Can we use radar to monitor vegeta1on water status? Susan Steele-­‐Dunne Water Resources TU Del< Radar observa1ons are independent of cloud cover Aqua/MODIS Cloud Frac1on – July 2013 Imagery by Reto Stockli, NASA's Earth Observatory, using data provided by the MODIS Atmosphere Science Team, NASA GSFC. Diurnal difference in satellite radar backscaPer 1991-­‐2008 ERS1/2 C-­‐band 5.3GHz Friesen, J.C., S.C. Steele-­‐Dunne and N. van de Giesen (IEEE TGRS, 2012) What drives diurnal varia1on in radar backscaPer? Michigan Microwave Canopy ScaPering (MIMICS) Model DG Direct Ground
DC Direct Crown
CG crown scattering and ground reflection
GC ground reflection and crown scattering
GCG ground reflection, crown scattering
and ground reflection
TG trunk scattering and ground reflection
GT ground reflection and trunk scattering
Steele-­‐Dunne, S.C., J. C. Friesen and N. van de Giesen (IEEE TGRS, 2012) ERS (5.3GHz, VV) Crown is opaque Total backscaPer is dominated by leaf moisture content Direct Crown ERS (5.3GHz, VV) 2nd: Ground reflecJon-­‐Trunk scaLering Influenced primarily by leaf moisture, followed by trunk and soil moisture. GT How much does vegeta1on water content vary? What impact does that have on backscaPer? Water Cloud Model σsoil γ2σsoil σveg σ van Emmerik, T.H.M., S. C. Steele-­‐Dunne,J. Judge and N. van de Giesen (accepted IEEE TGRS, 2014) [mm d−1]
Vegeta1on Water Content varies diurnally (a) Precipitation and irrigation
Precipitation
Irrigation
50
0
09/16
09/23
Irrigation at SM probes only
09/30
10/07
(b) Soil moisture
10/14
10/21
Depth [m]
0
0.1
0.5
0.05
1
09/16
09/23
09/30
10/07
10/14
0
10/21VSM [−]
10/14
10/21
(c) Surface soil moisture
0.4
0.2
0
09/16
09/23
09/30
10/07
5
E
0
]
E
ref
−1
[mm d ]
(d) Calculated daily evaporation
50
V8
09/16
V9
V10
V11
Tas
09/23
09/30
10/07
(e) Cumulative evaporation deficit
E
pot
T/S
10/14
a
Sil
10/21
[mm d−1]
Vegeta1on Water Content varies diurnally (a) Precipitation and irrigation
Precipitation
Irrigation
50
0
09/16
09/23
Irrigation at SM probes only
09/30
10/07
(b) Soil moisture
10/14
10/21
Depth [m]
0
0.1
0.5
0.05
1
09/16
09/23
kg m−2
0
2
AM
PM
0 09/16
30/09
23/09
23/09
5
09/23
09/30
10/07
10/14
07/10
30/0914/10daily evaporation
07/10
(d) Calculated
14/10
E
ref
23/09
50
Vegetation Water Content
3
V8
V9
V10
kg m−2
0
]
−2
kg m
3
2
1
0
0
10/21VSM [−]
10/14
Vegetation Water Content
−1
0
[mm d ]
−2
kg m
2
10/07
(c) Surface
soil moisture
Vegetation
Water Content
0.4
0.2
09/30
2
09/16
1
30/09
0
E
Vegetation Water Content
30/09
