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N.S. 100 Lecture 3 – Biochemistry is broken up into 3
parts – this is part 3a.
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 Carbon atoms form chains
 Carbon chains are backbone
for molecules of life
Carbon atom
and
carbon chain
formation
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6
2
4
5
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3a
Diamond is a
chain of
carbon atoms
3b
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Organic Chemistry =
Chemistry of Carbon Atoms
Organic Molecules
Contain Carbon + Hydrogen
and maybe oxygen, and other atoms
Everything here is organic
…..oops except for the bottle
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Biologically Important Organic Molecules
Hydrocarbons – Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H)
Carbohydrates – C, H, Oxygen (O)
Proteins – C, H, O, Nitrogen (N), Sulfur(S)
Lipids – C, H, O
Nucleic Acids – C, H, O, N, Phosphorous (P)
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Hydrocarbons contain
carbon (C) and hydrogen (H)
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H
Hydrogen atom
C
Carbon atom
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H
CH4
H
Methane
= simple hydrocarbon
H
C
H
A simple organic
molecule with 1 Carbon
and 4 hydrogen atoms
Energy released when
hydrogen separated from
carbon during burning
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Ethane
Examples of
Hydrocarbons
(carbon and
hydrogen)
Propane
Butane
Hydrocarbon
(carbon and
hydrogen)
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Gasoline
Diesel – long chain hydroc-c-c-c-c-c-c-carbon
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Monomers
Dimers
Polymers
What are monomers?
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Monomers = small molecules
linked together to form chains.
What are polymers?
Polymers = chains of monomers .
Poly = many
mer = parts or units
Polymer = many parts linked together
?
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Like
monomers
Like a
polymer
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Dimer & Polymer formation
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(Monomer A)
(Monomer B)
OH
HO
HOH
(Monomer
A)
Monomer A
Dehydration
(removal of water)
synthesis (uniting)
(Monomer B)
O
dimer = two monomers
Polymer: repeating units of monomers
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Examples of polymers include:
Starch = polymer in made of sugar
monomers (food)
Polyethylene = polymer made of
ethylene monomers (plastic bags)
Polystyrene = polymer made of styrene
monomers (styrofoam cups and dishes)
Protein = polymer made of amino
acid monomers (muscle tissue)
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Biologically Important Organic Molecules
Hydrocarbons – Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H)
Carbohydrates – C, H, Oxygen (O)
Proteins – C, H, O, Nitrogen (N), Sulfur(S)
Lipids – C, H, O
Nucleic Acids – C, H, O, N, Phosphorous (P)
Foods rich in Carbohydrates
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Carbohydrates
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Monosaccharides
= sugar
Disaccharides
Polysaccharides
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Glucose (sugar) is a common
example of a monosaccharide
Oxygen
Hydrogen
C6H12O6
C1H2O1
C6H12O6
Hydroxyl group
Carbon
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Glucose
Energy for all functions, in all cells, in all living things
In humans – growth, kidney function, nerve impulses,
digestion, muscle action, heart beat, and more
Normal glucose and insulin levels over a 24 hour
period in people without diabetes
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Diabetic
Disaccharide (dimer) formation
Monosaccharide
(Monomer A)
OH
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Monosaccharide
(Monomer B)
HO
HOH
(Monomer
A)
Monomer A
Dehydration
(removal of water)
synthesis (uniting)
(Monomer B)
O
Sucrose a Disaccharide (dimer = two monomers)
Biologist’s idea of Halloween fun
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Table Sugar
Polysaccharide
(polymer) is made
of many
monosaccharides
(monomers)
Monosaccharide
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Polysaccharide
Examples of Polysaccharides:
Potato
Starch
Cellulose
leaves
Chitin
exoskeletons
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Biologically Important Organic Molecules
Hydrocarbons – Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H)
Carbohydrates – C, H, Oxygen (O)
Proteins – C, H, O, Nitrogen (N), Sulfur(S)
Lipids – C, H, O
Nucleic Acids – C, H, O, N, Phosphorous (P)
PROTEINS:
Structure and
Function of proteins
controls structure and
function of all life
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Hair (cell
product)
Skin cell
Proteins are found in all cells and in
many cell products