Demand for Good Governance:
Update for GAC Council Meeting
June 23, 2008
Demand-Side Work Delivers Results:
Evidence from Uganda
• Community-based monitoring of primary health care
– Posters & community discussion about health indicators
• Rigorous impact evaluation
– Randomized field experiment
– Differences-in-differences empirical estimates
• Transparent information, civil society engagement, and
social accountability improved health results
– 16 percent increase in visits to health posts
– 1.7 percentage point (33 percent) decrease in infant mortality
• Main messages
Overview
– Transparency, civic engagement and social accountability
deliver development results
– Demand-side efforts require multidisciplinary perspectives
– Many small, fragmented examples across organizations,
regions and sectors
– Skills mix, fragmentation and incentives inhibit scaling-up and
mainstreaming
• Roadmap
– Context & Typology
– Scaling up & Mainstreaming
– Challenges and Next Steps
Multi-stakeholder Engagement
Engaging systematically with a broad range of government,
business and civil society stakeholders is key to GAC
reform and development outcomes – so, consistent with its
mandate, the WBG will scale up existing good practice
in engaging with multiple stakeholders in its operational
work, including by strengthening transparency,
participation and third-party monitoring in its own
operations.
GAC Strategy Guiding Principle #5
GAC Implementation Commitments
• Objective: Scale up and mainstream support for transparency,
civic engagement and social accountability
• GAC Implementation Plan Action Area: Promoting country
team engagement on the demand-side of governance
– “Countries are supported to enable them to have a strengthened focus on
demand-side drivers of accountability”
– “Building on past experience, ensure resources are available on terms
suitable to support demand-side activities”
– “Provide guidance to staff on demand-side good practice and mandate
issues vis-à-vis civil society engagement”
Framework for Accountability
Relationships
Policymakers
Demand Side
Approaches
Supply Side
Approaches
Service
Compact
Voice
Users
Providers
Client Power
Types of Demand-side Interventions
• Information & Transparency
– Promote and create two-way-communication
between government and citizens through access,
disclosure, and dissemination of information and
transparency norms
• Participation & Consultation
– Encourage and mediate opportunities to build
multi-stakeholder coalitions that combine public
and political will for policies, public spending and
project planning
• Monitoring & Oversight
– Empower and encourage citizens, civil society
and the media to enact their rights to supervise
and oversee policies, programs, projects, and
services
• Capacity Building
– Educate and enable civil society, authorities, and
the media to effectively participate in a multistakeholder debate of policies, programs,
projects, and services
• Levels
– Community & Local
Government
– Sector
– National
• Entry points
–
–
–
–
–
–
National dialog
AAA
DPLs
Investment Lending
Operational policies
Learning Networks
Summary of Demand-Side Activities
• Stocktaking highlighted numerous
interventions
–
–
–
–
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155 total interventions
45% Lending operations
20% DPLs
13% AAA
22% Training & Other
• But these interventions are usually:
– Pilot components of larger operations
– Financed by trust funds
– Innovations outside the mainstream
Function
Information &
Transparency
Participation &
Consultation
Monitoring &
Oversight
Capacity
Building
Level
Local
Sector
National
Selected Examples
• Africa Affiliated Network for
Social Accountability (WBI)
• Uganda Poverty Reduction
Support Credit (AFR)
• Serbia Implementation of Free
Access to Information (ECA)
• West Bank- Gaza Integrated
Community Development (MNA)
• Orissa Rural Livelihoods (SEA)
• Peru Rural Roads Project (LAC)
• Cambodia DFGG (EAP)
• NB. Summary of submissions from
GAC Council members in binder
Function
Information &
Transparency
Participation &
Consultation
Monitoring &
Oversight
Capacity
Building
Level
Local
Sector
National
What Actions Have Been Taken to
Scale-up and Mainstream?
1. Clarifying Legal Considerations (LEG)
2. Communications as demand-side tool (EXT)
3. DFGG Coordination and Learning (SDN)
Legal Considerations
• Overall framework - paragraph 34 of the GAC Strategy:
[i]n keeping with existing practice, as part of the overall
framework of cooperation with its members, in undertaking
multi-stakeholder engagement, the WBG will, in consultation
with government, make sure to work within the country’s
constitutional and legislative framework, seek the approval of
government where it is required by its operational policies and
procedures, and avoid engagements that are not consistent with the
Articles framework.
• SDN, EXT & LEG developing guidance for staff on civil
society engagement, including demand-side approaches
• Legal note outlining the considerations for “multi-stakeholder
engagement”, focusing on the Articles framework.
Draft Legal Note on
“Multi-stakeholder Engagement”
• Adopt a risk management approach to minimize potential political
interference:
– Ensure country ownership, ideally through support from a broad coalition
including government, civil society and the private sector.
– Assess political interference risks in light of country context, actors and
activities; develop mitigation measures.
– Avoid inherently political activities such as support for electoral process.
• Application to particular activities:
– Low risk activities: civil society participation in design, implementation and
supervision of projects, programs and strategies
– ‘Grey’ areas: Capacity building for media and NGOs, support for parliament.
How to strengthen accountability mechanisms without political interference?
– High risk activities: elections, support for political parties
– NB: Guidance note will include operational guidance for these ‘grey’ areas.
