Cell Unit
Vocabulary & Class Notes
Vocabulary #1-6
Cell: the basic unit of structure and function of living things.
2. Microscopic – too small to be seen without using a microscope
3. Organism: any living thing that maintains vital life processes
4. Robert Hooke: He discovered cells when looking at thin slices of
cork through a microscope
5. Anton van Leeuwenhoek: He was the first person to see
microscopic organisms. He saw tiny living creatures in pond
water that he called "animalcules".
6. Cell Theory: all organisms are composed of one or more cells,
the cell is the basic unit of structure & organization in organisms,
all cells come from pre-existing cells
1.
Six Life Processes of all living things
Living things…
1.
Take in nutrients
2.
Need and use energy to work
3.
Reproduce
4.
Grow
5.
Respond to the world around them
6.
Get rid of waste
Characteristics of Life
Introduction to Characteristics of Life
Cell Theory
1.
all organisms are composed of one or
more cells
2.
the cell is the basic unit of structure &
organization in organisms
3.
all cells come from pre-existing cells
The Wacky History of Cell Theory
3 Famous Scientists
Robert Hooke
 He discovered cells when looking at thin slices of
cork through a microscope.
 Latin for the word room is "cell".
 He saw a pattern of small rectangular boxlike
squares in the cork which reminded him of "little
rooms".
3 Famous Scientists
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
 As a hobby, he built magnifying lenses and used them to
build simple microscopes.
 He was the first person to see microscopic organisms. Under
his microscope, he studied pond water, saliva, and even the
plaque from his teeth.
 He saw tiny living creatures he called "animalcules". He did
not know it then, but the tiny animals were bacteria!
3 Famous Scientists
Ernest Just

He worked hard to get a college degree & majored
in biology. He worked in the Marine Biological
Laboratory in Woods Hole, MA

He discovered there were other parts of the cell
that did more than just what the nucleus did!

Just discovered that cell activity depended not just
on the nucleus but also on the cytoplasm (the fluid
that fills the cell). He changed the way scientist
thought about cells!
Vocabulary # 7-12
7.
Cell Membrane – the thin covering that surrounds and protects every
cell; lets nutrients in and wastes out
8.
Nucleus – controls the cell’s activities: making, using, and storing food;
also known as the cell’s command center; contains the cell’s
chromosomes/genes.
9.
Cytoplasm – a jelly-like material that contains organelles, small
structures that carry out the chemical activities of the cell
10.
Organelles: a tiny cellular structure that performs specific
functions in a cell, are located in the cytoplasm.
11.
Mitochondria: the powerhouse of the cell, releases energy from
nutrients
12.
Vacuole: stores nutrients, water, or waste materials
Vocabulary #13-15
13.
Cell Wall – supports and gives shape to the cell
14.Chloroplasts
– contains chlorophyll that uses sunlight,
carbon dioxide, and water to make food (sugar)
15.Nuclear
Membrane – protects the nucleus
Plant Cell
Vacuole
(Blue)
Cell Wall (Brown)
Cell
Membrane
(orange)
Nucleus (red)
Mitochondria
(purple)
Cytoplasm
(yellow)
Chloroplast
(green)
Plant cells

cell membrane is very thin and is
a living part of the cell.

cell wall is thick and is a
nonliving part of the cell

make their own food in the
chloroplasts

contain vacuoles that are much
larger than those that are in
animal cells.
Animal Cell
•Nuclear Membrane
•Cell membrane
•Nucleus
•Cytoplasm
•Chromosomes
•Vacuoles
•Endoplasmic
reticulum
•Mitochondria
•Gogi Body
•Ribosome
Animal Cell

Most animal cells have a nucleus.

have a jell-like material outside the
nucleus called cytoplasm

surrounded by a cell/plasma
membrane, which holds the cell
together and lets substances pass in
and out of the cell

