CEA- Review Sheet 3
Lesson 2.3 Residential Design - Overview
Preface
With the exception of minor stylistic details and additional bathrooms, houses have changed very little over many years.
Most of the creativity and engineering in residential design involves changes to make homes more useable, efficient, and
environmentally responsible. Most times these changes may not appear obvious to the casual observer. Improved flow
makes the space more enjoyable. More efficient lighting, heating, and cooling improve comfort and will save the owner
money over time. Recent trends in building technology are also improving building performance and reducing the negative
impact of building construction on the environment. Properly selecting building components will reduce a building’s energy
consumption and lead to sustainability. Using local material or recycled components lessens the environmental impact.
In order to create an efficient and cost effective building, the designer must carefully integrate building utilities and
services (such as water supply, electrical, plumbing and wastewater) with the architectural and structural design of a
building project. It is also important to keep the needs of the building occupants in mind when designing a building and its
systems by considering the impact of each design decision on building efficiency, the convenience of use, and comfort of
the occupants.
During this lesson students will design an affordable home for a client using sustainable practices. Many community
organizations are dedicated to providing simple and efficient housing for those in need of assistance. The guidelines for
the Habitat Home, along with codes and a client survey, will serve as the constraints for the project. Students will produce
a client survey, create bubble diagrams and sketches, conduct site planning, identify water supply considerations, lay out
electrical and plumbing systems, and complete water drainage calculations. The house will be modeled using 3D
architectural design software. The students will present their work in the form of a written report and construction
documents, including floor plans, elevations, a section view, and a site plan.
Understandings
1.
Responsible designers maximize the potential of the property, minimize impact on the environment, and
incorporate universal design concepts in order to create an attractive and functional space.
2.
Responsible designers anticipate the needs and requirements of the users.
3.
Codes are created to protect the health and safety of the public, dictate the minimum requirements that must be
met in a building project, and constrain the location of structures, utilities, building construction, and landscape
components placed on a site.
4.
Appropriate flow rate, pressure, and water quality are necessary for effective water supply and use.
5.
When utilities are not available within a reasonable distance to be economically brought on site, substitutions
must be designed and constructed.
6.
Utilities and systems must be properly sized to minimize cost and appropriately serve the project and the structure
occupants.
7.
The design of electrical and plumbing systems must be carefully integrated into the architectural and structural
design of a building.
8.
Careful landscape design that takes into consideration local environmental conditions can improve energy
efficiency, reduce noise, reduce water usage, reduce storm water runoff, and improve the visual impact of a building
project.
9.
Storm water runoff from a site often increases when the site is developed and is frequently regulated by local
jurisdictions.
10.
Universal Design involves the design of products and environments to be usable by all people and includes
barrier free accessibility to projects that may be required by federal regulations.
11.
Green or sustainable design reduces the negative impact of a project on the environment and human health and
improves the performance of the project during its life-cycle.
Knowledge and Skills
It is expected that students will:

Apply elements of good residential design to the design of a basic house to meet the needs of a client.

Create a home design that complies with applicable codes and requirements.

Incorporate sustainable building principles and universal design concepts into a residential design.

Create bubble diagrams and sketch a floor plan.

Identify residential foundation types and choose an appropriate foundation for a residential application.

Calculate the head loss and estimate the water pressure for a given water supply system.

Create sketches to document a preliminary plumbing and a preliminary electrical system layout for a residence
that complies with applicable codes.

Design an appropriate sewer lateral for wastewater management for a building that complies with applicable
codes.

Create a site opportunities map and sketch a project site.

Choose an appropriate building location on a site based on orientation and other site-specific information.


Calculate the storm water runoff from a site before and after development.
Document the design of a home using 3D architectural design software and construction drawings.
Essential Questions
1.
How do you achieve a balance between cost-saving measures, important features, and environmental
responsibility when designing a residential structure?
2.
What are the advantages and disadvantages of using 3D architectural software rather than creating handproduced plans?
3.
Why are organizations such as LEED important?
4.
When planning a project, how does the availability of public utilities impact the design?
5.
What options are available for the management of wastewater from a building?
6.
What are the important considerations when design a plumbing system?
7.
Why should a designer know about the different types of lighting and their applications?
8.
9.
What are the important considerations when designing an electrical system?
What information is important when documenting the design of a building?
