CAMPBELL
BIOLOGY
TENTH
EDITION
Reece • Urry • Cain • Wasserman • Minorsky • Jackson
3
Water
and Life
Lecture Presentation by
Nicole Tunbridge and
Kathleen Fitzpatrick
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 3.1 What role does the chemistry of water play in the development of whooper swans?
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Figure 3.2 Explain how four (4) hydrogen bonds can occur between five (5) water molecules.
−
Hydrogen
bond
+
+
Polar covalent
bonds
−
−
+
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+
−
Figure 3.3 Explain the role of cohesion, adhesion, evaporation, and transpiration on the transport
of water in plants.
H2O
Adhesion
Two types
of waterconducting
cells
Direction
of water
movement
H2O
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Cohesion
300 m
H2O
Figure 3.4 Explain the role surface tension plays in this water strider’s ability to walk on water.
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Figure 3.5a Explain how water’s high specific heat helps moderate inland temperature. Why is
this important in the distribution of organisms?
Santa Barbara 73°
Los Angeles
(Airport) 75°
70s (F)
80s
San Bernardino
100°
Riverside 96°
Santa Ana
Palm Springs
84°
106°
Burbank
90°
Pacific Ocean 68°
90s
100s
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San Diego 72°
40 miles
Figure 3.5b Explain how water’s high heat of vaporization, evaporative cooling, and the release of
water molecules on the surface of skin (sweat) contributes to regulation of internal body
temperature (thermoregulation). (Critical thinking question!)
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Figure 3.6 Discuss the role hydrogen bonding plays in the ability of water to be a solid and a liquid.
Hydrogen bond
Liquid water:
Hydrogen bonds
break and re-form
Ice:
Hydrogen bonds
are stable
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Figure 3.6a How would this organism’s life be different if ice was denser than water?
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Figure 3.7 In this figure, identify the solute and solvent. Explain how the number of hydration
shells would change if the solution were heated for a long time?
−
Na+
+
+
−
+
−
−
Na+
+
Cl−
Cl–
−
+
+
−
−
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−
−
+
−
+
−
Figure 3.8a Why is water an ideal biological solvent? Explain whether this protein is hydrophilic or
hydrophobic.
δ+
δ−
δ−
+
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Figure 3.8b Glucose is a molecule used by the mitochondria to generate ATP. The molar mass of
glucose is 180.16 g/mol. Explain how to make 500ml of a 0.80M glucose solution in water.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 3.UN01 What is the conventional term for a hydronium ion? Write it below the hydronium
ion represented in this figure. What is the concentration of each ion in pure water?
+
2 H2O
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Hydronium
ion (H3O+)
−
Hydroxide
ion (OH−)
Figure 3.10a Identify each solution as acidic, basic, or neutral. Explain your reasoning.
OH−
OH−
OH−
H+
OH−
OH−
H+
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OH−
OH−
OH−
OH−
H+
OH−
H+
H+
OH− OH−
H+
H+
H+
H+
OH−
OH−
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
+
+
+
–
–
+
+
+
–
–
+
+
–
+
–
–
+
OH–
+
Neutral
[H+] = [OH−]
+
OH–
OH– H+ OH–
–
OH– OH
OH–
H+
Basic
solution
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1
Increasingly Basic
[H+] < [OH−]
+
pH Scale
0
Increasingly Acidic
[H+] > [OH−]
Figure 3.10a
Write out the
formula for
determining the
pH of a
solution. What
H
H
is the
H
H OH
difference in
OH H H
H H
hydrogen ion
Acidic
concentration
solution
between
tomato juice
and household
OH
ammonia.
OH
H
H OH
Does this
OH OH
H
H
represent an
H
Neutral
increase or
solution
decrease in
hydroxide ion
concentration?
Battery acid
2 Gastric juice, lemon juice
3 Vinegar, wine,
cola
4 Tomato juice
Beer
5 Black coffee
Rainwater
6 Urine
Saliva
7 Pure water
Human blood, tears
8 Seawater
Inside of small intestine
9
10
Milk of magnesia
11
Household ammonia
12
Household
13 bleach
Oven cleaner
14
Figure 3.10b Write the chemical reaction of carbonic acid in response to a rise and drop in pH.
How would the reaction shift if HCl was added? NaOH? How do buffers moderate pH change?
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Figure 3.11 Explain how the burning of fossil fuels is contributing to the ocean acidification
process.
CO2
CO2 + H2O
H2CO3
→
H+ + CO32−
→
H2CO3
H+ + HCO3−
→
HCO3−
CO32− + Ca2+ → CaCO3
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.