COMMUNITY LED TOTAL SANITATION – CLTS IN SOUTH TURKANA
(CLTS TRAINING REPORT)
Submitted To: WORLD- RENEW
Submitted By: PLAN KENYA
December, 2012.
INTRODUCTION
Plan Kenya has been providing consultancy services in Community Led Total Sanitation
(CLTS) training to a number of partners who are implementing WASH activities both at
national and international levels. As part of this consultancy, a five day CLTS training
workshop was organized targeting the frontline staff (Public Health Officers and Community
Health Workers - CHWs) who works at level one in Katilu Division, Turkana South District.
The training was conducted from 10th -14th December, 2012.
BACKGROUND
CLTS was introduced in the wider Turkana County by GOK/UNICEF WASH program which
also targeted other 20 Counties in the whole country. However, scaling up CLTS in Turkana
South never took off. WCRS which has been implementing WASH activities in the district has
adopted CLTS as an integral component of WASH. WORLD- RENEW is targeting 6 villages
where they have drilled and installed water point facilities in the division.
Participation
A total of 14 participants attended the training workshop. They were Ministry of Public
Health and Sanitation staff and the local CHWs. These are the frontline officers that will be
charged with CLTS implementation in Katilu Division, Turkana South District. List of
participants attached, check annex I.
DAY ONE
Welcome & inaugural address
The workshop was officially opened by Engineer James Origa by giving a welcome speech
and history of the WORLD- RENEW. He said that this was a great opportunity for
participants to train on CLTS approach, a unique approach which gives strength and selfrespect to community members to eliminate open defecation. He noted that the training
was necessary for the district and especially the division since sanitation coverage was only
14%. He requested participants to the training sessions serious.
Introductions
After welcome address, participants and facilitators introduced themselves, this being a
basic tool to build relationships and understanding each other. The introduction was by:
 Name
 Area of origin/work
 Marital status and
 Position in the community.
Expectations
Expectations of participants were drawn by the help of an exercise whereby the participants
listed out their individual expectations from the workshop on vipp cards. The following were
a summary of expectations raised by participants.
 Learn more about CLTS
 Sharing ideas on CLTS
 Acquire certificate of participation
 To be paid allowance
Group norms
Participants formulated the following ground rules to guide them throughout the training
period
 Phones to be kept on silent mode
 Listen and respect other people’s opinions
 Raising of hands before asking questions
 No disrupting sessions with unnecessary movements
 Time keeping/punctuality
 Start and end sessions with prayers
Leadership
Participants chose their leaders as follows;
Chairperson- Fred Simiyu
Energizer – Alice Ekal
Time keeper – Joyce Asimiti
Spiritual leader – Pastor Lokorio
Pre - assessment
The exercise was done to gauge the level of knowledge and understanding of participants
before the workshop. This form of assessment gave a quick overview of the knowledge and
experience levels of participants and helped the trainers re-confirm the training content.
The overall knowledge assessment stood at 49.4%. On the last day of the workshop the
same questionnaire will be administered.
Workshop objectives
By the end of training, all participants will be expected to have:
 Understood the meaning of CLTS, its background, genesis and concept of CLTS.
 Acquired the requisite knowledge, skills and attitudes for triggering villages/
communities to attain ODF status.
 Understood the monitoring and reporting framework and responsibilities at the level
of CHW/PHT/PHO.
 Develop action plans for introduction, and scaling up CLTS in the respective areas of
work/ communities.
Group formation
Participants were asked to form working groups. Three (3) groups were formed by counting
1,2, and 3. All 1s formed group 1, 2s formed group 2 and 3s group 3. Then members gave
their group a name as follows:
Group 1------------------Kazi bure
Group 2------------------Wisdom
Group 3----------------- Ng’kunonoi Ang’acin
Sanitation and its components
Participants in their groups were tasked to define or explain what they understood by the
word sanitation, giving its components. This was followed by presentations by groups.
Group 1. Kazi bure
Definition: Sanitation is general cleanliness both individual and the environment free from
contamination
Components:
 Proper faecal disposal
 Proper hand washing
 Proper food preparation
 Safe clean water
 Cleaning bushes
 Compost pit
Group 2. Wisdom
Defination: A way of having safe and clean environment that can affect human life. It
focuses on
personal hygiene, cleanliness of environment and safe water.
