POWER POINT PRESENTATION
CSC 134
COMPUTER AND INFORMATION PROCESSING
AFIEDA BINTI ABD JALIL (2013720777)
FARAH ASHIKIN BINTI SHUKOR (2013996897)
NOR ATIKAH BINTI ISMAIL (2013147707)
ANIMAL
CLONNING
DOLLY
3.HOW THEY MADE DOLLY?
2.WHO IS DOLLY?
4.RISK OF
CLONNING
5.ADVANTAGES
1.DEFINITION
6.DISADVANTAGES
1. DEFINITION
Cloning is a process of producing similar
populations of genetically identical individuals
that occurs in nature when organisms such as
bacteria, insect or plants reproduce asexually.
2. WHO IS DOLLY??
In 1997 Dolly the sheep became the first vertebrate cloned
from the cell of an adult animal.
Not only was this a
remarkable scientific breakthrough but it immediately gained
interest and concern from around the world on the future of
cloning technology as it would effect humans.
• Dolly the sheep was successfully cloned in Britain in 1996 by the
scientist “Ian Wilmut” and was put down in February 2003 after
developing a lung infection and arthritis.
• Dolly was a genetic copy of the Finn Dorset ewe.
• Her birth, showed that nuclei from specialized adult cells can be
reprogrammed into all the cells of an organism.
• The technique that led to Dolly is called somatic cell nuclear transfer
and has remained essentially unchanged over the last decade.
3. HOW THEY MADE DOLLY??
• Embryo splitting - Artificially splitting a single embryo at a very
early stage of development. In the natural process this would
create twins. However, because this is done at an early stage and
there are usually less than eight cells you can only make a few
clones. Both the nuclear genes and mitochondria genes would
be identical.
• Nuclear replacement - Genetic material (nucleus from embryonic,
fetal, or adult cell) is removed and placed into an unfertilized egg or
embryo, whose nucleus has been removed. In this case the nuclear
genes remain the same but the mitochondria DNA would be different.
This has the potential to create the clone of an adult organism as well
as many clones at once.
How do we know that Dolly is not the progeny of
an unsuspected mating of the foster mother?
• She has a white face and the foster mother is a Scottish Blackface
• DNA fingerprinting reveals bands found in Finn Dorset sheep (the
breed that supplied the mammary cells), not those of Scottish
Blackface sheep
4.
RISK
OF
CLONNING
• Reproductive cloning
expensive and highly
is
inefficient.
• Cloned animals tend to have more compromised
immune function and higher rates of infection, tumor
growth, and other disorders.
• Genomes of cloned mice are compromised, 4% of
genes function abnormally.
• The abnormalities do not arise from mutations in the genes but
from changes in the normal activation or expression of certain
genes.
• A process called "imprinting" chemically marks the DNA from
the mother and father so that only one copy of a gene (either
the maternal or paternal gene) is turned on. Defects in the
genetic imprint of DNA from a single donor cell may lead to some
of the developmental abnormalities of cloned embryos.
5. ADVANTAGE AND DISADVANTAGE
OF ANIMAL CLONING
Advantages of Animal Cloning
Disadvantages of Animal Cloning
• There will be an endless supply
of animals to clone, and we will
never run out of food from
animals, because we have been
able to clone based on previous
efforts, the most famous of
these was the first ever cloning
of an animal, Dolly the lamb
which was a successful cloning
where Dolly was a healthy lamb.
• Although the cloned animal will
be identical. It will only possess
about half the life span of
the normal animal which has
been cloned. An example is from
the famous ‘Dolly’ previous
mentioned which only lived for 6
years, whereas normal sheep
can live up to about 10 years of
age, so a great decrease in age.
• One of the greatest
breakthroughs of all time,
cloning has been discovered,
something which could be
revolutionary if we use it to our
advantage through continuing
on with our research and studies
into it, with discoveries that
could change our lives forever.
• Many believe cloning is quite
inhumane, especially that of
religious and some
governmental parties which
don’t want to move forward
with this research. They think
life is just too precious to take
away, even if it is a clone in
which we are testing.