Name ________________________________________________________________ Per__________ Test Date___________________
UNIT XIII –KINGDOM PLANTAE
I. INTRODUCTION (p. 502)
Plants are placed into groups based on structural and functional similarities, but all plants share the following characteristics:
A. Plants are ___________________, _____________________ organisms, most with _____________________________________
B. All plant cells have ____________________________ composed of _____________________________.
C. Plants are ________________________, which means they can use energy from the ___________ to make ________________ in
______________________________. Photosynthesis takes place in the ___________________ of plant cells. The equation for
photosynthesis is _________________________________________________________________________________________.
D. Plants are _______________________; therefore, special adaptations are required for __________________________________.
II. PLANT STRUCTURE
(pp. 603 – 608, 641 – 647)
A. Roots
Roots _____________________________________, absorb _______________ and ______________________ from the soil, and
transport these materials to the stem. Some plants also store food in their roots. Each root has root hairs, tiny extensions of
epidermal cells that increase ___________________________________ for _____________________________________.
 Water is absorbed into the plant by the process of _________________________.
 There are two kinds of roots: Taproots - a large, main, primary root. Example= ________________________
Fibrous - branching, secondary roots. Example = _______________________
B. Plant Transport
Larger plants must have a way to transport __________________ , ___________________and ___________________. This is
carried out by two types of _____________. Together the vessels (cells working together) make up a ________________ in plants
known as _____________________ tissue. Plants are divided into two groups, based on whether or not they have vascular tissue.
1. Xylem transports ____________________ & _____________________ from the _________________ to the rest of the plant.
 Water always moves in 1 direction – from the _______________________________________________
 Water evaporates from the plant through opening on the underside of the leaves called __________________.
2. Phloem transports __________________________________ from the _____________________ to the rest of the plant.
 It carries sugars in ____________ directions.
 Sugar can be carried from where it is made (usually the leaves) to where it is stored (usually stems and roots).
C. Leaves
Leaves are the main organ for ____________________________________. They have a large surface area for maximum
__________________________________________. The structures of a leaf include:
1. Cuticle - ______________________ covering to prevent _____________________________________________________
2. Epidermis – Outermost layer of cells; prevents _____________________________________________________________
3. Mesophyll - ______________________________________ layer of leaf
Palisade layer – Upper portion of mesophyll
with closely packed cells; site of most
_______________________________________
Spongy layer – Underside of leaf; looselypacked cells to allow for exchange of
_______________________________________
4. Vein - _______________ + _________________
5. Stomata – Opening in underside of leaf that
allows ___________________________ to enter;
__________________________________ to exit.
6. Guard Cells – Control size of
_______________________________. Work to
preserve balance between allowing for gas
exchange without losing too much
____________________________________.
“Plant sweat” is known as
____________________________________.
III. PLANT CLASSIFICATION
Plants are divided into two basic groups based on
whether they contain
__________________________tissue:
A. Bryophytes (pp. 609-610)
Bryophytes, or ______________, are the only group
of plants that lack vascular tissue. This limits both the
__________________ and _____________________
of this group of plants. Mosses are ______________
and typically live in ______________________ areas.
In addition, a moist climate is required because
mosses have ______________________ sperm. The
sperm must swim to the ______________ cell in order
for _____________________________ to take place.
B. Tracheophytes
(pp. 613 – 621, 668 - 671)
Tracheophytes are vascular plants which allows them
to_________________________________________
and ______________________________________.
The tracheophytes are further subdivided based on the presence or absence of pollen, seeds, and fruit:
1. Ferns– No pollen, no seeds, no fruits
Although ferns contain vascular tissue, they are still found in moist climates because the sperm must ________________ to the
egg cell.
2. Gymnosperms – Have pollen and seeds, no fruit
The word, “gymnosperm” means _________________________ because the seed is not protected by a _________________.
A unique characteristic of gymnosperms is the presence of _____________________. The largest and most common phyla is
__________________ which includes ____________________________________. Conifers have characteristic leaves called
___________________, which are modified to ______________________________ and ____________________________.
In addition, gymnosperms (and angiosperms) have “flying sperm” or _________________________, so they are no longer tied to
______________________ for reproduction.
3. Angiosperms – Have pollen, seeds, and fruit
Angiosperms are the most complex and adaptable of all plant groups. They are also the most successful due to two important
modifications:
a. Fruit - A fruit is a mature ______________________ that contains one or more seeds. It provides the embryo with greater
____________________ than found in gymnosperm seeds. The fruit also facilitates seed dispersal because fruits are eaten
by _________________, seeds pass through ________________________________ and are _______________________.
Some fruits are not intended to be ____________________.
b. Flower - The flower is the reproductive system of the angiosperm. It enhances ________________________, which
occurs as a first step to fertilization.
1. The male reproductive organ is the ___________________, which consists of the _________________________ and
____________________. _________________, is produced by the anther and contains the ______________________.
2. The female reproductive organ is the ____________________, which consists of the sticky top called the
____________________________, a neck called the ______________________________ and a base called the
______________________________. The ovary contains the female gametes - _______________ or ________________.
During __________________, pollen is transferred from the anther to the stigma. When a pollen grain lands on a stigma, it
sends out a _______________________ that grows through the style to the ______________________. Ovule fertilized by
_______________________. (Fertilization)
3. The ____________________________ are usually colorful to attract pollinators.
Flower Diagram
1. _________________________________
2. _________________________________
3. _________________________________
4. _________________________________
5. _________________________________
6. _________________________________
7. _________________________________
8. _________________________________
IV. PLANT HORMONES AND RESPONSE (pp. 648 – 651)
A hormone is a chemical substance that is produced in one part of an organism and affects another part of the same individual. Plant
hormones are chemical substances that control a plant’s patterns of _____________________________, and the plants
________________________ to environmental conditions.
A. Tropism- response of a plant to an environmental ____________________________.
1. Phototropism - is the tendency of a plant to grow toward a source of _____________________. This process uses a hormone
known as _____________________. Auxin is produced in the apical meristem and is transported downward into the rest of the
plant. Auxin production increases in the shaded part of the stem and it stimulates ______________________________. This
causes the dark side of the stem to elongate, resulting in the stem to bend away from the shade and ______________________.
2. Gravitropism - plant’s response to ____________________________. This assures that roots grow down and stems grow up.
_______________________ is also the hormone responsible for gravitropism.
3. Thigmotropism - plant’s response to ________________________. This allows a plant to grow on a surface that can support it.
Whenever the stem touches the support, the cells on the opposite side of the stem grow longer, causing the stem to
___________________around or grasp a hold of the support.
Phototropism
Gravitropism
Thigmotropism
B. Other Hormones
1. Cytokinins- hormone produced in growing roots and in developing fruits/seeds. Cytokinins stimulate _____________________,
growth of lateral ___________________, and dormant seeds to ________________________. Cytokinins often produce effects
opposite to those of auxin.
2. Ethylene- stimulates ________________________________ of fruit.
3. Gibberellins- produce dramatic increases in _____________________________, particularly in stems and fruits.