Components:
 Hand washing
 Personal hygiene
 Proper disposal of children’s feaces to latrine
 Burning rubbish and availability of where to dispose rubbish
 Cutting nails short
 Safe and clean water
Group 3. Ng’kunonoi Ang’acin
Definition: A process people claim, effect and sustain hygiene and healthy environment for
themselves as the whole community.
Components:
 Solid waste disposal
 Excreta
 Hygiene
Sanitation ladder
Participants were introduced to this concept and the challenges rural communities face in
constructing sanitation facilities. Participants raised the following as the challenges:
 Life style (pastoralism)
 Taboo (In Laws not using same pit latrine)
 Ignorance
 Poverty
 Shortage of building materials








Insecurity
Political interference
Shit smell
Inadequate cooperation between the locals and lead organizations/agencies
Government laws prohibiting cutting of trees
Weak soil formation
Rocky grounds
Termites
Participants in their groups were then assigned to arrange these sanitation challenges on a
ladder, starting with easier to resolve at the bottom of the ladder and placing the most
difficult challenges higher on the leader.
Group 1.
Ignorance, taboos, life style, inadequate cooperation between locals and NGOs, political
interference, termites, Gov’t policies/laws, shit smell, shortage of local building materials,
weak soil formation, poverty, insecurity.
Group 2.
Poverty, lack of local building materials, taboos, ignorance, shit smell, termites, weak soil
formation, rocky grounds, political interference, lack of cooperation between locals and
NGOs, Gov’t laws, insecurity, life style.
Group 3.
Life style, Taboos, ignorance, shit smell, shortage of local building materials, termites, weak
soil formation, political interference, inadequate cooperation between the locals and the
NGOs, rocky grounds, poverty, Gov’t laws, insecurity.
DAY TWO
Recap
Commenced at 9.30 am with a recap session. After the recap, participants were asked to
get into their working groups for the next session.
Sharing experiences and assessment of sanitation projects of the past giving the main reasons
of failure and recommendations of improvement.
In groups, participants made discussions and prepared their presentations as follows:
Group 1
Reasons for project failure
 Lack of proper follow up (monitoring)
 Lack of community participation and involvement
 Lack of proper funding mechanism
 Lack of proper accountability and transparency
Recommendations
 Proper needs assessment
 Involvement of local community


Proper accountability and transparency
Involve all- men, women, youth and old
Group 2
Reasons for project failure
 Poor social mobilization
 Project identification wasn’t a priority for community (“Top-down” approach)
 Minimal community participation
 Low women participation
 Subsidies to communities
Recommendations
 Community participation and involvement
 Problem identification/ let people identify the problem
 Proper social mobilization
Group 3
Reasons for project failure
 Inadequate sensitization
 Poor community involvement
 Prescribed design models
 Poor follow up
 Corruption
 No political will
Recommendations
 Projects should be community led not top-down approach
 Right people right job
 Proper accountability
 Community participation
Introduction to CLTS
Participants were taken through the meaning, the background and the concept of
Community Led Total Sanitation. The concept has now spread in many parts of the world
including Asia, Latin America and Africa. In East Africa Kenya and Uganda have seriously
embarked on the approach.
CLTS tools
The CLTS tools were introduced to participants. CLTS borrowed its tools from PRA. The
various CLTS trigger tools and the rationale behind each tool was explained. Participants
asked to pay great attention to these tools/steps as they were very critical in the triggering
process.
Tools/steps





Introduction and rapport building
Social Mapping/defecation mapping
Transect walk/walk of shame
Shit calculation
Faecal – oral route




Water shit demonstration
Food shit calculation
Medical bill calculation
Action planning
Introduction and rapport building
The process of triggering shame, disgust and fear among participants was introduced.
Community entry process begins with Introduction and rapport building. Introduce yourself
and organization you work with as well as purpose of the visit. You have come to learn
sanitation status of the community.
Social Mapping
This is a participatory exercise undertaken by the community members themselves
indicating community households, landmarks and areas of open defecation with different
coloured powders. Usually done separately for adults and children.
Transect walk
After social mapping, the immediate tool of practice is Transect walk or walk of shame. The
facilitator asks participants to take them for a walk in their village. During the walk be
curious, walk slowly and observe carefully. The facilitator should make the whole process
interactive by asking to be taken to open defecation sites. Pick some of the shit from the
walk of shame for another demonstration.
