9/24/13 - 9/26/13 – SI Units (The Metric System!)
Biology
How do we measure mass?
We use a double or triple beam balance or a digital balance.
Units? Grams (stuff in something)
For example: 104.54 g
*Remember weight has gravity issues
Instructions for balance use –
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How do we measure volume? (Volume is how much space something takes up)
We use a graduated cylinder, or any apparatus with graduated lines.
Beware of the meniscus…
Units: liter or cubic centimeter
Example: 22 ml, 450 l or 205 cm3
1 ml = 1 cm3
If you measure a liquid volume of something it is the exact equivalent to measuring a linear volume
1cm
cm
1cm
cm
L x W x H = 1 x 1 x 1 = 1 cm3
1cm
cm
Measure the Volume….
What is density?
Density is the ratio of mass (Stuff) to how much volume (space) something has
In other words – “How much stuff is crammed into a certain space”
Density = Mass/Volume or D=m/v ** Make sure you put your units of measure!!
Since measuring both mass (g) and volume (ml)
Both units will be displayed in your answer
Both units will be displayed in your answer.
Example:
Density is written - 25.7 g/ml or 27.5 g/cm3
What is the density of water? Can you figure it out?
10/02/2013
Classification –
I would tell you about today’s lesson – but it’s classified!
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Every living organism is arranged into six Kingdoms:
Plants, Animals, Fungi
Protists, Eubacteria, Archaebacteria – microscopic
Classification works from the very broad to the very specific
Broad
Specific
Kingdom
i.e. continent
Phylum
i.e. country
Class
i.e. state
Order
i.e. county
Family
i.e. city
Genus
i.e. street
Species
i.e. house
For example - Classify Humans –
Kingdom – Animalia
Phylum – Chordata
Class - Mammalia
Order –Primates
Family – Humanidae
Genus – Homo
Species –Sapiens
Most specific
cat – feline
dog – canine
frog - rana
10/03
Classification continues…
Directly from the text – Questions from page 339
1. How did Aristotle classify organisms and why did his method prove inadequate?
More than 2000 years ago, Aristotle classified living things as either plants (based on their stems) and
animals (based on where the spent most of their time- land, air or water dwellers).
It proved inadequate because as new organisms were discovered, they didn’t all fit into these
categories.
2. What criterion did Linnaeus use to classify organisms?
Linnaeus, unlike Aristotle, classified organisms based on morphology (form and structure) rather than
whether they were plant or animal.
3. What are the seven levels of organization? See above – K, P, C, O, F, G, S
4. What are two reasons that species names are more precise than common names?
Common names vary from place to place – some people may call a mountain lion a puma or panther,
depending on where they live. Also, common names really don’t describe an animal at all – for example
a jellyfish isn’t a fish at all.
5. What criterion do modern scientists use to classify organisms? They use evolutionary history or more
specific – phylogeny.
What is phylogeny? The evolutionary history of a species or taxonomic group.
What is morphology? Dealing with the study of the form and structure of organisms and their specific
structural features.
What is hierarchy? In a biological classification, rank is the level (the relative position) in a hierarchy.
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10/07 – 10/08
New Vocabulary:
Phylogenetics (phylogeny): the evolutionary history of a species or taxonomic group.
Phylogenetic Tree – How can that be… A, B, C, D Represent organisms A
B
C
D
As you find out characteristics about these organisms, you can create
branches and limbs indicating they have similarities, or are more related
Common ancestor
A
B
Now, this tree indicates that organism A & B are more closely related ….
C
D
E
Phylogenetic tee
Cladistics: Use certain features of organisms to establish an evolutionary link.
Dino 1 Dino 2 Dino 3 Dino 4 Dino 5 Bird
Light
Bones
3 toes
Downy
Feather
s
Feather
s
flights
derived character -
A "derived character" is a
trait that arose in the most
recent common ancestor of
a particular group of
organisms and is passed
along to its descendants.
V
X
Present
10 mya
Y
Z
W
20 mya
30 mya
mya = million of years ago…
Answer the questions:
Which statement is supported by the phylogenetic tree shown?
A – species V is still alive today and is the oldest species
B – species W is still developing from a prior species
C – species X, Y, and Z became extinct 20 million years ago
D – species W first came into existence 15 million years ago.
What is the answer???