There are many kinds of animal cells
Watch video animal cell 11:35:
http://www.neok12.com/video/CellStructures/zX51520e51736670717f756b.htm
Single Celled Organisms
16. Moneran - a single celled organism that does not
have a membrane bound nucleus. (Prokaryote) no
17. Protist - a simple, single-celled or multi-celled
organism with a nucleus and organelles (Eukaryote)
Single-Celled Organisms
3 types:
1.Animal like Protist
• amoeba, paramecium,
euglena
2. Plant like Protist
• diatoms & euglena
3. Bacteria
• type of moneran
Single Celled Organisms (3 types)
1. Animal like Protists (Protozoan):
 Have
a nucleus
 don’t
have chlorophyll (can’t make their own ________)
 they
“eat” other small organisms (algae & bacteria)
 Classified
by the way they move and search for food
 Examples
of Animal like Protists:
18.
Amoeba - move by having their cytoplasm push against the
cell membrane at a certain place, moves by false feet or
pseudopods
19.Paramecium
20.Euglena-
- move by hair-like structures called cilia
move by a tail-like structure (flagella) that goes in
a circular motion
Amoeba Cool Fact!
Predators - they stretch
out their cytoplasm to
surround prey & then break
it down into nutrients
Parasites - harm other
organisms by feeding off
of them
Amoeba
Single Celled Organisms (3 types)
2. Plant-like Protists (Algae):
 have
chloroplasts, a cell wall, & make their own food
 eyespot
 Many
used for sensing light and dark
are found floating in the ocean or water
 Examples
of plant like protists:
1.
Diatom
2.
Euglena (yes, plant like too!)
21. Diatoms
Diatoms – single celled organisms that are plantlike.
Diatoms have chloroplasts and make their own food.
This type of algae produce a lot of Earth’s oxygen.
They are also produce a lot of food for ocean life.
Single Celled Organisms (3 types)
3. Bacteria:

22. Bacteria: a type of Moneran (cell wall, no nucleus)

Quick Fact! Moneran is from “monosa” a Greek word
meaning solitary, single, alone

Most don’t have chlorophyll

Smallest of all monerans & found everywhere

Some bacteria are beneficial and some are harmful

Bacteria are classified by their shape: round, rod-shaped,
and spiral-shaped.
Cilia and flagella are used to
help the cell move itself.
Digestion
Cheese
Decomposition
Yogurt
Bacteria Video:
https://www.brainpop.com/scienc
e/cellularlifeandgenetics/bacteria/
Diseases
like:
Lyme
disease
anthrax
tetanus
food
poisoning
acne
pneumonia flagella
strep throat
scarlet fever
cilia
Vocabulary #23-25
23.Tissue
- group of cells that work together
to perform a certain function.
24.Organs
- a group of tissues that work
together to perform a certain function.
25.Organ
Systems - groups of organs that
work together to do a job for the body.
Cells are Building Blocks
Organism
There are around 2.5 billion cells in one of your hands. If every cell in
your hand was the size of a grain of sand, your hand would be the
size of a school bus.
There are over 200 cell types in the body!
There are many different kinds of cells!
They all do
specific job
for special
purposes.
Each and
every one is
important and
is part of a
larger organ
system.
BrainPop video “Cell
Structures”
https://www.brainpop.
com/science/cellularlif
eandgenetics/cellstruct
ures/
Multi-Cellular Organisms

Cells that work together to perform a certain function
form a tissue

Tissues work together to form organs

Organs are several kinds of tissue working together for the
same function

We will learn about 7 organ systems:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Digestive
Circulatory
Nervous
Respiratory
5.
6.
7.
8.
Muscular
Skeletal
Excretory
Endocrine
4 Types of Tissues
Epithelial Tissue

covers & protects your body

in your skin & lines internal organs
Muscle Tissue

Helps the body move

contract when they receive signals
from the brain
Connective Tissue –
 helps the body move (bones, cartilage,
tendons, ligaments, & blood)
Nervous Tissue - carry messages from the brain to
other parts of the body
 found in brain, spinal cord, & nerves
A Closer Look at BLOOD!
Plasma
•
•
Red Blood Cells
Mostly water
delivers nutrients &
removes wastes from cells
•
delivers oxygen
What is Blood? video
White Blood Cells
help fight diseases
Platelets
help clot blood
Blood is a connective tissue!
26. Digestive System

Breaks food down into nutrients that body cells
need for energy, growth, and repair

Digestive System process =>
1.
Mouth-chew food into smaller pieces & glands
produce saliva
2.
Esophagus
3.
Stomach - acid & other chemicals break down
food
4.
Small intestines – lined with villi

5.
Real footage of the digestive system at work
Nutrients pass into the blood through the
walls of the villi in the small intestines
Pancreas & gall bladder – complete digestion
27. Circulatory System

Includes the heart, blood vessels, &
blood
 Blood
vessels include arteries,
capillaries, & veins

The circulatory system transports
oxygen, nutrients, & wastes
throughout the body

Circulatory System process =>
 Arteries
- blood leaves the heart
 Capillaries
 Veins
- very tiny
– return blood to the heart
How the Heart works in 3D
Arteries-red
Veins-blue
28. Respiratory System
Brings oxygen to the blood and
removes carbon dioxide
Respiratory System process =>
1. Nose/Mouth
- tiny hairs filter
the air
2. Throat
- Larynx & Pharynx
3. Trachea
4. Bronchi
- tubes that branch to
the lungs
5. Lungs
6. Alveoli
- oxygen moves into
the blood, while carbon
dioxide moves into the lungs
to be exhaled
Respiratory system
29. Skeletal System
made of bones, ligaments, and
tendons, that give the body structure
 Babies
have more bones than
adults!
 Babies have around 306 and
adults have only 206 bones
 Skeletal Systems includes:
Bones – blood cells are
produces inside the largest
bones
Cartilage – spongy tissue that
cushions the end of bones
Ligaments - hold bones
together
Your Super Skeleton
30. Muscular System – includes
the muscles and allows the body
to move
Types of muscle:
1. Skeletal – work in pairs to
contract & straighten, we can
control these muscles
2. Smooth – walls of body organs
3. Cardiac – walls of the heart
*smooth & cardiac muscles are
involuntary-we can’t control them
 Tendons move bones