Shit calculation
This session highlighted the importance of shit calculation as an illustration of the
magnitude of sanitation problem. Ask how much human excreta is being generated by each
individual or house hold per day, week, month, year. This is then multiplied by the total
number of households in the village. The facilitator emphasized that it was the “big picture”
that was important in the exercise.
Faecal –oral route
Participants were introduced to this tool using the information from the Walk of shame and
Shit calculation. In groups, participants were to state where all the shit goes by developing
the faecal – oral route.
After making presentations in plenary, there was an interactive session to address the gaps.
F- Diagram
i). Water/shit demonstration
Facilitator demonstrated water/shit exercise by opening and giving a bottle of mineral water
to a participant to drink. A stick is then used to touch shit brought from field and dip in
bottle water and shake. Participants were asked to drink but all refused saying it was
contaminated.
ii). Food/shit demonstration
Like the first demonstration, some food on a plate was given to community members to eat.
Thereafter the plate was put next to shit and flies flew from shit to food. The same plate
was given out for eating but the community members refused saying they had seen flies fly
from shit to food and therefore it was contaminated.
Medical bill expense
Participants were asked to mention the common diseases related to with OD and imagine
how much each household spends on an individual treatment and medicine. As with shit
calculation, participants asked to calculate how much they spend as a family per week,
month and year. The facilitator encouraged participants to have a discussion around the
amount of money spent on treatment.
Action planning
Participants guided on how to lead community members on the aspect of developing an
action plan for stopping open defecation. The plan was to include a particular activity,
timeline, where the activity will take place, the responsible person and resources (if any)
required.
DAY THREE
Recap
The first session of Day was recap, reviewing the activities of the previous day.
How to trigger behaviour change
Participants brainstormed on some general incidents that promoted positive behaviour
change. This was followed by events in the community that promoted behaviour change to
stop open defecation. Lastly, the facilitator helped participants understand the difference
between individual and community triggers and how applied.
Challenging field situations
Participants were taken through this tool and tasked to work in their groups. This was
followed by presentations and plenary discussions which participants admitted were
practical scenarios.
Mock triggering
In preparation for real life triggering, participants were exposed to mock triggering exercise
where two groups were formed. One group representing the community and the other
acting as the visitors (triggering team). The later conducted a triggering process. The session
that followed this was a discussion on how to improve on tool application.
Preparations for triggering village
Two (2) groups were formed for village triggering. The villages identified were IDP1 (Kambi
Baraka) and IDP 2 (Nangaita). The group members shared the roles and responsibilities
among the teams/groups such as lead facilitator, co-facilitator, crowd controller
(environment setter), note taker (process recorder), and logistician (material manager).
Group 1. Village: IDP 1.
Members: Joyce Asimet, Mary akai, Linet Nekesa, Susan Lumala, Levis Wasiki, Welly
Muhamed, Kelengwe Pili, Sylivia Eseton, and Charles Ngira.
Group 2. Village IDP 2.
Members: Timothy Elot, Francis Kourion, Millicent Ngimat, Fred Simuyu, Philip Esekon, Alice
Ekal, Jame Oregi, Wilfred Ireri.
DAY FOUR
Field visits for hands-on learning
Exercise on sharing of experience of field visits
The participants groups were given a format for preparing their presentations on the field
visit experience as follow:
i). What did you enjoy most about the field work?
ii). What did you find difficult?
iii). Which trigger tools did you find most effective? Why?
iv). Which tools did you find least effective? Why?
v). What would you do differently when you go to the field again?
Group 1 analysis report.
What they enjoyed most:
 Good participation from both team members and the community.
 Good reception from the community.
 Village elders fully participated and active.
 Organized community as a whole.
What they found difficult:
 There was message distortion
 To change the notion that the community was living temporary life.
 Some community members giving false information
 Division of members of the community during transect walk.
Tools found most effective:
 Transect walk. This caused a sense of shame, disgust and fear.
 Social mapping. People were afraid of showing open defecation areas.
Tool found to be least effective:
 Introduction and rapport building. Not done well and it was total confusion.
What they would do differently next time:
 Ensure that introduction and rapport building is done well, short and brief to the
point not to bore the community.
 Ensure social mobilization is done properly to avoid confusion as it was observed.
Group 2 analysis report
What they enjoyed most:
 Transect walk because they walked together and when they found shit, it was shame
and nobody admitted responsibility of open defecation.
What they found difficult:
 According to the group, nothing was difficult because the process was smooth.
