Review Article
Nov Tech Arthritis Bone Res
Copyright © All rights are reserved by Murugan K
Volume 1 Issue 2 - May 2017
Review of Ameliorative Potentials of Plant-Derived
Phytochemicals against Arthritics
Manoj GS1, Bosco Lawarence2 Sreelekshmi SG3 and Murugan K3*
1
Department of Botany, NSS College, India
2
Department of Botany, Govt. Arts College, India
3
Department of Botany, University College, India
Submission: May 05, 2017; Published: June 02, 2017
*Corresponding author: Murugan K, Plant Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Botany, University College,
Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, 695 034, India, Email:
Abstract
Traditional herbals are practiced from time immemorial for the treatment of arthritis especially in developing countries. Plants inhabiting
across the countries especially India, China, Korea and Nigeria were traditionally used by different tribes/ethnic groups for ameliorating
arthritis. Herbals/their parts/crude extracts/polyherbal combinations against arthritis have been accounted reviewed in the study. Plants
such as Matricaria chamomilla , Cichorium intybus , Rhododendron campanulatum, Plumbago rosea, Salvadora oleoides, Acacia polyantha were
being used traditionally to ameliorate painful inflammatory conditions but not fully explored experimentally in the treatment of arthritis. 124
plant species are documented in the present study as tribal knowledge against arthritis. Similarly, polyphenols are the major phytochemical
reported in most of the species. Even though, plant extracts or individual phytochemicals derived from herbals exhibit remarkable potential
but the underlying biochemical or molecular mechanism has not been properly elucidated. There is an urgent need to screen the active
molecule of these herbals as potential agents and monitor the biosafety of these novel constituents.
Keywords: Herbals; Phytochemicals; Arthritis; Tribal knowledge; Polyphenols
Introduction
Arthritis is the inflammation in the joints which leads
problem in moving around. It can lead to stiffness, pain, swelling
and redness in the joints. There are diverse types of arthritis
such as osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, infectious arthritis,
gout and psoriatic arthritis. Generally, it is considered as a part
of aging posed disease however it occur to others also. The
major reasons for the incidence of this disease were injury,
autoimmune i.e., immune system starts attacking its own cells
and tissues, external infection and excess uric acid accumulation.
Herbals are employed for the treatment of many ailments
from historical periods and herbal drugs use is as old as mankind.
Herbal drugs are synthesized from ancient system of medicine by
the traditional practitioners. Nowadays, pharmacologists show
Table 1: Major plants used in traditional Ayurveda medicine are enlisted.
much interest in those novel drugs derived from herbals because
of their safety and less expensive. Nature has empowered with
wealth of herbals and is widely distributed all over the world as
source of therapeutic drugs for the prevention and cure of many
diseases. According to WHO, world’s 80% population use plant
based drugs for their primary health needs. The medicinally
important parts of these herbals are phytochemical constituents
that produce a desired physiological reaction on the body and
there by curative action.
Results and Discussion
141 plant species are identified by local interview and
questionnaire analysis used by the Kani tribals from Kerala used
for curing arthritis. They are listed in the Table 1 in terms of
binomial, family and parts used.
Binomial
Family
Parts Used
Heart wood
Acacia polyantha
Mimosaceae
Achillea millefolium Linn.
Compositae
Adenanthera pavonina Linn.
Mimosaceae
Alangium lamarkii Thwaites.
Alangiaceae
Nov Tech Arthritis Bone Res 1(2): NTAB.MS.ID.555558 (2017)
Plant
Leaves
Leaves
001
Novel Techniques in Bone Arthritis & Development Research
Alangium salviifolium Wang
Alangiaceae
Alpinia galanga (L.) Willd.
Zingiberaceae
Apium graveolens Linn.
Umbelliferae
Azima tetracantha Lam.
Salvadoraceae
Barleria courtallica Nees.
Acanthaceae
Barleria cristata Linn.
Acanthaceae
Bassia latifolia Roxb.
Sapotaceae
Bassia longifolia Linn.
Sapotaceae
Bauhinia racemosa Lam.
Fabaceae
Bauhinia tomentosa Linn.
Fabaceae
Bula alba Linn
Cupuliferae
Boerhaavia diffusa Linn.
Nyctagineae
Caesalpinia sappan Linn.
Caesalpiniaceae
Carthamus tinctorius Linn.
Compositae
Cassia fistula Linn.
Caesalpiniaceae
Cassia fistula Linn.
Caesalpiniaceae
Cichorium intybus Linn.
Compositae
Cinchona officinalis Linn.
Rubiaceae
Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad.
Cucurbitaceae
Clerodendron colebrookianum Walp.
Verbenaceae
Clerodendron inerme Gaertn.
Verbenaceae
Clerodendron phlomides L.F.
Verbenaceae
Clerodendron serratum Spreng.
Verbenaceae
Clerodendron siphonanthus R.Br.
Verbenaceae
Clitoria ternatea Linn.
Fabaceae
Commiphora myrrha (Nees) Engl.
Burseraceae
Commiphora wightii (arn.)Bhandari
Burseraceae
Corallocarpus epigeous (Rottler) Hook.f.
Cucurbitaceae
Cordia dichotoma G.Forst.
Boraginaceae
Cotula anthemoides Lour.
Compositae
Dastica cannabina Linn.
Datiscaceae
Delonix elanta (L.) Gamble
Caesalpiniaceae
Dichrostachys cinerea Wight &Arn.
Mimosaceae
Diospyros candolleana Wight
Ebenaceae
Diospyros paniculata Dalzell
Ebenaceae
Drynaria quercifolia (Linn.)
