TEN-434/ETE-437
Cellular Radio and Mobile Telecommunication
Ref. books:
1. Wireless communications principles and practices---Theodore S. Rappaport
2. Principles of wireless networks - A unified approach---Kavah Pahlavan & Prashant Krishnamurthy
3. The technology of modern mobile communications - A
complete review ---- Hans Lobensommer
4. Wireless digital communications modulation & spread
spectrum applications– Kamilo Feher
5. W.C.Y. Lee, "Mobile Cellular Telecommunications:
Analog and Digital Systems", McGraw-Hill, 1995.
6. V.J. Garg, "Wireless and Personal Communications
Systems", Prentice Hall.
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Course content
•History and Evolution of Mobile Radio Communication: Principle of
Conventional Mobile Radio Systems, Limitations of Conventional Mobile
Radio System.
•Radio Paging: Introduction, Paging Receiver Types, On Site Paging,
Transmitter Specifications, Wide Area Paging, Transmission
Specifications, Paging Receivers Architecture.
•Cellular Radio Systems: Basic Elements of a Cellular Radio
System/Network, Principles of Operations, Frequency Spectrum and its
Management, Radio Planning, Overview of Cellular Standard Systems,
Digital Cellular Systems, Details of TACS and GDSM Architecture. 1G,
2G, 3G and the Forthcoming 4G Cellular Mobile Systems.
•Cordless Telecommunication Systems: Cordless Telephones, Digital
Cordless Standards, DECT Specifications and Protocol Architecture,
Radio Spectrum and Parameters.
•Mobile Communications by Satellite Service Systems in Operation,
INMARSAT, MSAT, LEO and MEO satellite, GMPCS Mobile Telephone
and Data Sensing System using LEO and MEO Satellites (Iridium,
Teledesic).
•Network Issues For Cellular Mobile Communication: Cellular
network architectures; Frequency management; Channel types and
assignment; types of hand-offs and hand-off management; Switching
and transport; Wireline and microwave facilities and link design
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considerations.
• GSM standards and Systems: GSM architecture, elements,
and standard interfaces; FDMA/TDMA structure; Speech and
channel coding in GSM; Time slots and bursts; Signaling;
Hand-offs; DCS 1800; GPRS; data services over GSM.
• TDMA, CDMA, and Other Systems and Standards: Digital
AMPS (IS-136); CDMA (IS-95); CT2; PCN; CDPD; Network
architectures for IS-136 and IS-95; Data services over TDMA
and CDMA systems.
• Third Generation Wireless Standards: Convergence;
UMTS; IMT-2000; CDMA2000; W-CDMA; UWC-136; Network
layer standards.
• Evolution Of Transport Technologies: TDM; Frame Relay;
ATM; IP.
• Call Processing and Intelligent Services Over Wireless
Networks: Signaling; Roaming and mobility management;
Route optimization; Wireless Intelligent Networking (WIN);
Databases; Protocols; Security and billing issues.
• Performance, Traffic Engineering, and Network Design:
Traffic engineering for air interface and transport networks;
performance issues and analysis for voice quality, call set up
and hand-offs; Capacity planning; Factors affecting
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economical network designs.
Introduction..
• Technological innovations of engineers during
the 20th & 21st century have brought a deep
change in our lifestyle.
-The glowing lights reminds us the impact made by
electrical engineers,
- The plane and moving cars below reminds us of
the contributions of mechanical engineers,
- -High-rise buildings and complex roads remind
us of what civil engineers have accomplished.
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Introduction..
• From the eye of an engineer, the glow of light,
the movement of cars and the complexity of civil
infrastructures relates to the challenges in
implementation, the size of the market and the
impact of technology in human life.
• One industry whose infrastructure is not seen so
much around because it is mostly buried under
the ground, but it is most complex, it owns the
largest market size and it enables us to change
our lifestyle by entering the IT age.
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Information network infrastructure
• An information network infrastructure
interconnects telecommunication devices to
provide them with means for exchanging
information.
• To support transmission of voice, data and
video, several wired information network
infrastructure have evolved throughout the past
century.
• Wireless networks allow a mobile
communications terminal to access those wired
network information infrastructures.
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Existing network infrastructure
The following networks are originally
designed for:
•PSTN (Voice): Symmetric, real time conversation.
•Internet (data): for bursty application that supports web access,
e-mail, file transfer etc.
•Hybrid (TV/video): This network broadcasts wideband video
signals to residential buildings.
Voice and video are analog in nature and
data is digital.