Muscle basics
31. Nervous System
-
Includes the brain, spinal cord, and nerves –
that sense your surrounding and controls other
organs.
-
neurons - use chemicals &
electricity to send messages
 brain
& spinal cord - main
control centers and process all
messages

Nervous systems 2 main parts =>
1.
Central nervous system – brain
& spinal cord
2.
Peripheral nervous system –
sensory organs (eyes, ears,
fingers, nose, mouth)
Nervous System video
36. Excretory System

Excretes (or rids the body of) wastes by
removing solid waste and urine

This process balances the amount of
water and salts in our bodies

Excretory System process =>
 Ammonia is created as a waste of cell
functions
 Liver converts ammonia into urea
 Kidneys filter the urea and creates
urine

The organs in the excretory system are
kidneys, ureter, bladder, urethra
THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
What if…You are skateboarding in a neighborhood park. Out of the corner of
your eye you see a LARGE, vicious looking dog lunging at you!
He is growling, barking and showing his teeth.
Suddenly he breaks free from his leash and comes straight toward you.
Your heart begins to pound…your hands get sweaty and your muscles tighten
up.
You grab your skateboard and jump into your parent’s car.
You are safe now but your heart is still pounding.
In this unit we will learn how the endocrine system can help with a quick
response to danger and how it slowly turns you from a child to an adolescent
36
to an adult.
Your endocrine system
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM VOCAB 37-43:
37. Endocrine System – is involved in regulating mood, growth and development, tissue
function, and metabolism, includes glands that produce and secrete hormones
38. Duct gland – a channel through which secretions are carried to specific locations in
the body (tear & sweat glands)
39. Ductless gland (Endocrine Glands) – secrete hormones into the blood stream
40. Pituitary Gland – master gland of the endocrine system
41. Thyroid Gland – produces hormones that controls how the body uses & stores fuel
42. Pancreas – part of the digestive system, produces hormones that regulate glucose
43. Adrenal glands – above each kidney, secretes adrenaline
37
HUMAN BODY HAS TWO TYPES OF GLANDS:
1.
duct glands = exocrine glands
(tear, sweat, and salivary glands)
2.
ductless glands = endocrine glands
Endocrine
Glands:
secrete (give
off) chemicals
called
hormones
✓ different
hormones
control various
body processes
✓
38
PITUITARY GLAND
• Located at the bottom of the brain (pea sized)
• secretes hormones that control other glands
➢such as: growth, water balance, endorphins
(pain sensitivity)
• Called the “master gland”
39
THYROID GLAND:
• Located in the front part of lower neck
(below the “voice box”)
• Shaped like a bow tie or butterfly
•Secretes a hormone that controls the rate at
which the body burns and uses food
(metabolism)
• Controlled by the pituitary gland
Thyroid & Parathyroid Gland Video
Parathyroids four tiny glands attached to
the thyroid
regulate the level of calcium
in the body
40
PANCREAS:
• Both a duct and ductless gland
• Located behind the stomach
• Secretes a hormone called insulin that
regulates how the body uses and stores sugar
(glucose)
• Homeostasis
41
ADRENAL GLANDS
• Located on the top of each kidney
• Helps the body’s response to stress
• Produces Adrenaline, which
increases blood pressure & heart
rate when
the body experiences stress
Fight or Flight Video 6:36
42
Common Disorders of the
Endocrine System
43
Diabetes
•When the pancreas does not produce enough insulin, a person has a
sickness called diabetes (can be controlled but not cured)
https://www.brainpop.com/health/diseasesinjuriesandconditi
ons/diabetes/
44
Dysfunctional Thyroid Gland
Goiter
abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland
A goiter can occur in a gland that is
producing too much hormone
(hyperthyroidism), too little hormone
(hypothyroidism), or the correct amount of
hormone (euthyroidism).
45
GROWTH HORMONE - Pituitary
Gland
disorders
Robert Wadlow
Tallest man in
history!
8’ 11 ¼” tall
died in 1940
Video
Pituitary Gigantism and
Acromegaly
46
GROWTH HORMONE
Jyoti Amge
now 20-years-old
Nagpur, India
Under 25 in. tall
The shortest woman of the world
47