Support to CGACs & Operations
•
MoldovaUkraine
Honduras
•Tajikistan
•
Kuwait
•Egypt •Bahrain •Bangladesh
•
Mauritania
••Vietnam
Sierra Leone
•
Burkina Faso•Yemen
Cambodia
•
Guinea
Uganda
•Colombia LiberiaCote
••Nigeria
d’Ivoire •Kenya
Ghana
•Tanzania
Malawi•Mozambique
•Lesotho
• Implementation of communication support of GAC
strategy including research and advocacy
• CommGAP support to institutions of accountability,
reform projects, post-conflict & fragile states
• Support to Bank-financed operations
Communication & Governance:
Learning, Research and Advocacy Programs
Strategic Analysis and Communication Skills
• Securing political will and building coalitions for change
• Winning public support for reforms
• Building citizen demand for good governance and accountability
CommGAP Governance and Knowledge and Learning Programs (EXTCD)
• People, Politics and Change (government officials and donors)
• Building Coalitions for Governance Reform (Bank operational staff)
• Communication and GAC Implementation (Bank communication specialists)
CommGAP multi-disciplinary knowledge events and products
• Governance Reform Under Real World Conditions: Citizens, Stakeholders, and Voice (book)
• “Governance Reform Under Real World Conditions” (expert dialogue)
• “Generating Genuine Demand with Social Accountability Tools” (expert dialogue)
• “The Role of the News Media in the Governance Reform Agenda” (with Harvard)
• Accountability; the role of media systems & organizations (publications)
DFGG Coordination and Learning
1. Funding Mechanism: DFID Partnership signed
2. Peer Learning Network
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440 participants: 75% inside & 25% outside Bank
How do we share experiences to scale up and mainstream
these interventions?
3. Stocktaking & Framework
–
–
WBG activities supporting transparency, citizen engagement
& social accountability
Identify promising examples, principles and entry-points
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DFGG Peer Learning Summit, June 2-3, 165 participants
Regional and Sectoral workshops, presentations
Web-site and Blog-space
4. Learning Series and Summit
Challenge #1:
Mainstreaming Participation & Consultation
Objective:
• Increase opportunities for civil society
participation and consultation throughout
project cycle
Examples:
• PRS processes not living up to potential
• Participation in sectoral reforms and
investments need greater support
Challenges:
• Multi-stakeholder engagement the exception
rather than the rule
• Insufficient “multi-sector governance” skills
and resources to incorporate throughout
operations at all levels
Function
Information &
Transparency
Participation &
Consultation
Monitoring &
Oversight
Capacity
Building
Level
Local
Sector
National
Challenge #2:
Non-executive accountability institutions
Objective:
• Work with partners to support the
enabling environment for greater
independent oversight
Examples:
• Support for Right to Information activities
• Media capacity and support
• Parliamentary oversight
• Judicial reform
Challenges:
• Many pilot activities in a sporadic,
uncoordinated manner
• Lack of clear institutional mandate
• Unclear entry points to operations
Function
Information &
Transparency
Participation &
Consultation
Monitoring &
Oversight
Capacity
Building
Level
Local
Sector
National
Challenge #3:
Link supply & demand of local governance
Objective:
•
•
Develop coherent support that builds local
authorities’ capacity and opportunities for citizens to
hold those authorities accountable
“Because responsibility for decentralization/ related
support to operational units is split among PREM, SDV
and Urban, the support is often fragmented in a field
where a highly collaborative and co-ordinated approach
is essential for effectiveness. As a result, support to
client countries has not capitalized on the Bank’s
significant depth and breadth of expertise” (IEG)
Challenges:
• Coordination of diverse WBG approaches to
local development: CDD, PREM, Urban,
CBNRM, SP
– Aimed to improve development effectiveness
– Exploring multi-disciplinary approaches
– Driven at the country program level
Function
Information &
Transparency
Participation &
Consultation
Monitoring &
Oversight
Capacity
Building
Level
Local
Sector
National
Questions for Discussion
• How can we assure that TTLs more systematically incorporate
consultation & participation into design and implementation of
operations – and AAA work?
• How can we more systematically leverage EXT’s communications
and outreach skills in the Bank’s operational products?
• How, if at all, should we systematize support for non-executive
accountability institutions?
• How can we overcome our existing stovepipes and
fragmentation and address local governance in an integrated
way?
THANK YOU!
Communication & Governance
Functional
Elements
Communication
Support
Information &
Transparency
Support to CGACs
& Operations
Participation &
Consultation
Civil Society
Monitoring &
Oversight
Research &
Advocacy
Capacity Building
Training & Capacity
Building
Civil Society in Demand Side
• Demand side requires more CSO participation of World
Bank staff
– Pilot and scale-up Bank-CSO collaboration and joint-learning
– Improved coordination, synergies and joint-learning within
WBG on CSO engagement, including GAC
– Structure and process for issue- and results-oriented global
dialogues with CSOs, e.g. on GAC
Communication & Governance Research & Advocacy
Objective:
• Gather knowledge, evidence, and lessons learned around the world to develop
tools to support governance reform programs
CommGAP multi-disciplinary knowledge events:
• Expert Dialogue on “Governance Reform Under Real World Conditions”
• Expert Dialogue “Generating Genuine Demand with Social Accountability
Tools”
• Harvard – World Bank Workshop “The Role of the News Media in the
Governance Reform Agenda”
Knowledge products:
• Governance Reform Under Real World Conditions: Citizens, Stakeholders, and Voice
• Publications on issues of accountability; the role of media systems &
organizations (in progress)
• Practioner’s guide on accountability mechanisms and tools (in progress)