Life cycle analysis of RusaLCA system Alenka Mauko Pranjić, Janez Turk Slovenian National Building and Civil Engineering Institute, Laboratory for Concrete, Stone and Recycled Materials What /Who is RusaLCA? LIFE RusaLCA - Nanoremediation of water from small waste water treatment plants and reuse of water and solid remains for local needs • A RUSALKA is a water nymph a female spirit in Slavic mythology and folklore. LIFE RusaLCA - Nanoremediation of water from small waste water Ivan Kramskoi, The Mermaids, treatment plants and reuse of water and1871 solid remains for local needs Antonin Dvorak: Rusalka LIFE RusaLCA - Nanoremediation of water from small waste water treatment plants and reuse of water and solid remains for local needs LIFE RusaLCA – Nanoremediation of water from small waste water treatment plants and reuse of water and solid remains for local needs • with LCA (meaning Life Cycle Assessment) in the name LIFE RusaLCA - Nanoremediation of water from small waste water treatment plants and reuse of water and solid remains for local needs Three pillars of sustainability Venn diagram of sustainable development: at the LIFE RusaLCA - Nanoremediation of water from small waste water ofofthree constituent parts treatmentconfluence plants and reuse water and solid remains for local needs LIFE RusaLCA - Nanoremediation of water from small waste water treatment plants and reuse of water and solid remains for local needs Life cycle thinking - LCT • Before: minimising impact from single sources (e.g. polution: discharges into rivers and emissions from factories) • Life Cycle Thinking (LCT): possible improvements to goods and services in the form of lower impacts and the reduced use of resources across all life cycle stages. LIFE RusaLCA - Nanoremediation of water from small waste water treatment plants and reuse of water and solid remains for local needs LIFE RusaLCA - Nanoremediation of water from small waste water treatment plants and reuse of water and solid remains for local needs LIFE RusaLCA - Nanoremediation of water from small waste water treatment plants and reuse of water and solid remains for local needs 4. From waste to resources: boosting the market for secondary raw materials and water reuse „The Commission will take a series of actions to promote the reuse of treated wastewater, including legislation on minimum requirements for reused water.“ LIFE RusaLCA - Nanoremediation of water from small waste water treatment plants and reuse of water and solid remains for local needs Three pillars of sustainability Venn diagram of sustainable development: at the LIFE RusaLCA - Nanoremediation of water from small waste water ofofthree constituent parts treatmentconfluence plants and reuse water and solid remains for local needs LCA Waste water treatment plant: - reduce the environmental impact caused by the sewage to the environment. - consumption of resources for construction and operation results in an impact on the environment. The impact of waste water treatment plant can be analyzed by Life Cycle Assessment method (see literature and/or ISO standard of series 14040). LIFE RusaLCA - Nanoremediation of water from small waste water treatment 13 plants and reuse of water and solid remains for local needs • Life Cycle Assessment: an environmental tool which allows calculation of environmental loads related to processes or product or services. Source: Antikainen 2011. LCA is applied to analyze the environmental performance of waste water treatment plant in Šentrupert municipality (primary and secondary treatment of waste water). LIFE RusaLCA - Nanoremediation of water from small waste water treatment 14 plants and reuse of water and solid remains for local needs • Primary treatment of waste water: Protection of the environment from the load of nutrients and other compounds by complying with water quality parameters (COD and BOD values at outflow from WWTP). • Secondary treatment of waste water (via nano-remediation): Water is totally purified and can be used for different purposes. The exploitation of groundwater reserves is reduced, what has positive effect on environment (saving natural resources). Additional amount of electrical energy is consumed; Chemical reagents are required; Additional amount of sludge is generated. LIFE RusaLCA - Nanoremediation of water from small waste water treatment 15 plants and reuse of water and solid remains for local needs The LCA is four stage process, which includes: • Goal of the study. • Inventory analysis: LCA takes into account all relevant inputs and outputs of a product system through its life cycle. • Impact Assessment (impact on various environmental indicators can be studied). • Interpretation of the results. LIFE RusaLCA - Nanoremediation of water from small waste water treatment 16 plants and reuse of water and solid remains for local needs GOAL OF THE STUDY is to evaluate the environmental benefits and eventually also weaknesses of the waste water treatment plant (in Šentrupert) with both primary and secondary treatment processes. The functional unit: In this study, the functional unit is the operation of waste water treatment plant in Šentrupert over a period of one month. System boundaries: Results for operation stage will be shown and presented. Construction stage is excluded, so as sludge treatment and demolition stage after the end-of-life of waste water treatment plant. LIFE RusaLCA - Nanoremediation of water from small waste water treatment 17 plants and reuse of water and solid remains for local needs INVENTORY Primary (biological) treatment of waste water: Input data: • Inflow of waste water: around 243 m3. • Electricity consumption during the primary treatment. Output data: • 70 % of treated waste water to surface stream. • Chemical oxygen demand (COD) at outflow: 150 mg/L, • Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) at outflow: 30 mg/L. LIFE RusaLCA - Nanoremediation of water from small waste water treatment 18 plants and reuse of water and solid remains for local needs Secondary treatment of waste water via nanoremediation: Input data: • 30% of water from primary tank is drained to secondary tank for nanoremediation. • Use of chemicals and filters: Zero-valent iron (0.25 g/L), IZOSAN G (10 mg/L), Activated carbon, Ion exchanger, Sodium chloride for regeneration of filters (0,0007 kg/L). • Electricity consumption during the secondary treatment. LIFE RusaLCA - Nanoremediation of water from small waste water treatment 19 plants and reuse of water and solid remains for local needs RESULTS The impact on global warming is relatively increased considering secondary treatment of waste water in addition to primary – biologically treatment. Global Warming Potential 600 kg carbon dioxide equivalents Slight benefit with regard to impact on GWP is related to reduced exploitation of groundwater. 