Lesson 2.3 Residential Design - Key Terms
Term
Definition
Berm
A horizontal ledge cut between the foot and top of an embankment to stabilize
the slope by intercepting sliding earth.
Building Code
Legal requirements designed to protect the public by providing guidelines for
structural, electrical, plumbing, and mechanical areas of a structure.
Building Envelope
The portion of a building that encloses the treated environment, including the
walls, ceiling or roof, and floor.
Circuit
The various conductors, connections, and devices found along the path of
electric flow from the source through the components and back to the source.
Circuit Breaker
An electric safety switch that automatically opens a circuit when excessive
amperage occurs.
Cleanout
A fitting with a removable plug that is placed in plumbing drainage pipe lines to
allow access for cleaning out the pipe.
Coniferous
Cone-bearing trees with year-round leaves that are long, thin, and needle-like.
Construction Type
Five broad categories of construction found in the International Building Code
that are based on the fire-resistive capabilities of the materials used.
Deciduous
Broad-leafed trees that seasonally shed their leaves.
Distribution Panel
A box in which the wires from the meter are connected to individual circuit
breakers, which are connected to separate circuits for distribution to various
locations throughout the building.
Drain
Any pipe that carries wastewater or water-borne wastes in a building drainage
system.
Drainage
Removal of groundwater or surface water, or of water from structures, by
gravity or pumping.
Drainage Fixture Unit
A measure of the probable discharge into the drainage system by various types
of plumbing fixtures.
Drainage System
Piping within a building that conveys sewage, rainwater, or other liquid wastes
to a point of disposal.
Ducts
Pipes, typically made of sheet metal, used to conduct hot or cold air in the
HVAC system.
Easement
A limited right to make use of a property owned by another.
Egress
Exits or a way out.
Electric Meter
An instrument used to measure electric power.
Elevation View
Drawing view that shows an orthographic projection of a building and indicates
vertical dimensions, materials, architectural design, and construction details not
apparent on the floor plan.
Exit Discharge
That portion of the means-of-egress system between the termination of the exit
and a public way.
Floor Plan
A sectional view that shows a floor from a point four feet above the finished
floor level.
Grading
The moving of soil to affect the elevation of land at a construction site.
Ground
An electrical connection to the earth.
Hot Water
Water at a temperature greater than or equal to 110 º F (43º C).
Individual Sewage
A system for disposal of domestic sewage by means of a septic tank cesspool
Disposal System
mechanical treatment to serve a single establishment or building.
Ingress
Entrances or a means to enter.
Invert Elevation
The elevation of the bottom of the inside of the pipe wall.
Lavatory
A fixture that is designed for washing hands and face, usually found in a
bathroom.
Main
The principal pipe artery to which branches are connected.
Nonpotable Water
Water not safe for drinking, personal, or culinary utilization.
Outlet
An electrical connection used to plug in devices. A duplex outlet, with two
outlets, is the typical wall plug.
Potable Water
Water free from impurities present in amounts sufficient to cause disease or
harmful physiological effects and conforming to the regulations of the public
health authority having jurisdiction.
Plumbing Fixture
A device that is connected to the water distribution system and demands a
supply of water; discharges wastewater, liquid-borne waste material, or
sewage to the drainage system; or requires both a water supply connection
and a discharge to the drainage system.
Pressure Head
The pressure of water at a given point in a pipe arising from the pressure in it.
Prevailing Winds
Direction from which the wind most frequently blows in a given area of the
country.
Rainfall Intensity
The rate of precipitation, expressed in inches per hour. Also known as
precipitation intensity or storm intensity.
Return Period
Average length of time between occurrences of a storm of a given magnitude
or greater. Also known as recurrence interval.
Riser
A water supply pipe that extends vertically one story or more to carry water to
fixtures.
Sanitary Sewer
A sewer that conveys sewage but excludes storm, surface, and ground water.
Section View
A drawing view created from a cutting plane passed through an object or
building to show internal structure or components.
Setback
Minimum distance that the zoning ordinance requires must be maintained
between a structure and property lines or between two structures.
Sewage
Any liquid waste containing animal or vegetable matter in suspension or
solution, including liquids containing chemicals in solution.
Sewer
A pipe, normally underground, that carries wastewater and refuse.
Soil Pipe
A pipe that conveys sewage containing fecal matter to the building drain or
building sewer.
Stack
Any vertical line of soil, waste, vent, or inside conductor piping that extends
through at least one story.