10/10 - What is a Dichotomous Key?
It is a tool that allows you to determine the identity of things in the natural down to the species level…
You use ‘yes or no’ questions in a step by step process to determine species to classify an organism (or
anything else)
Example: LEAF KEY
You find a leaf – you want to know what kind of tree shed this leaf, you can
use a key (a tool) to determine what kind of tree it is based on the morphology of the leaf….
1a: If leaf has no lobes, go to 2
1b: If leaf has lobes go to 3
2a: If the leaf has smooth edges go to 4a
2b: If the leaf has shape edges go to 3a
3a: The leaf is an English oak…
Cells & Organelles
ORGANELLE
In
In
bacteria
plant?
?
In
animal
?
Cell membrane
(Plasma membrane)
Yes
Yes
Yes
Cell wall
Yes,
usually
Yes
No
Cytoplasm
Yes
Yes
Yes
Cyto-skeleton
No
Yes
Yes
Centrioles
Rarely
No, but
aster is
similar.
Yes
Nucleus
No
Yes
Yes
Nucleolus
No
Yes
Yes
Nuclear Membrane
No
Yes
Yes
Sometime
s flagella
or pili
Rarely,
but
some
speciali
zed
cells
may.
Only
present
in some
speciali
zed
cells.
Flagella, pili or cilia
Mitochondria
Chloroplasts
Vacuole
No
Yes
No
Only in
photosy
No
nthetic
cells
No
Yes,
often
large
Yes
Unusua
l, and
small if
present
.
STRUCTURE & FUNCTION
Boundary between intracellular &
extracellular environments.
Regulates entry/exit of substances.
Rigid structure providing support for
cell.
Jelly-like substance filling
intracellular space contains
dissolved substances.
Network of fine tubes and threads.
Provides internal structural support.
Paired rods, which help organize
microtubules during mitosis.
Membrane-bound structure
containing cells' genetic information
(DNA) and support molecules.
Small structure within nucleus. Site
of production of ribosomal RNA.
Boundary between nucleus and
cytoplasm. Regulates passage of
materials between the two.
Structures used to enable
movement of cells or sometimes to
propel substances across outer
surface of the cell. Predominantly
protein in composition.
Membrane bound organelles.
Folded membranes within contain
enzymes for aerobic respiration. (A
little DNA in here too.)
Membrane bound organelles.
Folded membranes within contain
chlorophyll and enzymes for
photosynthesis. (A little DNA in here
too.)
Membrane bound area filled with
water and assorted solutes. Role in
maintenance of water balance of the
cell.
Ribosomes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Endoplasmic reticulum
No
(ER) -smooth
Yes
Yes
Endoplasmic reticulum
No
(ER) -rough
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Lysosomes
No
Yes
Yes
Plastids
No
Yes
No
Vesicles
No
Rare
Yes
Golgi apparatus
(aka Golgi Body)
Small organelles at which protein
synthesis occurs. May be free
floating or membrane-bound.
Network of flattened membranes
forming tunnels. Enzymes assisting
synthesis of some lipids and final
processing of proteins found here.
Similar to smooth ER, but with
ribosomes embedded in membrane.
Proteins to be exported from cell
produced here.
Stacks of saucer shaped
membranes where export proteins
are modified and stored prior to
entering secretory vesicles for
exocytosis.
Membrane bound structurecontaining enzymes, which break
down toxic or unwanted molecules.
Membrane bound structures with
varied functions. Leucoplasts starch storage. Chromoplasts colored pigments within (eg flower
petals).
Packages for storage (eg fat
droplets) or temporary transport
associated with
endocytosis/exocytosis.
What are proteins anyway???
Proteins are made up of building blocks of amino acids – long strands of amino acids. Your hair, skin,
muscle, blood (hemoglobin), enzymes (lactase), antibodies, etc. are made of proteins.
Amino acid
amino acid
amino acid amino acid amino acid
THE CELL THEORY:
Definition: The Cell Theory is one of the basic principles of biology. Credit for the formulation of this
theory is given to german scientists Theodor Schwann, Matthias Schleiden, and Rudolph Virchow.
The Cell Theory states:



All living organisms are composed of cells. They may be unicellular or multicellular.
The cell is the basic unit of life.
Cells arise from pre-existing cells.