Energy
and the
Urban Ecosystem
Green Energy Technology Part I
August 8, 2014
11:20 a.m. – 12:00 p.m.
Rodney H. Matsuoka, PhD
Urban Planning & Landscape Architecture
1
Urbanization – unstoppable trend
• Dramatic increase in urban growth
• 1950 – 30% urban
• 2050 – almost 70% urban (United Nations, 2014)
Jakarta
Cairo
Photo Sources: Previous Page: Tourism Bureau, Republic of China (Taiwan). (2013, November 11). Xinyi District, Taipei City: Fashion central. Retrieved from http://eng.taiwan.net.tw/m1.aspx?sNo=0017729&id=A12-00112
Taylorluker. (2010). Percentage of world population – urban/rural. Retrieved from http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Percentage_of_World_Population_Urban_Rural.PNG
Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. (2014). Cairo. Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cairo
Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. (2014). Jakarta. Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta
References:
Kennedy, D. P., & Adolphs, R. (2011). Stress and the city. Nature, 474, 452–453.
2
Global energy consumption
• 2014 – 575 EJ
• 2050 – double
(1,150 EJ)
• 2100 – almost
triple
(1,640 EJ)
(German Advisory Council on Global Change, 2003)
Photo Source: German Advisory Council on Global Change. (2003). World in transition: Towards sustainable energy systems. (C. Hay, Trans.). London: Earthscan.
Ej = Exajoule or 1.0E+18 joules
3
Focus to today’s lecture
• “Green” or renewable energy afforded by urban
ecosystem
New York City
Rio de Janeiro
Photo Sources: Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. (2014). Central Park. Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Park,_New_York
Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia (2014). Rio de Janeiro. Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro
4
Definition
• “Green” or renewable energy afforded by urban
ecosystem
• Urban ecosystem: “A system that is based on the
interaction of the social, biological, and physical
components” (Berkowitz, Nilon, and Hollweg, 2003)
New York City
Rio de Janeiro
Photo Sources: Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. (2014). Central Park. Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Park,_New_York
Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia (2014). Rio de Janeiro. Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro
References:
Berkowitz, A. R., Nilon, C. H., and Hollweg, K. S. (Eds.). (2003). Understanding urban ecosystems: A new frontier for science and education. New York: Springer.
5
Green energy
• Global renewable energy
• Urban ecosystem affordance:
◦ Solar
◦ Wind
◦ Biomass
◦ Geothermal
Photo Sources: Cilento, K. (2010, August ,24). Greenway Self-Park/HOK. Retrieved from http://www.archdaily.com/?p=74468
Ryan. (2009, November 25). A stadium full of solar power: Taiwan National Stadium pictures. Retrieved from http://blog.industrialinterface.com/2009/11/25/more-solar-taiwan-national-stadium-pictures/
6
Total energy from renewable sources*
Taiwan
vs.
EU
China
United
States
Japan
South
Korea
2012
1.9%
14.1%
8%
6.4%
4.6%
1.7%
Future
Goals
5–7 %
27%
15%
11%
13%
11%
(2025)
(2030)
(2020)
(2035)
(2030)
(2030)
(year)
[15% electricity]
*Wind, solar, hydroelectric, tidal power, geothermal energy, biomass
References: Asia Future Energy: Forum & Exhibition. (2012). Powering sustainable innovation in Asia. Retrieved from http://www.swissnexsingapore.org/pdf/AFEF-2012_Sales-Brochure_9-Jan-2012.pdf
International Energy Agency. (2014). Working together to ensure reliable, affordable and clean energy. Retrieved from http://www.iea.org/
Renewable Energy Policy Network for the 21st Century (REN21). Renewables 2014 Global Status Report. Retrieved from http://www.ren21.net/REN21Activities/GlobalStatusReport.aspx
7
Total energy from renewable sources*
Details: 2012 levels & future goals
Taiwan
2025 Goal: 5–7%
2012: 1.9%
EU Member States
2020 Goal: 20%
overall
2012: 14.1%
overall
*Wind, solar, hydro-electric, tidal power, geothermal energy, biomass
References: Asia Future Energy: Forum & Exhibition. (2012). Powering sustainable innovation in Asia. Retrieved from http://www.swissnexsingapore.org/pdf/AFEF-2012_Sales-Brochure_9-Jan-2012.pdf
International Energy Agency. (2014). Working together to ensure reliable, affordable and clean energy. Retrieved from http://www.iea.org/
Renewable Energy Policy Network for the 21st Century (REN21). Renewables 2014 Global Status Report. Retrieved from http://www.ren21.net/REN21Activities/GlobalStatusReport.aspx
8
Taiwan imports 98% of its energy
Structure
98.11%
of
energy
supply
Photo Source: Bureau of Energy, Ministry of Economic Affairs. 2013. Energy Statistics: Handbook 2012 (Second Edition). Taipei: Bureau of Energy, Ministry of Economic Affairs.