Static Head
Pressure of a fluid due to the head of fluid above some reference point.
Storm Duration
Length of time that rain falls during a single storm.
Switch Leg
The electrical conductor from a switch to the electrical device being controlled.
Time of Concentration
The time for storm water runoff to travel from the hydraulically most remote
point in a drainage sub-basin to the point of investigation.
Trap
A fitting or device that provides a liquid seal to prevent the emission of sewer
gases without materially affecting the flow of sewage or wastewater through
the trap.
Universal Design
A user-friendly approach to design in the living environment where people of
any culture, age, size, weight, race, gender, and ability can experience an
environment that promotes their health, safety, and welfare today and in the
future.
Valve
A fitting that is used to control the flow of fluid or gas.
Variance
A legal request by a property owner to allow a modification from a standard or
a requirement in the zoning code.
Vent Pipe
A vertical pipe installed to provide circulation of air to and from any part of the
drainage system.
Water Closet
A water-flushing plumbing fixture, such as a toilet, that is designed to receive
and discharge human excrement.
Water Distributing Pipe
A pipe that carries water from the service to the point of use.
Water Heater
Any heating appliance or equipment that heats potable water and supplies
such water to the potable hot water distribution system.
Water Meter
A device used to measure the amount of water that goes through the water
service.
Water Service
The pipe from the water main or other supply to the water-distributing pipes.
Watt
A unit of measure of power.
Principles of Sustainability
in Architecture
Sustainable Building Life Cycle
• Economy of Resources - Reduce, recycle,
and reuse natural resources
• Pre-Building
• Life Cycle Design - Structured
methodology for the building process
• Building
• Post-Building
• Humane Design - Harmony between
humans and nature
Pre-Building Phase
How building materials impact the environment: harvesting trees could result in deforestation; mining mineral resources (iron for steel; bauxite for aluminum; sand,
gravel, and limestone for concrete) disturbs the natural environment; even the transport of these materials can be a highly polluting activity, depending on their
weight and distance from the site. The manufacturing of building products also requires energy and creates environmental pollution: for example, a high level of
energy is required to manufacture steel or aluminum products.
Building Phase
The operation of the building life cycle considers natural resources, its carbon footprint, and operating costs.
Post-Building Phase
Old materials become resources for other building or waste to be returned to nature. The sustainable-design strategy focuses on reducing construction waste (which
currently comprises 60% of the solid waste in landfills) by recycling and reusing buildings and building materials.
Federal Legislation
• The Architectural Barriers Act of 1968 (ABA)
– Required all facilities receiving federal funding to be
accessible to people with disabilities
• The Rehabilitation Act of 1973 (Section 504)
– Made it illegal to discriminate on the basis of disability
– Applied to federal agencies, public universities,
federal contractors, and other activities receiving
federal funds
• Fair Housing Amendments Act of 1988 (FHAA)
– Required multifamily projects with four or more
dwelling units to be accessible per the Fair Housing
Accessibility Guidelines
Federal Legislation
• Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA)
– Requires barrier-free access to state and local
government projects, commercial facilities, and public
accommodations
– Physical barriers that impede access must be
removed
– ADA Standards for Accessible Design are
enforceable
Principles of Universal Design
• Equitable Use
Universal Design
"Universal design is the design of products
and environments to be usable by all
people, to the greatest extent possible,
without the need for adaptation or
specialized design.”
Center for Universal Design
Principles of Universal Design
• Perceptible Information
– The design communicates necessary
information effectively to the user regardless
of ambient conditions or the user’s sensory
abilities
• Tolerance for Error
– The design minimizes hazards and the
adverse consequences of accidental or
intended actions
– The design is useful and marketable to
individuals with diverse abilities (not just the
disabled)
• Flexibility of Use
– The design accommodates a wide range of
individual preferences and abilities
• Simple and Intuitive Use
– Use of the design is easy to understand,
regardless of the user’s experience, knowledge,
language skills, or current concentration level
Principles of Universal Design
• Low Physical Effort
– The design can be used efficiently and
comfortably and with a minimum of fatigue
• Size and Space for Approach and Use
– Appropriate size and space is provided
regardless of user’s body size, posture, or
mobility
Why LEED Certify?