700 500 Benefits of secondary treatment 400 Secondary treatment 300 Primary treatment 200 100 0 GWP -100 LIFE RusaLCA - Nanoremediation of water from small waste water treatment 20 plants and reuse of water and solid remains for local needs Global Warming Potential 300 250 kg carbon dioxide equivalents 200 150 100 50 0 Electricity Activated carbon IZOSAN G Ion-exchanger Zero-valent iron regeneration of filters Delivery of chemicals -50 LIFE RusaLCA - Nanoremediation of water from small waste water treatment 21 plants and reuse of water and solid remains for local needs Benefits kg phosphate equivalents Impact on Eutrophication is almost completely caused during primary treatment due to the outflow of treated water to surface stream. With secondary treatment of 30% of waste water, this water is totally purified and emissions of nutrients Eutrophication Potential 300 to surface stream 250 are reduced, 200 what is considered Benefits of secondary 150 treatment as a benefit. 100 Secondary treatment 50 Primary treatment 0 Eutrophication -50 -100 -150 LIFE RusaLCA - Nanoremediation of water from small waste water treatment 22 plants and reuse of water and solid remains for local needs Impact on consumption of groundwater and surface water. The amount of purified water is used for different purposes as has been mentioned. For this reason, extraction of groundwater is reduced, what has a positive impact on saving reserves of groundwater. Blue water consumption 10.000 0 Blue water consumption [kg] -10.000 Liters -20.000 -30.000 Benefits of secondary treatment Secondary treatment -40.000 Primary treatment -50.000 -60.000 -70.000 -80.000 LIFE RusaLCA - Nanoremediation of water from small waste water treatment 23 plants and reuse of water and solid remains for local needs Three pillars of sustainability Venn diagram of sustainable development: at the LIFE RusaLCA - Nanoremediation of water from small waste water ofofthree constituent parts treatmentconfluence plants and reuse water and solid remains for local needs LIFE CYCLE COST ANALYSIS (LCCA) • LCCA is a process of evaluating the economic performance for example of a structure (i.e. WWTP) over its entire life. LCCA balances initial monetary investment with the long-term expense of owning and operating the structure. Source: http://www.nlgreenenergysolutions.com LIFE RusaLCA - Nanoremediation of water from small waste water treatment 25 plants and reuse of water and solid remains for local needs LCCA of operation stage: The cost analysis showed that main hot spot of the secondary treatment refers to cost of zero-valent iron, which is required for nanoremediation. These costs exceeds costs of extraction of groundwater and production of tap water. LIFE RusaLCA - Nanoremediation of water from small waste water treatment 26 plants and reuse of water and solid remains for local needs CONCLUSIONS • Secondary treatment of waste water brings significant reduction of impacts on eutrophication and results in saving of ground water and surface water reserves. • On other hand, impact on some other impact categories is increased, such as impact on global warming. • However, the overall environmental benefits associated with secondary treatment are expected to exceed above mentioned additional burdens. LIFE RusaLCA - Nanoremediation of water from small waste water treatment 27 plants and reuse of water and solid remains for local needs Three pillars of sustainability Venn diagram of sustainable development: at the LIFE RusaLCA - Nanoremediation of water from small waste water ofofthree constituent parts treatmentconfluence plants and reuse water and solid remains for local needs Social life cycle assessment (S-LCA) LIFE RusaLCA - Nanoremediation of water from small waste water treatment plants and reuse of water and solid remains for local needs LIFE RusaLCA - Nanoremediation of water from small waste water treatment plants and reuse of water and solid remains for local needs S-LCA of waste water treatment UNFORTUNATELY, NO RESULTS YET Delay of pilot operation Padilla-Rivera et al. 2016: Addressing social aspects with wastewater treatment facilities. Env. Imp. Asses. Review 57, 101-113 LIFE RusaLCA - Nanoremediation of water from small waste water treatment plants and reuse of water and solid remains for local needs LIFE RusaLCA - Nanoremediation of water from small waste water treatment plants and reuse of water and solid remains for local needs LIFE RusaLCA - Nanoremediation of water from small waste water treatment plants and reuse of water and solid remains for local needs LIFE RusaLCA - Nanoremediation of water from small waste water treatment plants and reuse of water and solid remains for local needs LIFE RusaLCA - Nanoremediation of water from small waste water treatment plants and reuse of water and solid remains for local needs LIFE RusaLCA - Nanoremediation of water from small waste water treatment plants and reuse of water and solid remains for local needs There are no new paths, only new ways of walking them. With the pain of the dispossessed, the dark dreams of the child who sleeps with hunger – I have learned: this Earth does not belong to me alone. Thank you for your And I have learned, in truth, attention! that the most important thing is to work, while we still have life, to change what needs changing, each in our way, each where we are. (Amadeu Thiago de Mello, Brasil‘s poet, activist for protection of the LIFE RusaLCA - Nanoremediation water from small waste water Amazonian of rainforest) treatment plants and reuse of water and solid remains for local needs
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