„Siehst Du mich?“ – „Hörst Du mich?“
Videokonferenzen als Gegenstand
kommunikationswissenschaftlicher
Forschung
Essen, 7. November 2002
Olaf A. Schulte, M. A.
Téléphonoscope, 1883
Robida 1981: 71
2
Fernseh-Sprechzelle, ca. 1929
Reuter 1990: 211
3
Öffentliche
FernsehSprechstelle,
ca. 1934
4
Picturephone
Mod 1, 1969
Dorros 1969: 142
5
6
„Siehst Du mich?“ – „Hörst Du mich?“
Videokonferenzen als Gegenstand
kommunikationswissenschaftlicher Forschung
1.
Die Entwicklung der Videokonferenz
2.
Das „eye contact dilemma“
3.
Effizient und kostengünstig - der „Erfolg“ der
Videokonferenz
4.
Die Videokonferenz im intermedialen Vergleich
5.
Kommunikationswissenschaftliche Erforschung der
Videokonferenz
7
Horizontaler und vertikaler Blickfehlwinkel
Böcker / Mühlbach 1994: 73
8
„The visual channel available in most video
systems does not restore eye-contact as a cue; it
makes things even worse. The camera cannot be
placed exactly in line with the picture of the eyes,
so if person A thinks he is looking person B in the
eye, he will appear to B to be looking elsewhere
[...]“
„The regulatory function of eye-contact may thus
be worse than removed, its operation may be
reversed. For example, when thinking he is
looking away during an utterance, A may look at
the camera; on such occasions B may experience
eye-contact and take it as his turn to speak.”
Short et al. 1976: 55
9
10
11
„This videophone moved the image of the other
person well within the conventional social
distance that Americans are used to maintaining
and created an abnormal level of eye contact
between the users. [...]. It is uncomfortable.“
Dutton 1995: o. S.
12
Confravision (GB), ca. 1974
Short et al.: 7
13
Media Richness
Face-to-face
Videoconference
Telephone
Written mail
Voicemail
Electronic mail
Electronic
("chat")
Asynchronous
groupware
Synchronous
groupware
Feedback
Symbol Variety
high
medium-high
low-high
low-high
low
low
low
low
low
low
low
low-medium
low
low-high
low-medium
low
high
low
medium
medium
low
high
low-medium
high
low-medium
low
high
high
high
low-medium
low
low-high
high
high
high
low-medium
low-high
high
medium-high
high
medium
low
low
low-medium
phone medium
Dennis / Valacich 1999: o. S.
Parallelism Rehearsability
Reprocessability
14
Videokonferenzstudio (D), ca. 1990
Mit freundlicher Genehmigung des Museums für Kommunikation
15
Technische Parameter
Individuelle Leistungen
Wahrnehmungsbedingungen
Kommunikationszwecke
Person A
Kommunikationsform
Videokonferenz
Kommunikationszwecke
Person B
Wahrnehmungsbedingungen
Individuelle Leistungen
Technische Parameter
16
Literatur







Albertson, Lesley A.: Future Teleconference Meetings: Pattern and Prediction.
In: Parker, Lorne A.; Olgren, Christine H. (eds.): The Teleconferencing Resource
Book. A Guide to Applications and Planning. Amsterdam, New York, Oxford
(North Holland Elsevier Science Publishers B.V.) 1984. S. 394-401.
Böcker, Martin; Mühlbach, Lothar: Telepräsenz und Fernlernen. In: Günther,
Axel (Hrsg.): Computerbasiertes Training und Fernlernen. TVFF-Bericht. Berlin
(Köster) 1994. S. 67 - 78.
Dickson, Edward M.; Bowers, Raymond: The Video Telephone. Impact of a
New Era in Telecommunications. A Preliminary Technology Assessment. New
York,Washington, London (Praeger Publishers) 1974.
Dorros, Irwin: Picturephone. In: Bell Laboratories Record, Vol. 47. Jg. (1969),
H. No. 5, S. 136-141.
Dutton, William H.: Driving into the Future of Communications ? - Check the
Rear View Mirror. 1995. Vortragsmanuskript International Conference "The Social
Shaping of Information Highways - Comparing the NII and the EU Action Plan",
Bremen October 5th - 7th, 1995. http://infosoc.informatik.unibremen.de/root/internet/fgtk/nii/Conference/Abstracts/dutton2.html.
Robida, Albert: Le Vingtième Siècle. Genève, Paris (Editions Slatkine) 1981.
Short, John; Williams, Ederyn; Christie, Bruce: The Social Psychology of
Telecommunications. London, New York, Sydney u. a. (John Wiley & Sons) 1976.
17