LEED Defined
Leadership in
Energy and
Environmental
Design
An independent program developed by
the U.S. Green Building Council that
provides benchmarks for the design,
construction, and operation of high
performance green buildings
• Reduce the building’s carbon footprint
• Receive recognition for your commitment to
environmental issues in your community, your
organization, and industry
• Receive third party validation of achievement
• Qualify for federal, state, and local government
financial initiatives
• Receive positive marketing exposure
Classification for LEED for Homes
Credits
ID
LL
SS
WE
EA
MR
IEQ
AE
Innovation in Design
Location and Linkages
Sustainable Site
Water Efficiency
Energy and Atmosphere
Materials and Resources
Indoor Environmental Quality
Awareness and Education
Four Levels of LEED for Homes
Certification
•
•
•
•
LEED Certified
LEED Silver
LEED Gold
LEED Platinum
Elements of a Good Floor Plan
The first sketch drawn in the process of designing a house is usually the floor plan. The floor plan
should be suited to the site while meeting the client’s indoor needs. This means designing with an
awareness of both the exterior and interior. The following is a list of elements that can be seen in
a well-designed floor plan.
1. The design includes very little wasted space.
2. Hallways are limited in length and rarely extend to an exterior wall.
3. Rooms are shaped to accommodate furniture.
4. The three major areas (living, sleeping, and service) are well placed.



LIVING - Includes the entry, living, family, and dining rooms
SLEEPING - Includes bedrooms and closets
SERVICE – Includes garage, kitchen, utility, and possibly bathrooms. This can be a noisy
area and should be separated from the sleeping area.
5. The kitchen should have adequate work space and a convenient work triangle (sink, stove,
refrigerator).
6. The traffic flow is convenient.
7. Bedroom doors swing against a wall whenever possible since they are usually left open.
8. A closet is placed near the entry.
9. Stairs are located in a central hallway.
10. Often closets of adjacent bedrooms are positioned to allow rooms to remain square.
11. The distance from the kitchen to the garage is short for bringing in groceries, etc.
12. Rooms are accessible without passing through another room. The dining room is a possible
exception to this rule.
13. The outdoor living areas are easily accessible from the indoor living and service areas.
14. Rooms with smaller or fewer windows can be placed on the side of the house that faces the
prevailing winds.
15. Because the garage is unconditioned, it can be used as a buffer for the winter winds.
16. Rooms are placed with the view and solar orientation in mind.
RESIDENTIAL FOUNDATION
CEA Review Sheet 4
Electric Service
• Electricity is supplied to a building via a service drop
– Three wires
– Two wires carry 120 volts of alternating current (AC)
such that the voltages are opposite
– One wire is neutral or ground (zero volts)
• Building electrical circuits powered by the difference
between any two wires
– 120V for most fixtures and appliances
• 120V – 0V = 120V
– 240V needed for certain applications and appliances
• 120V – (-120V) = 240V
Ground-Fault Circuit Interrupter
(GFCI)
Electrical Plans
• Required by code in potentially
wet locations
– Kitchen
– Bathroom
• Circuit is opened (stops the
current) when short circuit
occurs
©iStockphoto.com
This electrical plan illustrates how the electrical design is often documented using an electrical plan. An electrical plan identifies the electrical and lighting fixtures to
be installed in a building.
The dashed lines [click] are switch legs which represent the wiring between a switch and the electrical component that it controls. In this design all of the lights are
controlled by switches. Outlets or other hard-wired equipment can also be controlled by a switch.
] Note the use of single switches in most cases, except where two switches control the same light or group of lights where a three way switch is used. A small 3 next
to the switch symbols indicates a three way switch.
If the electrical installations are not complicated, the electrical plans can be placed directly on the floor plan. Often a separate electrical plan will show all electrical
fixtures and light fixtures; however, for more complicated commercial and industrial designs, the designer will create separate power plans and lighting plans. The
power plan may show wiring for electrical outlets and electrical equipment. The lighting plan typically shows the light fixtures and switches.
Site Plan Considerations
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Solar Orientation
Wind Orientation
Sound Orientation
View Orientation
Terrain Orientation
Existing Features
Site Opportunities Map
Landscaping
Location of Utilities
Building Lines
Ingress and Egress
In the winter south facing windows (a southern exposure) bring in welcome solar gain.
In the summer this solar gain is a drain on the cost of cooling and should be minimized.
Cross breezes can be effective at cooling a house if windows and rooms are planned carefully. Adjacent properties, roads, and facilities can produce
unwanted noise that can make a site less inhabitable. Fences, evergreens, walls, or berms are sometimes used as sound barriers.