V11
07/10
E
pot
Tas
T/S
Leaves(AM)
Stalks(AM) 10/14
09/23
09/30
10/07
Leaves(PM)
(e) Cumulative evaporation
deficit
07/10
14/10
Stalks(PM)
23/09
10/21
14/10
a
Sil
10/21
−2 −2increases −2 −2
(4.8Ghz,HH,35
(4.8Ghz,HH,35
[dB],[dB],
(4.8Ghz,HH,35
) ) incidence [dB],[dB],
)
Diurnal difference with a(4.8Ghz,HH,35
ngle 21/09
21/09
21/0929/09
29/0907/10
07/1015/10
15/10
21/0929/09
29/0907/10
07/1015/10
15/10
−11
−11
−11
−11
[4.8GHz,HH] °
°
2
soil soil
soil
[dB], (4.8Ghz,HH,15°)−12−12
Soil 2
°
°
[dB], (4.8Ghz,HH,15
) −12
[dB],[dB],
(4.8Ghz,HH,15
) °)
(4.8Ghz,HH,15
−12
soil
veg veg
Veg 2
soil soil
°
°
°
[dB],[dB],
(4.8Ghz,HH,15
) °)
(4.8Ghz,HH,15
tot tot
Total −14−14
−0.5
−0.5
−13−13 −0.5
−13−0.5
−13
−16−16
°
°
−1[dB],[dB],
−1 −12 2 [dB],[dB],
(4.8Ghz,HH,55
) °)
(4.8Ghz,HH,55
) °
(4.8Ghz,HH,55
(4.8Ghz,HH,55
15o −1
−14−14
−14−14 soil soil
−18
−18 soil soil
21/09
29/09
07/10
15/10
21/09
21/09
29/09
07/10
15/10
21/0929/09
29/0907/10
07/1015/10
15/10
−14−14−1.5
−14
−14
−1.5
−1.5
−1.5
−20−20
−16−16 −2 2
−16
°
°
°−16
−2
[dB],[dB],
(4.8Ghz,HH,35
) °)
(4.8Ghz,HH,35
) °)
(4.8Ghz,HH,35
[dB],
(4.8Ghz,HH,35
[dB], (4.8Ghz,HH,35°)
[dB], (4.8Ghz,HH,35
)−2 −2 tot[dB],
veg
veg
tot
soil
soil
−22−22
21/09
29/09
07/10
15/10
21/09
29/09
07/10
21/09
29/09
07/10
21/09
21/09
29/09
07/1015/10
15/1015/10 −11
21/0929/09
29/0907/10
07/1015/10
15/10
−16
−16
−11
−11
−18−18 −11
−18
−18
r Content
−12
35o −14
0
−20−20
−20−20
AM °)−18
[dB], (4.8Ghz,HH,15
[dB], (4.8Ghz,HH,15°) −12−12
−18 −12
tot
PM
−22−22
−22−22
21/09
29/09
07/10
15/10
21/09
21/09
29/09
07/10
15/10
21/0929/09
29/0907/10
07/1015/10
15/10
−20−20 −0.5
−13−13
−13
veg
−1314/10
−16
°
°
°
−1[dB],[dB],
(4.8Ghz,HH,55
)
[dB],
(4.8Ghz,HH,55
) °)
(4.8Ghz,HH,55
)
[dB],
(4.8Ghz,HH,55
[dB], (4.8Ghz,HH,55°)
veg
tot
veg
tot
soil
−18
−22
−14
−22
−14
−14
−14
21/09
21/09
21/0929/09
29/0907/10
07/1015/10
15/1015/10 −14
21/0929/09
29/0907/10
07/1015/10
15/10
21/09 29/09 07/10 15/10 −14
21/09
29/09
07/10
ntent −14
−14
−14
−1.5
−20
Leaves(AM)
−16−16 −2
−16−16
−16
Stalks(AM) °)
[dB], (4.8Ghz,HH,35
[dB], (4.8Ghz,HH,35°)
veg
tot
−22
Leaves(PM)
o
21/09
29/09
07/10
15/10
21/09
29/09 07/10 15/10 −18−18
−18−18 −11
−18
55
−16
14/10
Stalks(PM)
2
−20−20
−20
−18
−22
(Leaves)21/09
29/09
07/10
−12
−22−22
21/0929/09
29/0907/10
07/1015/10
15/10
15/10 21/09
−20−20
−22−22
21/09
21/0929/09
29/0907/10
07/1015/10
15/10
−2 −2increases −2 −2
(4.8Ghz,HH,35
(4.8Ghz,HH,35
[dB],[dB],
(4.8Ghz,HH,35
) ) incidence [dB],[dB],
)
Diurnal difference with a(4.8Ghz,HH,35
ngle 21/09
21/09