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Four market sector for wireless applications
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Voice-oriented market ( based around PSTN)
(i) Local area ( short range wireless application): Cordless
PCS Wireless PBX
(ii) Wide area ( evolved around cellular mobile):
•
(i)
(ii)
Data-oriented market ( based around Internet &
computer communication network infrastructure)
Broadband local & adhoc network: WLAN, PLANs
Wide area mobile data network: WiMAX
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Wired vs wireless
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Evolution of voice-oriented wireless networks
– 1982: Nordic mobile telephony system(NMTS/NMT)
– 1983: Advanced mobile phone system (AMPS) &
Global system for mobile (GSM) communications
– -1985: Digital European digital telephone (DECT)
– 1988: Code division multiple access (CDMA)
– 1993: Digital Communication System (DCS) -1800,
Personal handy system (PHS)/personal handy phone
(PHP)
– 1995:Personal communication system (PCS)
– 1995: Personal access communication system
(PACS)
– 1998: Wide CDMA ( 3 G standardization started)
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Evolution of data-oriented wireless networks
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1979: Diffused infrared
1980: spread spectrum using SAW devices
Early 1980: wireless modem
1986: Mobitex
1990: IEEE 802.11 for wireless LAN standard
1992: ESTI and HIPERLAN in Europe
1994: PCS licensed and unlicensed bands
1998: IEEE 802.11b and Bluetooth
announcement
• 1999: IEEE 802.11 a/HIPERLAN-2 started
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Generations of wireless networks
• 1G: systems are voice-oriented analog
cellular and cordless telephones
• 2G: Wireless networks are voice-oriented
digital cellular and PCS systems and dataoriented wireless WANs and LANs.
• 3G: networks integrate cellular and PCS
voice services with a variety of packed
switched data service in a unified network.
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1G wireless standard
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AMPS
TACS
E-TACS
NMT-450
NMT-900
Nippon Telephone and Telegraph (NTT)
JTACS/NTACS
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Cellular, wireless, mobile and PCS
• The cellular concept began to appear in Bell
system proposal in late 1940s. This idea
introduced a new model for mobile radio.
• Previously used broadcast model of a highpower transmitter; placed at high elevation,
transmitting the signal to a large area.
• The new model called for many low power
transmitter, each specifically designed to serve
only a small area called a cell.
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Principles of cellular/PCS architecture
•Low power transmitters and small coverage area/zones
•Frequency reuse
•Cell splitting to increase capacity
•Hand-off and central control
In Dec. 1971 the Bell system submitted a proposal for
new analog system to FCC– the High-Capacity Mobile
Telephony system ( HCMTS).
The HCMTS was implemented as a developmental
system in 1978.
The US analog standard of 1980s and 1990s for
cellular radio- AMPS– evolved from the HCMTS.
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Comparison of PCS and Cellular
System aspect PCS
Cellular
Cell size
Coverage
Antenna height
Vehicle speed
Spectrum
access
Average
handset power
Speech coding
5-500 m
Zonal
<15 m
<5 kmph
Shared
0.5-30 km
Comprehensive
>15 m
<200 kmph
Exclusive
5-10 mw
100-600 mw
32 kb/s ADPCM 7-13 kb/s vocoder
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2G cellular system
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GSM
IS-54
JDC
IS-95
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2G PCS
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CT-2 & CT-2 (+)
DECT
PHS
PACS
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Mobile data services
• ARDIS ( Advance radio digital information
system)
• Mobitex
• CDPD (Cellular digital packet data)
• TETRA (Terrestrial European trunked)
radiao
• GPRS ( General packed radio service)
• Metricom
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Paging system
• Paging systems are communication systems
that sends brief messages to a subscriber.
• Depending on the type of service, the message
may be either a numeric message, an
alphanumeric message or a voice message.
• Paging systems are typically used to notify a
subscriber of the need to call a particular
number or travel to a known location to receive
further instruction
• In modern paging system, news headlines,stock
quotations and faxes amy be sent.
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Cordless telephone system
• Cordless telephone system are full duplex
communication system that use radio to connect a
portable handset to a dedicated base station, which is
then connected to a dedicated telephone line with a
specific telephone number on the public switched
telephone network (PSTN).
• Early cordless telephones operate solely as extension
telephones to a transreceiver connected to a subscriber
line on the PSTN and are primarily for in home-use.
• Typical 2G base station of cordless telephone provide
coverage ranges up to few hundred meters.
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Satellite mobile systems
• Mobile satellite communications are particularly
significant to long distance travelers over parts
of the world that can not be covered by
conventional land-based communications
system.
• For aircraft and ships, mobile satellite links
greatly improve air traffic control navigation and
rescue requirement for transoceanic crossings
that were earlier served by HF communications.
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Satellite communication
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Geostationary satellites (GEOS)
Low-earth orbiting satellites (LEOS)
Medium-earth orbiting satellites (MEOS)
Capacity allocation
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Wireless LAN standards
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IEEE 802.11
IEEE 802.11b
IEEE 802.11a
HIPERLAN/2
HIPERLAN/1
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3G and beyond
• The purpose of migration to 3G networks was to develop
an international standard that combines and gradually
replaces 2G digital cellular, PCS and mobile data
services.
• Outside 3G standards, WLAN and WPAN standards are
forming the future broadband and ad hoc wireless
networks.
• 3G provides multimedia services to users every where.
• WLAN provides broadband services in hot spots where a
short proximity is needed
• WPAN connects personal devices together
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Bluetooth and WPANs
• Bluetooth is an ad hoc approach for enabling
various devices to communicate with one
another within a nominal 10 meter range.
• This standard has been embraced by over
1,000 manufacturers of electronic appliances.
• Bluetooth operates in 2.4 GHz ISM band ( 24002483.5 MHz) and uses a frequency hopping
TDD scheme for each radio channel.
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