If a site is chosen due to an appealing view, the structure should be designed and oriented appropriatelyThe slope of the land can affect wind, rainwater runoff, and view.
In addition, it is generally more costly to build on a steep slope.
Very flat ground surface will require extra grading to provide sufficient drainage
Electricity, Water, Sewer, and Phone
Placement of the building should be determined with the location of utilities in mind.
Building Lines
BUILDING
LINES
A building line is established to delineate the buildable area. The building line
is established by the property lines, set back and buffer requirements, and easements. Note that the water (W) and sewer (S) lines are also
indicated on this site plan view.
Ingress and Egress
Ingress and Egress
Potential
Ingress/Egress
Zone
• How do the inhabitants enter and exit the
site?
• The site should be convenient and safe to
enter and exit.
• Parking should be adequate to
accommodate the building’s capacity.
Water Storage
Water Supply System
Pumped to Storage Tank
• Storage
• Water pressure
o psi
o 1 psi = 2.31 feet of water
NOAA
http://www.csc.noaa.gov/alternatives/infrastructure.html
Some civil engineers are responsible for designing systems that provide a reliable and clean water supply.
A water supply system begins at a water source.
Water is transported to a treatment facility where the water is treated to ensure the supply is safe.
Once treated, the water is transported to a storage facility (for example, a water tower) where it is stored for future demand.
When a water faucet is opened or a fire sprinkler is activated, water is transported through the distribution system to the consumer.
Treated water is pumped to a storage tank. Storage tanks are often elevated. A storage tank serves two purposes.
1. It stores the water until it is needed, which reduces the peak demand on the treatment facility.
2. Elevated water tanks create pressure in the water distribution system.
Consumer
Water Distribution System
• Residential, commercial, and
industrial facilities
• Residential
– Min. distribution pressure = 40 psi
– Max. distribution pressure = 80 psi
• Pressure-reducing valve
• Consists of water lines,
fittings, valves, service lines,
meters, and fire hydrants
• Loop system more desirable
than branch system
– Isolation valves
– Water flows in more than
one direction
• Commercial or industrial facilities
– May require higher pressure
– Pumps can increase pressure
BRANCH
SYSTEM
LOOP
SYSTEM
©iStockphoto.com
©iStockphoto.com
The water distribution system includes all of the water lines and components attached to the water lines.
There are basically two different distribution system configurations: Loop systems and branch systems.
Loop systems are more desirable because they provide redundancy. If a leak occurs in a loop system, installed isolation valves can be used to close
off a small area near the leak but allow the remainder of the system to continue to provide water. In a branch system, the entire system must be
shut down to repair a leak.
In addition, the loop system allows water to flow from more than one direction which can reduce the negative effect felt in a branch system when
upstream demand reduces pressure and flow rate.
The water supply system must adequately serve all customers including residential, commercial, and industrial facilities. The water pressure, flow
rate, and demand times may vary significantly among users.
For residential consumers, the minimum desirable distribution pressure is 40 psi. A pressure over 60 psi is considered high. Because it increases the
flow rate, high water pressure can lead to increased water use (waste) and increased energy use (due to heating the excess water). In addition,
high water pressure can damage appliances and fixtures and cause them to wear out more quickly. Codes often require pressure-reducing valves at
the service meter when the distribution pressures exceed 80 psi.
Definition
Definition
Static Head
• Potential energy of the water at rest
• Measured in feet of water
• Change in elevation between source
and discharge
• Ex: What is the static head at a
residential supply line if the water
level in the elevated tank is 943 ft
and the elevation at the supply line
is 890 ft?
Static Pressure
•
•
•
•
Pressure of water at rest
Measured in pounds per square inch (psi)
2.31 feet of water = 1 psi
Ex: What is the static pressure at distribution if the
static head is 53 ft of water?
53 ft 
EPA at
http://www.epa.gov/region02/superfund/npl/mohonkr
oad/images.html
1 psi
 22.9psi
2.31 ft
• Is this the pressure at which water would exit a
faucet in the house?
943 ft – 890 ft = 53 feet of water
Calculating Head Loss
Definitions
Head Loss
• Energy loss due to friction as water moves through
the distribution system
− Pipes
− Fittings
• Elbows, tees, reducers, etc.
− Equipment (pumps, etc.)
• Major losses = head loss associated with friction per
length of pipe
• Minor losses = head loss associated with bends,
fittings, valves, etc.