21/0929/09
29/0907/10
07/1015/10
15/10
21/0929/09
29/0907/10
07/1015/10
15/10
−11
−11
−11
−11
[4.8GHz,HH] °
°
2
soil soil
2
°°
[dB],
[dB],(4.8Ghz,HH,15
(4.8Ghz,HH,15)−12
) −12
A6enuated Soil soil
soil
2
°
°
[dB], (4.8Ghz,HH,15
) −12
[dB],[dB],
(4.8Ghz,HH,15
) °)
(4.8Ghz,HH,15
−12
soil
veg veg
Veg 2
soil soil
°
°
°
[dB],[dB],
(4.8Ghz,HH,15
) °)
(4.8Ghz,HH,15
tot tot
Total −14−14
−0.5
−0.5
−13−13 −0.5
−13−0.5
−13
−16−16
°
°
−1[dB],[dB],
−1 −12 2 [dB],[dB],
(4.8Ghz,HH,55
) °)
(4.8Ghz,HH,55
) °
(4.8Ghz,HH,55
(4.8Ghz,HH,55
15o −1
−14−14
−14−14 soil soil
−18
−18 soil soil
21/09
29/09
07/10
15/10
21/09
21/09
29/09
07/10
15/10
21/0929/09
29/0907/10
07/1015/10
15/10
−14−14−1.5
−14
−14
−1.5
−1.5
−1.5
−20−20
°
°
°°−16−16 −2
2
°−16
−2 2 [dB],
−2−16
−2 [dB],[dB],
[dB],[dB],
(4.8Ghz,HH,35
) °)
(4.8Ghz,HH,35
) °)
(4.8Ghz,HH,35
(4.8Ghz,HH,35
[dB],
(4.8Ghz,HH,35
)
(4.8Ghz,HH,35
)
[dB],
(4.8Ghz,HH,35
)
veg
tot
veg
tot
soil
soil
soil
−22−22
21/09
29/09
07/10
21/09
29/09
07/10
15/10
21/09
29/09
07/10
21/09
21/09
29/09
07/1015/10
15/1015/10 −11
21/0929/09
29/0907/10
07/1015/10
15/10
−16
−16
−11
−11
−11
−18−18 −11
−18
−18
r Content
−20−20
−20−20
AM °°))−18
[dB], (4.8Ghz,HH,15
(4.8Ghz,HH,15
[dB], (4.8Ghz,HH,15°) −12−12
[dB],
−18 −12
−12
−12
veg
tot
tot
PM
35o −14
−22−22
−22−22
21/09
29/09
07/10
15/10
21/09
21/09
29/09
07/10
15/10
21/0929/09
29/0907/10
07/1015/10
15/10
−0.5
−20−20 −0.5
−13−13
0
−1314/10
−13
−13
−16
°
2
°°
2 (4.8Ghz,HH,55°) °
°
−1
−1[dB],[dB],
[dB],
(4.8Ghz,HH,55
) °)
(4.8Ghz,HH,55
)
[dB],
(4.8Ghz,HH,55
[dB],(4.8Ghz,HH,55
(4.8Ghz,HH,55
)
[dB],
)
[dB],
(4.8Ghz,HH,55
)
veg
tot
veg
tot
soil
−18
−22
−14
−22
−14
soil
soil
−14
−14
−14
21/09
29/09
21/09
21/09
29/0907/10
07/1015/10
15/1015/10 −14
21/0929/09
29/0907/10
07/1015/10
15/10
21/09 29/09
29/09 07/10
07/10 15/10
15/10 −14
21/09
29/09
07/10
21/09
ntent −1.5
−14
−14
−14
−14
−14
−1.5
−20
Leaves(AM)
−16−16 −16
−16−16
−16
−16
−2
−2
Stalks(AM) °)°)
[dB],(4.8Ghz,HH,35
(4.8Ghz,HH,35
[dB], (4.8Ghz,HH,35°)
[dB],
veg
tot
tot
−22
Leaves(PM)
o
21/09
29/09
07/10
15/10
21/09
29/09 07/10 15/10 −18−18
−16
−11
−18−18 −18
−18
−18
55
−11
14/10
Stalks(PM)
−20−20 −20
−12
−20
−20
−18
−12
−22
−22
(Leaves)
21/09
21/09
29/09
29/09
07/10
07/10
−20−20
−22−22 −22
−22−22
29/09
07/10
15/10
21/09
29/09
07/10
15/10
21/0929/09
29/0907/10
07/1015/10
15/10
15/10 21/09
15/10
21/09
29/09
07/10
15/10 21/09
At L-­‐band, diurnal difference up to 4dB −15−15
−20−20
−20−20
21/0929/09
29/0907/10
07/1015/10
15/10
21/09
ontent
−10
t
−15−15
°
[dB],
(1.275Ghz,HH,35
)