9
Green energy
• Global renewable energy
• Urban ecosystem affordance:
◦ Solar
◦ Wind
◦ Biomass
◦ Geothermal
Photo Sources: Cilento, K. (2010, August ,24). Greenway Self-Park/HOK. Retrieved from http://www.archdaily.com/?p=74468
Ryan. (2009, November 25). A stadium full of solar power: Taiwan National Stadium pictures. Retrieved from http://blog.industrialinterface.com/2009/11/25/more-solar-taiwan-national-stadium-pictures/
10
Solar power will lead way
By 2100
1. Solar > 50%
(photovoltaics & solar
thermal generation)
2. Wind – large
increases
3. Biomass increase
4. Geothermal –
increase
(German Advisory Council on Global Change, 2003)
Photo Source: German Advisory Council on Global Change. (2003). World in transition: Towards sustainable energy systems. (C. Hay, Trans.). London: Earthscan.
11
Solar PV total global capacity
Photo Source: Renewable Energy Policy Network for the 21st Century (REN21). Renewables 2014 Global Status Report. Retrieved from http://www.ren21.net/REN21Activities/GlobalStatusReport.aspx
12
Solar power per capita
Taiwan ranked
25th in 2012
Photo Source: Shahan, Z. (2013, August 26). Top Solar Power Countries Per Capita & Per GDP (CleanTechnica Exlusive). Retrieved from http://cleantechnica.com/2013/06/26/solar-power-by-country-solar-rankings-by-country/
13
Taiwan – good resources
Average annual
solar radiation
Taiwan ranked
25th in 2012
25.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Country kWh/m2 • yr
Taiwan
1,200
Germany
1,066
Italy
1,494
Belgium
1,052
Czech Rep.
1,109
Greece
1,637
Bulgaria
1,406
Spain
1,659
Australia
2,115
Slovenia
1,270
Slovakia
1,182
Photo Source: Shahan, Z. (2013, August 26). Top Solar Power Countries Per Capita & Per GDP (CleanTechnica Exlusive). Retrieved from http://cleantechnica.com/2013/06/26/solar-power-by-country-solar-rankings-by-country/
References: Beták, J., Šúri, M., Cebecauer, T., & Skoczek, A. (2012). Solar resource and photovoltaic electricity potential in EU-MENA region. Retrieved from http://geomodelsolar.eu/_docs/papers/2012/Betak-et-al--EUPVSEC2012--Solarresource-potential-in-EU-MENA-region.pdf
14
Taiwan – good resources
Average annual
solar radiation
Taiwan ranked
25th in 2012
County
kWh/m2 • yr
1. Kaohsiung
1,533
2. Tainan
1,460
3. Chiayi
1,424
Yunlin
1,424
5. Pingdong
1,387
Taitung
1,387
7. Chanhua
1,369
8. Taichung
1,332
9. Miauli
1,278
10. Nantou
1,241
Photo Source: Shahan, Z. (2013, August 26). Top Solar Power Countries Per Capita & Per GDP (CleanTechnica Exlusive). Retrieved from http://cleantechnica.com/2013/06/26/solar-power-by-country-solar-rankings-by-country/
References: Yue, C.-D., & Huang, G.-R. (2011). An evaluation of domestic solar energy potential in Taiwan incorporating land use analysis. Energy Policy, 39, 7988–8002.