Tool found to be most effective:
 Shit calculation: The amount of shit produced by the community and consumed was
huge that they couldn’t believe it.
 Medical bill: The medical bill was very high and could help the community do other
things like starting a business or pay school fees.
Tool found least effective:
 Nothing, all tools were effective to this particular exercise.
What they would do differently next time:
 They would improve on time for field visit so that they are not late.
 They would conduct social mobilization properly so that people come in big
numbers.
 They would include some songs in the introduction and rapport building section so
that it becomes more entertaining.
Triggering outcome
The facilitator discussed the triggering outcomes. Basing on the four types, the facilitator
said the triggering process could lead to either Matchbox in Petrol station, promising flames,
scattered sparks or damp matchbox. Each outcome was explained in details. Participants
were asked to rate the triggering exercise they conducted in the day based on the above
outcomes. Both groups responded to promising flames.
DAY FIVE
Shearing community experiences after triggering
A total of eight (8) community members attended the workshop on the last day of the
training. They shared their experiences, commitment and action plan to make their villages
ODF. After presentations, there was an interactive session where the community made
specific commitment like achieving ODF was a must within the shortest time possible. Some
of the statements of community leaders were captured as follows: “we have feared shit in
the past, but what we saw yesterday was very strange to our lives”, now we are no longer
scared of shit any more. Another said “talking about shit has been a taboo up yesterday,
today it is not”. Yet another elderly lady said “ Tumepotezaa pesa zetu mingi kwa hawa
madaktari, sasa nujua nini yakufanya” (“We have lost a lot of our money to these medical
people, now we know what to do”).
Finally, a short film of triggering session at IDP 2 village was shown (Nyangaita village).
Community monitoring
Participants to lead community monitoring process where they will track the progress of
their own development and decide on:
 What is working well
 What is not working well
 How to proceed next
Monitoring tools by CHWs and CHEWs were shared during the session.
Action planning by participants.
Participants were divided into their working groups and asked to develop their action plan
and thereafter present the same. The presenters committed to making some villages in their
respective areas ODF in next 1- 3 months as per the following details:
Group 1.
Activity
1st committee
meeting
Visiting
households
Digging
latrines
Follow up
Latrine
completion
Time/when
2nd week
Dec
3rd week
Dec
31st Jan,
2013
31st Jan,
2013
31st Jan,
2013
Group 2
Date
Activity
18/12/2012 Social
mobilisation
19/12/2012 Committee
meeting
20/12/2012 Digging pits
who
Chairperson CLTS
committee
CLTS committee
where
Asst Chief’s
office
village
Resource
Writing
materials
Transport
Household owners
Individual
household
village
-
village
-
CLTS committee
Individual
households
Transport
where
village
who
Resources Remarks
committee -
village
committee venue
-
households Household Jembe
heads
Pangas
households committee
29/12/2012 Follow up
KITILU CLTS PROGRAM: CRWR/MOPHS ACTION PLANNING/MONITORING
DECEMBER 2012 – 31ST MAY 2013.
Target
CHW
CHEW
PHO
PreTriggeri Community
village
triggerin ng
follow - up
g
IDP 1
Slyvia/susan Alice
Patrick 10/12/20 12/12/ CHW/CHEW
12
2012
Once/ week
IDP 2
Millicent
,,
Line moja
Simiyu
,,
Ngabakan
Emekwi
,,
Kale IDP
camp
Francis
10/12/20 12/12/
12
2012
29/12/
2012
28/12/
2012
12/01/
2013
PHO/Musa
Every 2 wks
Team
meetings
Once every
month
Nakwacilla
Joyce
Lopur
Mary/Alice
9/01/2
013
20/12/
2012
Post – training assessment
Self-assessment questionnaires that were distributed to the workshop participants at the
beginning of the workshop were again distributed to workshop participants. It was noticed
that there was an increase in the understanding of participants. The knowledge was rated at
60%, an increase by 11% from 49.4%.
PHOTO GALLERY
CLTS training session in progress at Katilu RCEA church.
Typical Turkana households targeted for ODF status.
Community members gathering at a site under a tree where triggering
will take place.
Community participation during social mapping exercise.
Children participation during triggering.
Transect walk through IDP 1 village.
“Ng’acin”- the local name for shit.
Amount of Ng’acin produced in IDP 2 village.
ANNEX I.
