Eating foods high in sugar
 Excessive body weight
 Low consumption of fiber
Symptoms
 Excessive thirst
 Fatigue
Foods to include
 Low-sugar and sugar-free
 Protein foods
 Whole grains
 Reduced-fat and fat-free
Foods to avoid
 Foods that are high in sugar
 Foods that are high in
carbohydrates
Obesity
65% of all adults are
overweight
 Number of children
under the age of 18
who are overweight
has doubled in the
last 30 years

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Why?
Obesity
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Foods to Include
 Smaller portions
 Reduced-fat or fat free
 Whole grains
 Fish
 Fresh fruits and
vegetables
Foods that Impact
 Highly processed snack
foods
 Low-fiber content
 High-fat foods
Portions
Obesity

Health problems
Excess weight = added strain on bones,
muscles, and internal organs
 Walking and breathing take extra effort
 Heat and humidity increase stress
 High blood pressure, heart disease, stroke,
diabetes, certain types of cancers
 Over 15# can raise chance of early death

Fad Diets

A diet that is popular for a short period
of time
Cabbage Diet
 South Beach Diet

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Fad Diets
Ideal Body Myth

Fashion model
(female)
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Average female
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5’4” 152#
Fashion model
(male)
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5’10’’ 120#
6’0” 155#
Average male

5’9” 180#

Barbie
Measurements
Barbie’s Proportions

“Real Women

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Average woman’s height
is 5′4″
Their weight is approx.
140 lbs.
They wear a size 14 dress
Their bust is between 36″
and 37″ (B cup)
Their waist is between
30″ and 34″
Their hips average
between 40″ and 42″
Their shoe size is
estimated to be between
8.5 and 9.5

Barbie (as a human)
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Barbie’s height would
be 7′2″
Her weight would be
101 lbs.
She would wear a size 4
dress
Her bust would be 39″
(FF cup)
Her waist would be 19″
(same as her head)
Her hips would be 33″
Her shoe size would be
a5
Additional Information

Barbie’s body would have room
for only half of a liver and only
a few inches of intestines
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As opposed to the usual 26
feet.
The result: chronic diarrhea and
death from malabsorption &
malnutrition.
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Barbie’s neck is twice as long
as the average humans

Making it impossible to hold up
her head.
Barbie’s waist is the same
circumference as her head.
 There are 3 billion women on
the planet who don’t look
like Barbie; only 8 women

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come close.
To look like a barbie proportionally,
a healthy woman would need to

add 2 feet to her height,
subtract 6 inches from her
waist,
add 5 inches to her chest, and
3 inches to her neck length.
If a woman had the same
measurements as Barbie, she would
not have enough body fat to
menstruate (and obviously to have
children).
Barbie’s legs are 50% longer
than her arms, whereas the
average woman’s legs are only 20%
longer than her arms.
Barbie would be unable to walk
upright (she would need to
walk on all 4’s):

Her feet are so proportionately small
that her chest would pull her
perpetually forward onto her toes.”
Why are these unreal for the
“average” American?

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Body’s type is
combination of general
body shape and height
Determined by parents
through genes

Models achieve
“ideals” through
strict diets, exercise,
and photo touchups.

How do they do it?

Dove clip
– Evolution--Dove

Can you tell the
difference?
Underweight

Who?


Models, jockeys,
wrestlers, etc.
Problem

Not eating enough
nutrients to meet
body’s needs
Underweight

Health problems

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Suffer from
infections
Tire easily
Cold

Why?
Eating Disorders
Conditions marked
by extreme
emotions, attitudes,
and behaviors
related to food,
eating, and weight.
 May cause damage
to health or threaten
life

Anorexia Nervosa
An intense fear of
gaining weight—see
self as fat
 Develop unusual
eating habits
 Strenuous exercising

Anorexia Nervosa

Starvation diet takes a toll on the body
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Lower heart rate
Breathing rate
Blood pressure
Body temp
Lead to heart probs, osteoporosis,
constipation
Stunt growth
Stop menstrual cycle
Anorexia Nervosa

Kills approximately
5% of all who suffer
from it

Death by heart
attack, electrolyte
imbalance, and
suicide
Results of Eating Disorders

Karen Carpenter (32)
musician:


Went on a water diet to
lose weight. Died of cardiac
arrest due to anorexia and
weighed only 80 lbs.
Christy Henrich (22)
gymnast:

Told to lose weight in order
to make the Olympic team.
She died of multiple organ
failure, as a result of
anorexia. She weighed only
60 lbs.
Those Who Have Struggled With
Eating Disorders

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
Paula Abdul
 Dancer, choreographer and
singer
 battled bulimia
Kelly Clarkson
 The 'American Idol' winner
 struggled with bulimia
for six months until
friends discovered her
secret and begged her
to get help.
Oprah Winfrey
 TV personality
 "It's always a struggle.
I've felt safer and more
protected when I was
heavy. Food has always
been comforting."
Binge Eating Disorder

Eat abnormally large amounts of food in
a short time


Approximately 3,000-5,000 in one sitting
Occurs when alone followed by feelings
of guilt, disgust, and depression
Binge Eating Disorder

Unbalanced diet and
emotional distress
can lead to…

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Leads to excessive
weight gain
High blood pressure
High cholesterol
Heart disease
Diabetes
Bulimia Nervosa

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
Binge eating is followed by purging to rid the body of
the food and calories and prevent weight gain
2 or more times a week
Purging includes

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Self-induced vomiting
Abuse of laxatives
Diet pills
Diuretics (water-removal pills)_
Fasting
Excessive exercise
Bulimia Nervosa



Bulimia hides itself
well
Fear getting fat but
usually stay 10-15
pounds within
healthy weight
Signs of bulimia

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
Missing food
Empty containers
Discovery of laxatives
Long periods in
bathroom after meals
Bulimia Nervosa

Health problems



Vomit eats away at the teeth, gums, and
stomach
Constant sore throats
Electrolyte imbalance


Irregular heart beat and possible heart failure
Physical signs include…

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Stained, decayed teeth
Scarred, blistered hands
Unusual swelling around jaws
Eating Disorders
Discussion- WHY DO EATING DISORDERS EXSIST?