soil
21/0929/09
29/0907/10
07/1015/10
15/10
21/09
°
2
[dB],
(1.275Ghz,HH,35
) °)
[dB],
(1.275Ghz,HH,35
)
[dB],
(1.275Ghz,HH,35
veg veg soil
°
°
°
[dB],
(1.275Ghz,HH,35
[dB],
(1.275Ghz,HH,35
) )
tot tot
−10−10
−10
−10−10
−15 14/10
−15−15
−15
−15−15
−20
−20−20
−20
−20−20
AM
PM
21/09
4/10
−10
29/09
07/10 15/10
Leaves(AM)
Stalks(AM)
°
[dB],
(1.275Ghz,HH,35
Leaves(PM) )
veg
Stalks(PM)
aves)
−15
−20
4/10
21/09
21/09
29/09
07/10
15/10
21/09
29/09
07/10
15/10
21/09
29/09
07/10
15/10
[dB], (1.275Ghz,HH,35°)
tot
−10
−15
Leaves(AM)
Leaves(PM)
29/09
07/10
15/10
−20
21/09
29/09
07/10
15/10
21/0929/09
29/0907/10
07/1015/10
15/10
21/09
At L-­‐band, diurnal difference up to 4dB −15−15
−20−20
−20−20
21/0929/09
29/0907/10
07/1015/10
15/10
21/09
2
ontent
−10
t
−15−15
°°
[dB],
[dB],
(1.275Ghz,HH,35
(1.275Ghz,HH,35
))
soil
soil
21/0929/09
29/0907/10
07/1015/10
15/10
21/09
°
2
[dB],
(1.275Ghz,HH,35
) °)
[dB],
(1.275Ghz,HH,35
)
[dB],
(1.275Ghz,HH,35
veg veg soil
°
°
°
[dB],
(1.275Ghz,HH,35
[dB],
(1.275Ghz,HH,35
) )
tot tot
−10−10
−10
−10−10
−15 14/10
−15−15
−15
−15−15
−20
−20−20
−20
−20−20
AM
PM
21/09
4/10
−10
29/09
07/10 15/10
Leaves(AM)
Stalks(AM)
°°
[dB],
[dB],
(1.275Ghz,HH,35
(1.275Ghz,HH,35
Leaves(PM) ))
veg
tot
Stalks(PM)
aves)
−15
−20
4/10
21/09
21/09
29/09
07/10
15/10
21/09
29/09
07/10
15/10
21/09
29/09
07/10
15/10
[dB], (1.275Ghz,HH,35°)
tot
−10
−15
Leaves(AM)
Leaves(PM)
29/09
07/10
15/10
−20
21/09
29/09
07/10
15/10
21/0929/09
29/0907/10
07/1015/10
15/10
21/09
23/09
30/09
07/10
Leaf water content changes are 14/10
significant 0
Vegetation Water Content
AM
Vegetation
Water
Content
(Leaves)
Vegetation
Water
Content
PM
egetation Water Content
3
1 30/09
2
0.5
107/10
kg m−2
kg m
07/10
2
2
°
°
[dB],
[dB],
(8.6Ghz,VV,50
(8.6Ghz,VV,50
)
)
soil soil
−2
14/10
−18 −18
−18 −18
Vegetation Water Content
0
−20 −20
−20 −20
Leaves(AM)
23/09
30/09
07/10
14/10
ation Water Content
Stalks(AM)
−22 −22
−22 −22
Leaves(PM)
Leaves(AM)
3/09
30/09
07/10
14/10
Stalks(PM)
Stalks(AM)
Vegetation
Water
Content (Leaves)
−24
−24
−24 −24
Leaves(PM)
07/101
14/10
21/09
21/09
29/09
29/09
07/10
07/10
15/10
15/10
21/09
21/09
29/09
29/09
07/10
07/10
15/10
15/10
Stalks(PM)
kg m
09
−2
23/09
AM
°
°
[dB],
[dB],
(8.6Ghz,VV,50
(8.6Ghz,VV,50
)
)
14/10
PM
soil soil
Vegetation
Water Content (Leaves)
°°
0.52 [dB],
[dB],(8.6Ghz,VV,50
(8.6Ghz,VV,50
))
soil
soil
Water Content (Leaves)
0
−18
3/09
30/0923/0907/10
−20
07/10
14/10
−22
°
°
°
°
2
°
[dB],
[dB],
(8.6Ghz,VV,50
(8.6Ghz,VV,50
)
)
[dB],
[dB],
(8.6Ghz,VV,50
(8.6Ghz,VV,50
