PLANTS
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Kingdom Plantae
• Eukaryote
• Multicellular
• Photosynthetic autotrophs – make their own
food by photosynthesis
•
Non-mobile
•
Cell walls (cellulose)
• Cone bearing, flowering plants & mosses and ferns.
•
Sexual and asexual reproduction
•
(Algae = Protist - Not in this kingdom!!!)
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Intro to Plants
•
2 phyla of land plants
1. Bryophytes (non-vascular plants)
Example: mosses, liverworts, hornworts
2.Tracheophyta (vascular plants)
Example: ferns, gymnosperms, angiosperms
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•
Four requirements plants need to survive on
land.
1. Sunlight photosynthesis, leaves welladapted
2. Water & minerals absorb and conserve
on hot days for photosynthesis
3. Gas Exchange need CO2 for
photosynthesis & O2 for cell respiration,
must exchange w/o water loss
4. Transport water & nutrients/ Reproduce w/o
water move water up plant and
nutrients down plant in special tissues,
reproduce without needing water
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Seedless Vascular Plants
•
2 types of vascular tissue
1. Xylem: vascular tissue that carries water
from roots to rest of plant
2. Phloem: transports nutrients and
carbohydrates from photosynthesis to
rest of plant
- Both can move fluids against gravity
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Seed Plants & Angiosperms-Flowering Plants
•
Seed plants are better evolved than other plants
to reproduce without water. Structures and
functions that are useful adaptations in
accomplishing this.
Seed: plant embryo in a protective covering
(seed coat) that prevents drying or protects in
harsh climates with a food supply
(endosperm)
Better evolved:
1. Can survive dry conditions & extreme temps
2. Adapted to help in their dispersal to areas of less
competition
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•
Function of flowers & cones.
–
•
They are the reproductive structures in seed plants
that make male & female gametophytes
What is pollination?
–
Process when pollen (male gametophyte) is carried
to ovule (female gametophyte) by wind or pollinator
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Seed Plants & Angiosperms- Flowering Plants
•
Label the seed below
with embryo, seed coat,
and
cotyledon/Endosperm
(stored food supply).
Seed Coat
Embryo
Cotyledon/ Endosperm
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•
What is an angiosperm and a gymnosperm?
–
Angio: flowering plants with reproductive structures in
flowers
–
Gymno: seeded plants that reproduce with naked,
exposed seeds
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Specialized Tissues in Plants
•
Name the functions for each of the following
plant structures:
- Roots
1. Absorb water & nutrients from soil
2. Anchor plant & hold upright
3. Protect plant from harmful bacteria & fungi
4. Store food
- Stems
1. Hold leaves to sun
2. Transport system for nutrients and water
- Leaves
1. Main photosynthetic systems
2. Allows gas exchange & water loss
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Transport in Plants
•
Explain how adhesion, cohesion, and capillarity
are partially responsible for the movement of
water and nutrients upward in a stem.
- Cohesion: water molecules stick together
- Adhesion: water molecules stick to other molecules
- Capillary action: tendency for water to rise in tube
- Together all of these cause water to rise from roots
up through xylem tube to rest of plant against
gravity.
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•
Transpiration
- Transpiration: water loss through leaves’
stomata that is controlled by water pressure in
guard cells
- Important
Plants can lose a lot of water, esp. on hot, drier,
windier days
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Reproduction w/ Cones & Flowers
- Cones: Reproductive structures in Conifers
1. Pollen cones= male cones produce pollen the male
gametophyte
2. Seed cones= female cones produce ovules the female
gametophyte
- Flowers: Reproductive structures w/ 4 special `
leaves in Flowering Plants
1.
2.
3.
4.
Sepals
Petals
Stamen: produce pollen
Carpal (pistil): produce ovule
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Reproduction w/ Cones & Flowers
1. Ovule
12. Stigma
2. Ovary
3. Anther
11. Style
4. Pollen
5. Filament
6. Carpal (Pistil)
10. Stamen
7. Petal
8. Sepal
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Reproduction w/ Cones & Flowers
•
Explain the function of each of the flower parts listed
below.
–
–
–
Sepals: outermost leaves that enclose and protect developing Sterile
flower
Leaves
Petals: attract pollinators
Stamen
• Filament: long stalk that holds anther on top
• Anther: sac where meiosis occurs making pollen
• Pollen: male gametophyte
–
Carpal/ Pistil
• Stigma: sticky part at top of carpal to catch pollen
grains
• Style: stalk of carpel
• Ovary: contains ovules
• Ovules: location for production of female gametophyte
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Seed Development & Germination
- Seed: provide protection and food for developing
embryo
- Fruit: any seed inside an embryo wall where the
ovary wall thickens around seed
- Seed Dispersal:
1. By animals: seed usually inside fleshy,
nutritious fruit (apple, tomato, peas)
2. By wind or water: seeds are often
lightweight (maple, coconut,
tumbleweed)
Note: endosperm nourish embryo NOT fruit!!
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Hormones and Plant Growth
• Phototropism when light strikes the plant, it will bend the stem
toward the light and away from the shade in order to receive
sunlight for photosynthesis.
Process = phototropism
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