Hazen-Williams formula
hf 
Where:
10.44  L  Q1.85
C 1.85  d 4.8655
hf = head loss due to friction (ft)
L = length of pipe (ft)
Q = flow rate of water (gpm)
C = Hazen-Williams constant
d = diameter of the pipe (in.)
Hazen-Williams constants depend on the type of pipe and the condition of the pipe.
Most pipe will experience pitting and corrosion with time. So as pipes age, the friction of the water against the interior surface of the pipe increases.
Because the Hazen-Williams constant is in the denominator of the formula, a decrease in the constant will result in an increase in the frictional
head loss. As you can see in the table, the constant used for design is less than the clean, new pipe constant. The design value assumes that the
pipe has been in service for many years.
You can probably guess that steel and iron will deteriorate over time much more drastically than copper or plastic. This is indicated in the table by
the difference between the clean and design constant values. The difference is much greater for steel and iron than for copper and plastic. Note
that lining steel or iron pipes with cement will significantly reduce the increase in head loss over time.
Calculating Head Loss
Calculating Head Loss
Example
What is the head loss in the 10 inch cast iron
supply line with a flow rate of 110 gpm if the pipe
is 3.2 miles long and includes the fittings from the
previous slide?
Pipe Length = (3.2 miles)(5280
ft
mile
Hazen-Williams Formula
hf 
10.44  L  Q 1.85
C 1.85  d 4.8655
)  16896 ft
Total Equiv. Length = Pipe Length + Equiv. Length of Fittings
hf 
10.44  (17358.8 ft)(110 gpm)1.85
(100)1.85 (10 in)4.8655
Total Equiv. Length = 16896 ft + 462.8 ft = 17358.8 ft
= 2.94 ft
Next, substitute the appropriate values for each of the variable in the Hazen-Williams formula. The total equivalent length should be substituted for L.
The Hazen-Williams formula is empirical, which means that it is based on experimentation, not on logic or theory. The coefficient of 10.44 and the exponents were
determined through experience; therefore, the units will not cancel. However, it is important that you use the correct units for substitution into the formula. Feet for
length, gallons per minute for flow rate, and inches for the pipe diameter.
Definition
Definition
Dynamic / Actual Pressure
Dynamic Head
• Measured in psi
• Head of a moving fluid
• Measured in feet of water
Dynamic Pressure = Actual Pressure
Actual Pressure = Dynamic Head 
1 psi
2.31 ft
Courtesy Constructionphotographs.com
Dynamic Head = Static Head – Head Loss
Example
Static Head= 1487 ft – 1246 ft  241 ft
1 psi
 104.3 psi
2.31 ft
Head Loss (major and minor) = 2.94 ft
Static Pressure = 241 ft 
Dynamic Head = Static Head – Head Loss
 241 ft – 2.9 ft  238.1 ft
Dynamic Pressure = 238.1 ft 
1 psi
 103.1 psi
2.31 ft
The static head is the difference in elevation between the water level in the tank and the supply line
level. [Let students calculate before you show them the calculation.] (click)
The static pressure is simply a conversion of the static head. [Let students calculate before you show them the calculation.] (click)
The head loss was calculated on a previous slide.
The dynamic head is the difference between the static head minus the head loss. [Let students calculate before you show them the calculation.]
The dynamic pressure is the dynamic head converted to psi. [Let students calculate before you show them the calculation.]
Is this pressure acceptable for a residence? No. This pressure is too high. Codes restrict the pressure to 80 psi. A pressure-reducing valve should be installed to reduce
the pressure to the residence.
CEA Review Sheet 5
Water Supply System
Network of pipes that transport hot and
cold potable water under pressure
• Fixture – A device that uses water
(sink, toilet, dishwasher, etc.)