15
Solar energy in Taiwan
• Best example
• National Stadium
◦ Largest solar powered
stadium in world
◦ 1 MW installed capacity
◦ 75% stadium’s needs
Formerly – World Games Stadium
2009
Architect: Toyo Ito
Location: Zuoying District, Kaohsiung
Photo Source: Ryan. (2009, November 25). A stadium full of solar power: Taiwan National Stadium pictures. Retrieved from http://blog.industrialinterface.com/2009/11/25/more-solar-taiwan-national-stadium-pictures/
References: C. J. (2014). National Stadium (2009 World Game Main Stadium). Retrieved from http://twgreentrade.com/2014/01/22/national-stadium-2009-world-game-main-stadium/
16
Taiwan’s solar goals
Million Solar Rooftop
PVs Project
(Launched: March 2012)
Year
MW
2013
313
2015
750
2020
1,500
2025
2,500
2030
3,100
• Potential – 30,000 MW
• New technology needed
Photo Source: Chen, H. H., Lee, A. H. I. (2014). Comprehensive overview of renewable energy development in Taiwan. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 37, 215–228.
References: Bureau of Energy, Ministry of Economic Affairs. (2012). Taiwan to achieve energy self-sufficiency and sustainability: MOEA inaugurates “Offices of million solar rooftop PVs and thousand wind turbines promotion” leading
Taiwan into renewable energy age. Retrieved from http://web3.moeaboe.gov.tw/ECW/english/news/News.aspx?kind=6&menu_id=958&news_id=968
MW or megawatts = one million watts
17
Green energy
• Global renewable energy
• Urban ecosystem affordance:
◦
◦
◦
◦
Solar
Wind
Biomass
Geothermal
Photo Sources: Cilento, K. (2010, August ,24). Greenway Self-Park/HOK. Retrieved from http://www.archdaily.com/?p=74468
Ryan. (2009, November 25). A stadium full of solar power: Taiwan National Stadium pictures. Retrieved from http://blog.industrialinterface.com/2009/11/25/more-solar-taiwan-national-stadium-pictures/
18
Wind power total global capacity
Photo Source: Renewable Energy Policy Network for the 21st Century (REN21). Renewables 2014 Global Status Report. Retrieved from http://www.ren21.net/REN21Activities/GlobalStatusReport.aspx
19
Wind power per capita
Taiwan ranked
23rd in 2012
Photo Source: Shahan, Z. (2013June 20). Top wind power countries per capita (CleanTechnica exclusive). Retrieved from http://cleantechnica.com/2013/06/20/top-wind-power-countries-in-the-world-per-capita-per-gdp-in-total/
20
Taiwan’s urban wind power
• Lack of wind in Taiwan’s cities
• Unlike London (left photos)
• Need yearly average of 5 m/s
◦ 18 km/h (or 11.2 mph)
◦ With today’s technology & prices
Strata SE1
2010
Architect: BFLS
Location: London
Photo Sources: Seager, A. (2010, January 27). Public supports ambitious scheme for micro-scale renewable energy: Poll. The Guardian. Retrieved from http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2010/jan/27/feed-in-tariffs-renewable-energy
Kitwood, D. (2010). The 480ft Strata Tower in London is named the UK’s ugliest new building – Getty images Europe. Retrieved from
http://www.zimbio.com/pictures/Tsu9pKx6V8X/480ft+Strata+Tower+London+Named+UK+Ugliest/JXA-f_jnSVj
21
Need yearly average of 5 m/s
Average yearly wind speeds
Research Center for Energy
Technology and Strategy
Location: Tainan
1. Taipei
Hualien
3. Kaohsiung
4. Keelung
5. Tainan
6. Banciao
7. Yilan
8. Hsinchu
9. Taitung
10. Chiayi
11. Taoyuan
12. Taichung
4.30 m/s
4.30 m/s
4.10 m/s
3.80 m/s
3.54 m/s
3.50 m/s
3.32 m/s
3.04 m/s
2.91 m/s
2.50 m/s
2.30 m/s
1.61 m/s
References: Chen, T.-H., Tran, V.-T., Yang, N.C., & Hsieh, T.-Y. (2013). Wind energy potential in Taiwan. Applied Mechanics and Materials, 284-287, 1062–1066.