)
)
[dB],
(8.6Ghz,VV,50
)
veg veg soil
tot tot
Leaves(AM)
−8 −8
−8 −8
Leaves(PM)
−18
30/09
07/10
14/10
−10
−10
−10 −10
14/10
Leaves(AM)
Leaves(PM)
−12
−12 −20
−12 −12
−24
21/09
29/09
07/10
−14 −14 −22
−14 −14
−16 −16
−16 −16
−24
−18 −18
−18 −18
21/09
29/09
29/09
07/10
07/10
15/10
15/10
21/09
29/09
29/09
07/10
07/10
15/10
15/10
15/10 21/09
21/09
29/09
07/10
15/10 21/09
°
[dB],
[dB], (8.6Ghz,VV,50
(8.6Ghz,VV,50°))
[dB], (8.6Ghz,VV,50°)
23/09
30/09
07/10
Leaf water content changes are 14/10
significant 0
Vegetation Water Content
AM
Vegetation Water Content
PM (Leaves)
egetation Water Content
1
kg m
09
−2
23/09
30/09
AM
°
°
[dB],
[dB],
(8.6Ghz,VV,50
(8.6Ghz,VV,50
)
)
14/10
PM
soil soil
07/10
0.507/10
14/10
−18 −18
Vegetation Water Content
0
−20 −20
Leaves(AM)
23/09
30/09
07/10
ation Water Content
Stalks(AM)
−22 −22
Leaves(PM)
Leaves(AM)
3/09
30/09
07/10
14/10Stalks(AM)
Stalks(PM)
−24 −24
Leaves(PM)
07/10
14/10
21/09
21/09
29/09
29/09
07/10
07/10
15/10
15/10
Stalks(PM)
2
−18 −18
−20 −20
14/10
−22 −22
−24 −24
21/09
21/09
29/09
29/09
07/10
07/10
15/10
15/10
Vegetation
Water Content (Leaves)
2
°°
[dB],(8.6Ghz,VV,50
(8.6Ghz,VV,50
[dB],
))
soil
soil
Water Content (Leaves)
−18
3/09
30/09
07/10
−20
07/10
14/10
−22
°
°
2
°
[dB],
[dB],
(8.6Ghz,VV,50
(8.6Ghz,VV,50
)
)
[dB],
(8.6Ghz,VV,50
)
veg veg soil
Leaves(AM)
−8 −8
−8 −8
Leaves(PM)
−18
−10
−10
−10 −10
14/10
Leaves(AM)
Leaves(PM)
−12
−12 −20
−12 −12
−24
21/09
29/09
07/10
−14 −14 −22
−14 −14
−16 −16
−16 −16
−24
2
°
°
[dB],
[dB],
(8.6Ghz,VV,50
(8.6Ghz,VV,50
)
)
soil soil
°
°
[dB],
[dB],
(8.6Ghz,VV,50
(8.6Ghz,VV,50
)
)
tot tot
−18 −18
−18 −18
21/09
29/09
29/09
07/10
07/10
15/10
15/10
21/09
29/09
29/09
07/10
07/10
15/10
15/10
15/10 21/09
21/09
29/09
07/10
15/10 21/09
°
[dB],
[dB], (8.6Ghz,VV,50
(8.6Ghz,VV,50°))
[dB], (8.6Ghz,VV,50°)
SnowScat, Flevoland 2013 Ver1cal distribu1on of moisture SnowScat Flevoland 2013 −2
Leaf VWC Profile (kg m )
250
0.2
Height(cm)
200
0.15
150
0.1
100
0.05
50
0
14/07
21/07
28/07
04/08
11/08
18/08
25/08
01/09
08/09
0
Heigth(cm)
Stem VWC Content (kg m−2)
250
0.5
200
0.4
150
0.3
100
0.2
50
0.1
0
14/07
21/07
28/07
04/08
11/08
18/08
25/08
01/09
08/09
18/08
25/08
01/09
08/09
Contributions to total VWC
kg m−2
6
4
2
0
14/07
21/07
28/07
04/08
Stem
11/08
Leaf
Ear2
Ear1
Steele-­‐Dunne et al. (IEEE TGRS, in preparaHon) Conclusions Radar can provide Jmely & reliable observaJons Combine frequencies and polarizaJons to target consJtuents ROVE 2.0? Canopy Water
Dynamics
Dynamic
Scattering
Medium
Radar
Backscatter