Oku o/kZu 1
Qy ,oa cht
Qy dk ifjo/kZu (Development of Fruit)
• fu"kspu ds ckn v.Mk’k; esa dbZ ifjorZu A vUr esa chtk.M ls cht vkSj Qy mRiUu
• Qy ,d idk gqvk v.Mk’k; gh gSA
• Qy esa eq[; :i esa nks Hkkx &
¼v½ Qykoj.k ;k QyfHkfŸk (Pericarp) – Peri= pkjksa vksj] Karpos = Qy½ & v.Mk’k; dh nhokj
ls curk gSA
¼c½ cht (Seeds)- ;s chtk.M ls curs gSaA
• dqN Qyksa esa cht gh ugha curk A ,sls Qy cht jfgr ;k vijkxu Qy (Seedless or
parthenocarpic fruits) dgykrs gSaA tSls vaxqj] uk’kikrh] dsyk vkfnA
Changes after fertilization
• Ovary >>>>>>>> Fruit
• Ovule(s) >>>>>>>>>> Seed(s)
Qykoj.k ;k QyfHkfŸk (Pericarp)
• QyfHkfŸk ;k Qykoj.k & eksVk ;k iryk HkhA
• eksVk Qykoj.k rhu Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr fd;k tkrk gS &
¼1½ cfgQZy fHkfŸk ¼Epicarp½&;g izk;% Qy dk fNydk cukrh gSA
¼2½ e/; QyfHkfŸk ¼Mesocarp½& ;g Qy dk jlhyk vkSj xwnsnkj Hkkx cukrh gSA
¼3½ vUrQZy fHkfŸk ¼Endocarp½& ;g Qy dk dBksj vkSj iFkjhyk Hkkx cukrh gS tSls vke]
rkM+] vkfn esa ;k iryh f>Yyhnkj gks tkrh gS tSls ukjaxh] larjk] uhcw vkfn esaA
FRUIT
DRY FRUITS
INDEHISCENT FRUITS
Dry fruits which do not split
along definite lines to release
seeds at maturity.
• Achene (Close fitting pericarp
surrounding a single
seed). what we think of as the
"seed" is actually an achene, a
fruit containing the seed.
sunflower
• Samara (Ovary wall forms a
winglike structure. Dry; seed
dispersal by wind) maple
• Caryopsis (Close
fitting pericarp
fused to a single
seed. Seed coat
fused with ovary
wall) grains-corn,
wheat
• Nut (Thick woody
pericarp
surrounding a
single seed) oak
acorn, walnut
DEHISCENT FRUITS
Fruits which open at maturity
to shed their seeds.
• Follicle (Fruit splits open along ONE
seam) Milkweed
• Legume (Fruit splits open along TWO
seams) Beans, Peas
• Capsule (Fruit opens by various means,
usually along more than two
seams/splits/pores) Lily, Cotton, Poppy
FLESHY
FRUITS
FLESHY FRUITS
1. Drupe –Fruit - fleshy all the way out to the covering. 1 or 2 seeded. Seed covered by
a very hard cover (inner pericarp layer). Sometimes called stone fruits. Plum, Peach,
Almond, Cherry
2. Berry – Fruit- fleshy all the way out to the covering, which is usually thin.1 to many
seeds. Seeds are NOT covered by a hard coat of pericarp. Grape, Tomato etc.
False Berry - Looks like a berry, but often has a harder outer coat. Seeds are
clustered in the middle rather than throughout the fruit. Cucumber, Squash, pumpkin,
cantaloupe
3. Hesperidium - Special berry Outer soft rind which is white on the inside.Citrus
Fruits: orange, lemon, grapefruits
4. Pome - Fruit is fleshy out to the covering. A few seeds are inside a core which is not
eaten because it has a leathery interior coating. Apple, Pear etc.
Seed
 a matured ovule that contains an embryo and often its nutritive
tissues (endosperm, perisperm).
 Seed is surrounded by a seed coat.
 Various size and shape. May be associated with a wing or tuft of hairs.
• After fertilization,involves several different stages.
• The integument of the ovule becomes the seed coat of the mature
seed.
• Normally the nucellus is absorbed and is absent. The nucellus may
persists in some genera such as Nutmeg, Clove, Rubber, Papaya,
Pepper, Beet root, etc. as a thin layer called Perisperm, lying inside the
seed coat and supplies food material to the embryo.
Monocot and Dicot seed
Seed Structure
• Parts are:
Seed coat
Forms a tough protective
layer
Embryo shoot
Embryo –
grows into
plant
Food store
Provides the embryo
plant with food.
(Endosperm)
Embryo root
Getting the seeds dispersed
Getting the seeds dispersed
What are the adaptations that help these
Dispersal by wind
small
light
dry
wing-like
shorea
Getting the seeds dispersed
Dispersal by animals (eaten)
bright colours
sweet
juicy
tomato
Dispersal by animals
(carried)
small
hooks
stiff hairs
Getting the seeds dispersed
Dispersal by water
buoyant
waterproof
air spaces
coconut
Dispersal by splitting open
dry and hard fruit wall
SEED DORMANCY
•Viable seeds that do not germinate are
said to be dormant (Sleeping Seed or Plant
in Rest)
•External dormancy or seed coat
•regulated by the environment. If a seed is
not exposed to sufficient moisture, proper
temperature, oxygen, and for some
species light, the seed will not germinate.
(e, the seed's dormancy is due to
unfavorable environmental conditions.
•Internal dormancy
•On the other hand, some seeds may not
germinate because of some inhibitory
factor of the seed itself.
External Dormancy
• Hard Seed coat (external dormancy) is impervious to water and gases in some
species. The seed will not germinate until the seed coat is altered physically.
•In nature, this often occurs by fall seeding. Freezing temperatures or
microbial activities modify the seed coat during the winter.
•Scarification can also occur as seeds pass through the digestive tract of
various animals.
•Any process of breaking, scratching, or mechanically altering the seed coat to
make it permeable to water and gases is known as scarification.
•Scarification also can be forced, rather than waiting for nature to alter the
seed coats. Commercial growers scarify seeds by soaking them in concentrated
sulphuric acid.
Internal Dormancy
•Seeds having this type of dormancy will not germinate until subjected to a
particular duration of moist-prechilling and/or moist-warm periods.
This type of dormancy may be satisfied naturally if seeds are sown
outdoors.
•Cold stratification (moist-prechilling) involves mixing seeds with an equal
volume of a moist medium (sand or peat, for example) in a closed
container and storing them in a refrigerator (approximately 40oF). The
length of time is species specific.
•Warm stratification is similar except temperatures are maintained at 68oF
to 86oF, depending on the species.
Double Dormancy
•Seeds of some species exhibit what is known as double dormancy.
•This is a combination of seed coat (external dormancy) and internal
dormancy.
•To achieve germination with seeds having double dormancy, the seeds
must first be scarified and then stratified for the appropriate length of
time.
•If the treatments are administered in reverse order, the seeds will not
germinate.
•After these treatments, sow the seeds under the proper environmental
conditions for germination.
/kU;okn