22
Urban wind power – other problems
• Other buildings
◦ Shelter
◦ Turbulence
•
•
•
•
•
•
Noise
Shadow flicker
Vibration
Aesthetics
Catastrophic failure (safety)
Threat to wildlife
Greenway Self-Park
2010
Architect: HOK
Location: Chicago
Photo Source: Cilento, K. (2010, August ,24). Greenway Self-Park/HOK. Retrieved from http://www.archdaily.com/?p=74468
Control Alt Energy. (unknown). Wind myths. Retrieved July 30, 2014, from http://www.controlaltenergy.com/Wind_Myths.htm
23
Urban wind power – other problems
• Other buildings
◦ Shelter
◦ Turbulence
• Noise
• Shadow flicker
“City-based rooftop wind power does not pay off” study
• Vibration
by UK's Carbon Trust (Clean Technica, 2008)
• Aesthetics
• Catastrophic failure (safety)
• Threat to wildlife
Greenway Self-Park
2010
Architect: HOK
Location: Chicago
Photo Source: Cilento, K. (2010, August ,24). Greenway Self-Park/HOK. Retrieved from http://www.archdaily.com/?p=74468
Control Alt Energy. (unknown). Wind myths. Retrieved July 30, 2014, from http://www.controlaltenergy.com/Wind_Myths.htm
24
But, still trying
Omni-direction-guide-vane
Chong et al. (2013)
Integrated roof wind energy
system
Suma et al. (2012)
Photo Sources: Chong, W. T., Fazlizan, A., Poh, S. C., Pan, K. C., Hew, W. P., Hsiao, F. B. (2013). The design, simulation and testing of an urban vertical axis wind turbine with the omni-direction-guide-vane. Applied Energy, 112, 601–609.
Suma, A. B., Ferraro, R. M., Dano, B., Moonen, S. P. G. (2012). Integrated roof wind energy system. Proceedings of the EPJ Web of Conferences, 33, 03002. Retrieved from http://www.epj-conferences.org or
http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/20123303002m/?p=74468
25
Taiwan’s wind goals
• Exurban – good resources
• By 2030: 33% of total
renewable power capacity
Thousand Wind
Turbines Project
(Launched: March 2012)
Offshore
Year
Units
MW
2012
0
0
2015
4
15
2020
200
1,000
2030
600
3,000
Onshore
Year
Units
MW
2012
302
596
2015
350
866
2020
450
1,200
2030
450
1,200
Total
1,050
4,200
Photo Sources: Hu, Ssu-Yuan. (2012). Policy and promotion of offshore wind power in Taiwan. Retrieved from http://www.re.org.tw/Files/file/01%20%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E9%9B%A2%E5%B2%B8%E9%A2%A8%E9%9B%BB%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%96%E6%8E%A8%E5%8B%95.pdf
References:
Chen, H. H., Lee, A. H. I. (2014). Comprehensive overview of renewable energy development in Taiwan. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 37, 215–228.
