DEVELOPING THE NANOSCIENCE
WORKFORCE OF THE FUTURE:
LINKING NANOTECHNOLOGY AND
RESEARCH TO THE ENVIRONMENT
DISCOVERY  KNOWLEDGE
KNOWLEDGE  TECHNOLOGY
TECHNOLOGY  SOCIETY
SOCIETY  DISCOVERY??
A cycle driven by curiosity and exploration,
tempered by need and prejudice
NANOSCALE CONCEPTS
What is Nanotechnology?
Nanotechnology is
defined as the
application of science to
developing new
materials and
processes by
manipulating molecular
and atomic particles.
http://www.nint.ca/nav01.cfm?nav01=12988
Nanotechnology Will Change
Our World
MULTI-DISCIPLINARY AND CREATIVITY
http://www.ccst.us/ccst/pubs/nano/lib/ProjectDescription.pdf,
Merrill-Lynch review
http://nint-innt.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/home/index_e.html
Two approaches to manufacture of nanomaterials
Bottom-Up
Chemical
Synthesis
Selfassembly
Top-down
Positional
assembly
Lithography
(RS&RAD, 2004)
Cutting, Etching,
Grinding
Electronic devices
Crystals,
Particle
and chip masks
molecules Films, Tubes
Experimental atomic or
molecular devices
Precision
engineered
surfaces
Cosmetics, Fuel
additives
High quality
optical mirrors
Displays
Quantum well lasers,
computer chips,
Micro-electro-mechanical
systems (MEMS)
Independent approaches have converged in terms of feature size and quality achieved
http://nint-innt.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/research/supra_e.html
http://nint-innt.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/research/supra_e.html
Inspection and Manipulation of
Single Molecules
NEW MICROSCOPY OPENS THE WAY TO
NANOTECHNOLOGY
This is the size scale of interest to nanoscience
and nanotechnology;
~0.000000010 meters in
length or less
or about 1/10,000 width of a human hair
Founders – Atomic Force Method
Heinrich Rohrer
Gerd Binning
Atomic Force Microscopy
AFM invented in 1986 by g.
Binning.
STM in 1982 by H. Roher
and G. Binning
Lateral Force Mode involves
only x-y movement
In contact mode x-y and z
movement is involved
Modifying a “wire”
Ros et al., PSI Annual Report, 1999.
Binding force measurements
Ros et al., PSI Annual Report, 1999.
Nano wire manipulation on polymer film:
The images are taken in intermittent contact
mode while the wire has been moved
successively with contact mode by applying a
constant force of 2.2 nN. Scan field 400 nm X
550 nm, z-range 0 - 5 nm
(http://www.jpk.com/spm/gallery1.htm#litho)
WIRING:
CARBON NANOTUBE
(another form of carbon compound)
http://www.personal.rdg.ac.uk/~scsharip/tubes.htm
Columbia – Chem. Eng.
Li and Tan, Nano Letters, 2 (2002) 315.
Li and Tan, Nano Letters, 2 (2002) 315.
INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS PUBLISHING
NANOTECHNOLOGY
Nanotechnology 13 (2002) R15–R28 PII: S09574484(02)52701-X
TUTORIAL
Natural strategies for the molecular
engineer
Philip Ball
Nature, 4-6 Crinan St, London N1 9XW, UK
E-mail: [email protected]
Received 23 August 2002
Published 11 September 2002
Online at stacks.iop.org/Nano/13/R15
Tools to measure position –
THE “MOLECULAR RULER”
Cardullo, Microscopy and Analysis, Issue 53 (2002) 5.
Inorganic Semiconductor Quantum Dots (QD)
http://probes.invitrogen.com/products/qdot/overview.html




Wavelength tuning based on size
Excitable in UV region
FRET applications
Multicolour detection
• Core/shell structure
• Functionalize surface with
species capable of covalently
binding DNA, dye
Quantum Dot Surface Functionalization
H3C
N
S
CdSe/ZnS
+
N
I-
MAA, chloroform,
Hunig’s base
HN
O
H3C
O
H3C
S
O-
EDC, amine
terminated dye/DNA
QD-FRET-based strategy for two-colour nucleic acid detection. a) Simultaneous and
efficient excitation of green and red quantum dots in the ultraviolet-region without
significant excitation of Cy3 or Alexa647 in solution. When probe oligonucleotides
were conjugated to QDs, hybridization with a Cy3 or Alexa647 labeled target
oligonucleotide yielded FRET sensitized emission from the dyes, which was used as
the analytical signal. The green QD-Cy3 FRET pair utilized the SMN1 sequence and
the red QD-Alexa647 pair utilized the LacZ sequence. b) A cartoon of the expected
emission profiles, where the bracketed regions are of particular analytical interest.
Top Ten Nanotechnologies Contributing to Developing World
How much difference will the technology make in improving water,
agriculture, nutrition, health, energy, and the environment in developing
countries?
Burden.
Will it address the most pressing needs?
Appropriateness.
Will it be affordable, robust, and adjustable to settings in developing
countries, and will it be socially, culturally, and politically acceptable?
Feasibility.
Can it realistically be developed and deployed in a time frame of ten years?
Knowledge gap.
Does the technology advance quality of life by creating new knowledge?
Indirect benefits.
Does it address issues such as capacity building and income generation
that have indirect, positive effects on developing countries?
Salamanca-Buentello F, Persad DL, Court EB, Martin DK, Daar AS, et al.
(2005) Nanotechnology and the Developing World. PLoS Med 2(5): e97