LIST OF PARTICIPANTS
KATILU CLTS TRAINING WORKSHOP 10th to 14th December 2012, Katilu RCEA Church.
Lead Trainers.
1.Charles Ngira-Plan international CLTS Unit.
2.Wilfred Ireri-Plan International, CLTS Unit.
Date; ....10th – 14th December, 2012............
S/No
1
Participant Name
Fred Simiyu
Sex
M
ROLE
Community health worker
LOCATION
Katilu line moja village
2
3
Phillip Esekon
Susan Lomaala
M
F
Community health worker
Community health worker
Lopur village
Ang’arapt village
4
Alice Ekal
F
Lokichar health centre.
5
6
Francis Emekwi
Millicent Ngimat
M
F
Community health Extension
worker
Community health worker
Community health worker
7
Sylvia Esekon
F
Community health worker
Baraka IDP camp
8
Linet Mabunde
F
KEWI attachee
Katilu
9
Welly Mohamed
M
Clinical officer
Katilu health centre
10
Timothy Elot
M
Nurse
Katilu health centre
11
Francis Kourion
M
Nurse assistant
12
Mary Akai
F
Nurse
Kalemngorok health
centre
Lopur health centre
13
Joyce Asimit
F
14
Lewis Losike
M
15
TEAM LEADER.
Kilengwe
M
Community health Extension
worker
Community health Extension
worker
Divisional Public health officer
Katilu village
Nyang’aita village
Kalemngorok
Kainuk health centre
Katilu division
ANNEX II.
WORKSHOP SCHEDULE
Training Program
5 Days CLTS Training of PHOs/CHEWs/CHWs
Session No
DAY 1
Session 1
Session 2
Session 3
Session 4
Session 5
Session 6
Session 7
Session 8
Session 9
Session 10
Session 11
DAY 2
Session 1
Session 2
Session 3
Session 4
Session 5
Session 6
Day 3
Session 1
Session 2
Session 3
Session 4
Session Title
From
To
Registration and Opening
Introduction/Opening Remarks
Setting Training Workshop Norms
Group Formation
Participants Expectation and Planned
Workshop Objectives
Pre Workshop Assessment
Tea Break
What is Sanitation? Components of
sanitation etc
Sanitation Ladder
How to Prevent the Spread of Diseases
Current Sanitation & Hygiene Situation in
Kenya
Experiences and Assessment of Sanitation
Programs in Kenya and Nyanza region.
Lunch Break
Community Led Total Sanitation
Group Reading of Trainers Notes and quiz
preparations.
0800
0830
0900
0915
0930
0830
0900
0915
0930
1000
1000
1030
1100
1030
1100
1115
1115
1130
1200
1130
1200
1230
1230
1330
1330
1430
1630
1430
1630
1730
Recap of Day 1
How to trigger the behaviour change?
Learning to Trigger: Required Attitudes
and Tools
Tea Break
Mock Triggering Session
Challenging Field Situations
Lunch Break
Quiz Competition amongst Group (based
on Trainers Notes)
Planning for Field Demo of Triggering
CLTS in a typical village and collection of
supplies by each group
0830
0900
0930
0900
0930
1000
1000
1030
1200
1330
1430
1030
1200
1330
1430
1530
1530
1730
Field-level Training I
Lunch Break
Analyzing Feedback from Field Work
Classification of triggers
Sustaining behavior change and moving
0830
1400
1500
1630
1700
1400
1500
1630
1700
1730
Responsibility
Session 5
Day 4
Session 1
Session 2
Session 3
Day 5
Session 1
Session 2
Session 3
Session 4
Session 5
Session 6
Session 7
Session 8
Session 9
up the sanitation ladder
Planning Field Visit II
1730
1800
Field-level Training II
Lunch Break
Analysis of Field Work II
Identifying Elements to Support Sustained
Behaviour Change
0830
1400
1500
1700
1400
1500
1700
1730
Recap of Day 4
Community Monitoring
Briefing on Preparation of Action Plans
Tea Break
Activities to Achieve the Goal
Allocating Responsibilities and
Presentation of Action Plans
Presentation of Action Plans by ODF
Committees /Facilitators and revisions
Lunch Break
Feedback from Last group of Trainee
PHTs, discussions and way forward
Certificates awarding ceremony,
concluding remarks and departure
0830
0900
0930
1000
1030
1100
0900
0930
1000
1030
1100
1130
1130
1330
1330
1430
1430
1530
1530
onward