• Water Heater – Large insulated tanks
that heat cold water to be distributed
in the hot water supply lines
• Trunk Lines – Hot or cold water pipes
that serve many fixtures
• Branch Lines – Hot or cold water
pipes that serve only one or two
fixtures
Drain-Waste-Vent System
Network of pipes that transport wastewater
and sewer gases from the building
• Drain Pipe – A pipe that carries
wastewater in a building
• Vent Pipe – A vertical pipe that provides
circulation of air to and from the drainage
system
• Trap – A fitting (usually U-shaped) that
provides a seal to prevent the flow of
sewer gases
• Stack – A vertical pipe (waste or vent) that
extends through at least one story
• Cleanout – An access opening to allow
cleanout of the pipe
Plumbing Codes
Water Supply System
• Water Main – Supply pipe installed
and maintained by a public entity
and on public property
• Water Service – Pipe from the water
main to the building supply pipes
• Meter – Measures the amount of
water transported through water
service
• Valve – A fitting used to control
water flow (located next to the
meter)
Drain-Waste-Vent System
• Sewage – Any liquid waste containing
animal or vegetable matter, including liquids
containing chemicals
• Sanitary Sewer – A sewer pipe that carries
only sewage
• Storm Sewer – A sewer pipe that carries
storm water or other drainage (but not
sewage)
• Building Sewer or Sewer Lateral – Part
of the drainage system from the building to
the public, private, or individual sewer
disposal system
• Sewer Main – A sewer pipe installed and
maintained by a public entity and on public
property
Plumbing Plan
• Protect health and safety of community
• Reduce potential for widespread disease
• Provide rules and regulations for installing
drinking water or sewer facilities
• Identify required methods for installing
plumbing systems
• Provide permits and inspections
The International Residential Code includes
requirements for residential plumbing systems.
International Plumbing Code is a model code
that has been widely adopted throughout the
United States for non-residential facilities
Plumbing plans are used to show the location of the water supply, vent, and drain lines but may also include storm water drains and gas lines. Note
the difference in the line types. Color has been used here to better differentiate between the various lines; however, most plumbing plans will be
black and white. The line style is used to differentiate the various types of pipe. Be sure to record the line style and color of each pipe. You will
need this information for the next activity.
Publically Owned Treatment Works
(POTW)
Wastewater Management
• Owned by a state or
municipality
• Stores, treats, recycles, and
reclaims municipal
wastewater
• Includes sewers, pipes, and
treatment plants
• Reuse
• Recycle
• Discharge and Treat
Photograph by Daniel J. Hippe, U.S. Geological
Survey).Courtesy USGS
http://toxics.usgs.gov/pubs/FS-027-02/
Sewer Lateral Slope
Publically Owned Treatment Works
(POTW)
Cleanout
Sewer Main
Inv. El.
• Treatment includes
Crown El.
– Primary treatment: Screening and settling
– Secondary treatment: Biological treatment in
which activated sludge “eats” pollutants
– Disinfection: Kills bacteria, viruses, and protozoa
1
2
Sewer Lateral Slope =
OD
OD
Sewer Lateral
Invert of Lateral at building- Crown Elev. of Main + 21 OD
×100%
Distance from building to Sewer Main
where 21 OD = half the outside diameter of the sewer branch or main
Conventional Septic System
•
•
•
•
How Do Septic Systems Work?
• Septic tank holds liquid for about 2 days
Septic tank
Distribution box
Drainfield (leach field)
Soil
– Sludge (heavy solids) settles out
– Scum (grease, oil, floating debris) rises to surface
– Anaerobic decomposition breaks down some solids
– Tank should be pumped out regularly
Courtesy South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control (SC DHEC)
Courtesy South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control (SC DHEC)
Courtesy USGS http://sofia.usgs.gov/publications/posters/hydro_flkeys/concerns.html
http://sofia.usgs.gov/publications/posters/hydr
o_flkeys/concerns.html
The Rational Method
The Rational Formula (with recurrence adjustment)
The Rational Method
The Rational Formula (with recurrence adjustment)
Q = Cf C i A
Q = Peak runoff rate (cubic ft/sec)
Cf = Runoff coefficient adjustment factor
C = Runoff coefficient (dependent on type of surface)
i = Storm intensity (in./hour)
A = Area in acres
Q = Cf C i A
Return Period
Cf
1, 2, 5, 10
1.0
25
1.1
50
1.2
100
1.25
Post-Development Analysis
Rainfall Intensity
Composite Runoff coefficient, Cc
• Rainfall (storm) intensity
for a given design storm
can be found from maps,
tables, or charts.
Cc 
C1A1  C2 A2    
A1  A2    
(0.18)(2.31 acres)  (0.95)(0.69 acres)
3 acres
Cc  0.36
Cc 
NOAA Tech. Paper No. 40
Storm Water Management Plan
The engineer uses this information to create a
storm water management plan. This plan
would include:
– Release rate not to exceed the peak predevelopment Q
– Swales (ditches)
– Storm water pipes
– Storm water management facilities
• Retention/detention ponds
• Bioretention areas