26
Taiwan’s offshore goals
Thousand Wind
Turbines Project
Offshore
Year
Units
MW
2015
4
15
2030
600
3,000
Potential
1,000
5,000
Other Countries – 2014
Units
MW
UK
1,073
3,641
Denmark
523
1,272
Netherlands
278
847
Photo Sources: Hu, Ssu-Yuan. (2012). Policy and promotion of offshore wind power in Taiwan. Retrieved from http://www.re.org.tw/Files/file/01%20%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E9%9B%A2%E5%B2%B8%E9%A2%A8%E9%9B%BB%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%96%E6%8E%A8%E5%8B%95.pdf
Offshore Wind. (2013, January 28). Taiwan Bureau of Energy awards TGC with offshore wind grant scheme. Offshore Wind. Retrieved from http://www.offshorewind.biz/2013/01/28/taiwan-bureau-of-energy-awards-tgc-with-offshore-wind-grant-scheme/
Offshore Wind. (2014, March 11). MECAL to advise on first Taiwanese offshore wind farm. Offshore Wind. Retrieved from http://www.offshorewind.biz/2014/03/11/mecal-to-advise-on-first-taiwanese-offshore-wind-farm/
References:
Chen, H. H., Lee, A. H. I. (2014). Comprehensive overview of renewable energy development in Taiwan. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 37, 215–228.
27
Largest offshore wind farms
Top 5 Operational Farms
Name
3
Country
Year
MW
1. London Array
UK
2012
630
2. Greater Gabbard
UK
2012
504
Denmark
2013
400
4. BARD Offshore 1 Germany
2013
400
5. Walney
1012
367
3. Anholt
4
5
1
UK
2
Location of 22 of world’s 25
largest
Photo Source: Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. (2014). List of offshore wind farms. Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_offshore_wind_farms
References: Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. (2014). List of offshore wind farms. Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_offshore_wind_farms
28
Green energy
• Global renewable energy
• Urban ecosystem affordance:
◦
◦
◦
◦
Solar
Wind
Biomass
Geothermal
Photo Sources: Cilento, K. (2010, August ,24). Greenway Self-Park/HOK. Retrieved from http://www.archdaily.com/?p=74468
Ryan. (2009, November 25). A stadium full of solar power: Taiwan National Stadium pictures. Retrieved from http://blog.industrialinterface.com/2009/11/25/more-solar-taiwan-national-stadium-pictures/
29
Biomass power worldwide
Electricity from biomass – top five countries
Photo Source: Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. (2014). Biomass. Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomass
30
Urban ecosystem
Abundant supply of biomass
resources:
• Household garbage
• Lawn clippings, tree trimmings,
and other vegetative waste
• Domestic wastewater
• Industrial waste disposal
• Demolition debris
Photo Source: Ecofriend. (2012). Excrement to energy: Human waste to produce clean power! Retrieved from http://www.ecofriend.com/excrement-energy-human-waste-produce-clean-power.html
Waldstein, E. (2010, April 16). One man’s trash is another man’s energy: Denmark turns trash into energy. Retrieved from http://www.thinkgreenliveclean.com/2010/04/one-mans-trash-is-another-mans-energy-denmark-turnstrash-into-energy/
31
Biomass power worldwide
Electricity from biomass – California
Fuel source
Solid fuel combustion
•
•
•
•
2% of total electricity in 2011
MW
640
43% forest residue
28% urban wood
22% agricultural processing
7% municipal solid waste
Landfill gas-to-energy
275
Wastewater treatment
64
Animal & food waste
digester
5.7
Totals
985
Photo Sources: California Energy Commission. (2014). Waste to energy & biomass in California. Retrieved from http://www.energy.ca.gov/biomass/
32
Biomass power worldwide
Electricity from urban biomass – California
Fuel source
MW
Solid fuel combustion
•
•
•
•
2% of total electricity in 2011
43% forest residue
28% urban wood
22% agricultural processing
7% municipal solid waste
179
45
Landfill gas-to-energy
275
Wastewater treatment
64
Animal & food waste
digester
Totals
563/985 = 57%
Photo Source: California Energy Commission. (2014). Waste to energy & biomass in California. Retrieved from http://www.energy.ca.gov/biomass/
33
Taiwan’s biomass goals
Biomass power
from
urban waste
Sansui Ecological Park
Trash
Densified refuse
derived fuel
Formerly – Sanzhuku Sanitary
Landfill
Biogas power generation
Capacity: 6.81 MW
Location: Taipei
Year
MW
2012
623
2015
850
2020
1,030
2025
1,500
Demonstration plant
Capacity: 145 MW
Location: Hualien
Photo Source: Wu, K.-T. (2010). Utilization of biomass energy in Taiwan: Status quo & Prospective. Retrieved from http://www.fcu.edu.tw/wSite/publicfile/Attachment/f1271840707732.pdf
References: Chen, H. H., Lee, A. H. I. (2014). Comprehensive overview of renewable energy development in Taiwan. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 37, 215–228.
34
Green energy
• Global renewable energy
• Urban ecosystem affordance:
◦
◦
◦
◦
Solar
Wind
Biomass
Geothermal
Photo Sources: Cilento, K. (2010, August ,24). Greenway Self-Park/HOK. Retrieved from http://www.archdaily.com/?p=74468
Ryan. (2009, November 25). A stadium full of solar power: Taiwan National Stadium pictures. Retrieved from http://blog.industrialinterface.com/2009/11/25/more-solar-taiwan-national-stadium-pictures/
35
Geothermal worldwide
Percentage of country’s electricity in 2010
Hellisheidi Geothermal
Power Plant (Iceland)
Berlin Geothermal Power
Plant (El Salvador)
Photo Sources: Fridleifsson, I. B., & Ómarsdóttir, M. (2013, October 4). Geothermal energy in developing countries and the MDGs. Retrieved from http://unu.edu/publications/articles/geothermal-energy-in-developing-countries-and-the-mdgs.html
Iceland on Review Line. (2009, March 31). Icelandic power plant opens in El Salvador. Retrieved from http://icelandreview.com/news/2009/03/31/icelandic-power-plant-opens-el-salvador
36
For cities, geothermal heat pump
Capacity by region: 2013–2020
Photo Source: Konrad, T. (2014). Geothermal heat pumps (GHP) are a niche market. They shouldn’t be. Retrieved from http://www.altenergystocks.com/archives/geothermal/
37
Geothermal heat pumps (GHP)
Also known as:
• Ground source heat pumps
• Geoexchange
Pros
• Cut costs for heating &
cooling by up to 80%
Photo Source: Fridleifsson, I. B., & Ómarsdóttir, M. (2013, October 4). Geothermal energy in developing countries and the MDGs. Retrieved from http://unu.edu/publications/articles/geothermal-energy-in-developing-countries-and-the-mdgs.html
38
Geothermal heat pumps (GHP)
Also known as:
• Ground source heat pumps
• Geoexchange
Pros
• Cut costs for heating &
cooling by up to 80%
Cons
• High upfront costs
• 750,000 TWD ($25,000 USD)
• Tropical climates –
subsurface & atmospheric
temperature differences
not large
Photo Source: Fridleifsson, I. B., & Ómarsdóttir, M. (2013, October 4). Geothermal energy in developing countries and the MDGs. Retrieved from http://unu.edu/publications/articles/geothermal-energy-in-developing-countries-and-the-mdgs.html
39
Taiwan – rich in geothermal resources
• Exurban areas
• 4 main areas
◦
◦
◦
◦
Mt. Tatun
Yilan
Hualien
Taitung
Geothermal power
Year
MW
2012
1.5
2015
4
2020
66
2025
150
• Potential – 1,000 MW+
• New technology needed
Demonstration plant
Shanghai Shenghe New Energy Resources
Science & Technology Company (SSNE)
Location: Qingshui geothermal field
Photo Sources: Energent Corporation (2011). Energent turbine powers Taiwan’s first geothermal Kalina cycle power plant. Retrieved from http://www.energent.net/press/kalina-taiwan.html
References:
Chen, H. H., Lee, A. H. I. (2014). Comprehensive overview of renewable energy development in Taiwan. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 37, 215–228.
The China Post. (2013, June 26). Geothermal energy challenging but worth attempting: Industry experts. The China Post. Retrieved from http://www.chinapost.com.tw/taiwan/national/national-news/
2013/06/26/382168/Geothermal-energy.htm
Lee, I.-C. (2014, June 12). Academics tout geothermal energy. Taipei Times. Retrieved from http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2014/06/12/2003592574
40
Taiwan – rich in geothermal resources
Problems:
Demonstration plant
Shanghai Shenghe New Energy Resources
Science & Technology Company (SSNE)
Location: Qingshui geothermal field
• Failure of Yilan County’s
Qingshui plant (1981–1993)
• Quality of resources – fair
• Remote locations
• Strict regulations &
environmental issues
• Lack of government funding
• Enhanced geothermal system
(EGS) required
Photo Sources: Energent Corporation (2011). Energent turbine powers Taiwan’s first geothermal Kalina cycle power plant. Retrieved from http://www.energent.net/press/kalina-taiwan.html
References:
The China Post. (2013, June 26). Geothermal energy challenging but worth attempting: Industry experts. The China Post. Retrieved from http://www.chinapost.com.tw/taiwan/national/national-news/2013/06/26/382168/Geothermalenergy.htm
Lee, I.-C. (2014, June 12). Academics tout geothermal energy. Taipei Times. Retrieved from http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2014/06/12/2003592574
41
Green energy
Urban ecosystem affordance:
• Solar
• Wind
• Biomass
• Geothermal
Photo Sources: Fridleifsson, I. B., & Ómarsdóttir, M. (2013, October 4). Geothermal energy in developing countries and the MDGs. Retrieved from http://unu.edu/publications/articles/geothermal-energy-in-developing-countries-and-the-mdgs.html
Ryan. (2009, November 25). A stadium full of solar power: Taiwan National Stadium pictures. Retrieved from http://blog.industrialinterface.com/2009/11/25/more-solar-taiwan-national-stadium-pictures/
Wu, K.-T. (2010). Utilization of biomass energy in Taiwan: Status quo & Prospective. Retrieved from http://www.fcu.edu.tw/wSite/publicfile/Attachment/f1271840707732.pdf
42
Summary
Taiwan’s green energy potential
Solar
Urban
ecosystem
Exurban
ecosystem
*

Wind
Biomass
Geothermal
*





= excellent,  = good,  = fair, blank = poor
Photo Sources: Cilento, K. (2010, August ,24). Greenway Self-Park/HOK. Retrieved from http://www.archdaily.com/?p=74468
Energent Corporation (2011). Energent turbine powers Taiwan’s first geothermal Kalina cycle power plant. Retrieved from http://www.energent.net/press/kalina-taiwan.html
Ryan. (2009, November 25). A stadium full of solar power: Taiwan National Stadium pictures. Retrieved from http://blog.industrialinterface.com/2009/11/25/more-solar-taiwan-national-stadium-pictures/
Wu, K.-T. (2010). Utilization of biomass energy in Taiwan: Status quo & Prospective. Retrieved from http://www.fcu.edu.tw/wSite/publicfile/Attachment/f1271840707732.pdf
43
Summary
Taiwan’s green energy potential
Solar
Urban
ecosystem
Exurban
ecosystem
*

Wind
Biomass
Geothermal
*





= excellent,  = good,  = fair, blank = poor
Additional technological advancements are
needed!
Photo Sources: Cilento, K. (2010, August ,24). Greenway Self-Park/HOK. Retrieved from http://www.archdaily.com/?p=74468
Energent Corporation (2011). Energent turbine powers Taiwan’s first geothermal Kalina cycle power plant. Retrieved from http://www.energent.net/press/kalina-taiwan.html
Ryan. (2009, November 25). A stadium full of solar power: Taiwan National Stadium pictures. Retrieved from http://blog.industrialinterface.com/2009/11/25/more-solar-taiwan-national-stadium-pictures/
Wu, K.-T. (2010). Utilization of biomass energy in Taiwan: Status quo & Prospective. Retrieved from http://www.fcu.edu.tw/wSite/publicfile/Attachment/f1271840707732.pdf
44
Thank you
45