Polypodiaceae
002
Echinopsechinatus
Compositae
Eclipta prostrata Linn.
Asteraceae
Elaecarpus obolongus Gaertn
Tiliaceae
Elaeocarpus serratus Linn.
Tiliaceae
Euphorbia antiquorum Linn.
Euphorbiaceae
Eugenia operculata Roxb.
Myrtaceae
Eugenia spicataLam.
Myrtaceae
Euphorbia ligularia Roxb.
Euphorbiaceae
Ferula narthex Boiss.
Umbelliferae
Ficus benghalensis Linn.
Moraceae
Roots
Rhizomes
Seeds
Root bark, leaves
Roots
Roots
Bark
Bark
Bark
Leaf
Bark
Roots
Wood
Seeds oil
Leaves and fruits
Fruits
Root
Bark
Roots
Roots
Roots
Leaves
Roots
Roots
Roots
Gum
Leaves
Plant
Fruits
Plant oil
Root
Plant
Root
Bark
Bark
Rhizomes
Plant
Roots, Leaves
Flower
Leaves
Juice
Fruit
Plant
Whole plant
Stem, leaves
Aerial root, bark, leaves, buds, fruits, latex
How to cite this article: Manoj G, Bosco L, Sreelekshmi S, Murugan K. Review of Ameliorative Potentials of Plant-Derived Phytochemicals against
Arthritics. Nov Tech Arthritis Bone Res. 2017; 1(2) : 555558.
Novel Techniques in Bone Arthritis & Development Research
Flacourtia jangomas Rausch.
Flacourtiaceae
Fritillaria roylei Hook. F.
Liliaceae
Glycosmis arborea(Roxb.)Dc.
Rutaceae
Gossypium herbaceum Linn.
Malvaceae
Grangea maderaspatana (L.) Poir.
Compositae
Heliotropium indicumnLinn.
Boraginaceae
Hemidesmus indicus (Linn.) R.br.
Asclepiadaceae
Hiptage benghalensis (Linn.) Kurz
Malpighiaceae
Holarrhena pubescens Wall. ex G.Don
Apocynaceae
Holoptela integrifolia (Roxb.) Planch.
Ulmaceae
Hyoscyamus niger Linn.
Solanaceae
Illicium verum Hook. F.
Magnoliaceae
Inula racemosa Hook. F.
Asteraceae
Ipomoea nil (Linn.) Roth
Convolvulaceae
Jasminum grandiflorum Linn.
Oleaceae
Jasminum multiflorum (Burm.f.) Andr.
Oleaceae
Jatropha curcas Linn.
Euphorbiaceae
Juglans regia Linn. Var. Kumaonia dc.
Juglandaceae
Justicia gendarussa Burm.f.
Acanthaceae
Kaempferia galangal Linn.
Zingiberaceae
Lantana camara Linn. Var. Aculeate (Linn.)
Moldenke
Verbenaceae
Launaea pinnatifida
Compositae
Lawsonia inermis Linn.
Lythraceae
Leucas aspera (Willd.) Link
Lamiaceae
Lilium polyphyllum D.Don
Liliaceae
Madhuca longifolia (Koenig) Macbride
Sapotaceae
Mangifera indicaLinn.
Anacardiaceae
003
Rhazya stricta
Apocynaceae
Rhododendron campanulatum
Ericaceae
Ricinus communis Linn.
Euphorbiaceae
Rosa alba Linn.
Rosaceae
Rubia cordifolia Linn.
Rubiaceae
Ruta chalepensis Linn.
Rutaceae
Salvadora oleoides
Salvadoraceae
Salvadora persica Linn.
Salvadoraceae
Sarcocephalus missionis
Rubiaceae
Saussura elappa
Compositae
Schleichera oleosa (Lour.) Oken
Sapindaceae
Semecarpus anacardium Linn.f.
Anacardiaceae
Sesbania grandiflora (Linn.) Poir.
Fabaceae
Setaria italic (Linn.) P.beauv
Poaceae
Sida cordata (Burm.f.) Borssum
Malvaceae
Sida rhombifolia Linn.
Malvaceae
Solanum surattense Burm.f.
Solanaceae
Spilanthes acmella
Compositae
Fruits
Bulbs
Whole plant
Leaves
Root
Whole plant
Roots
Bark, leaves, flowers
Bark, seeds
Bark, leaves
Leaves, seeds
Fruits
Roots
Seeds
Root
Flowers
Seeds (oil)
Fruits
Roots, leaves
Rhizomes, root-stock, leaves
Fruits
Plant juice
Leaves
Leaves, flowers
Bulb
Seed (oil)
Roots, bark
Roots, stem, leaves, flowers
Leaves
Leaves
Flower
Roots
Leaves
Seeds(oil)
Leaves
Bark
Root
Bark
Fruits
Root-bark
Grains
Roots
Roots, leaves
Whole plant
Leaves
How to cite this article: Manoj G, Bosco L, Sreelekshmi S, Murugan K. Review of Ameliorative Potentials of Plant-Derived Phytochemicals against
Arthritics. Nov Tech Arthritis Bone Res. 2017; 1(2) : 555558.
Novel Techniques in Bone Arthritis & Development Research
Stereospermum colais
Bignoniaceae
Symplocos cochinchinensis (Lour.) Moore
Symplocaceae
Tabernaemontana divaricate (Linn.)
Apocynaceae
Trachyspermum roxburghianum (DC.) Craib
Apiaceae
Tribulus terrestris Linn.
Zygophyllaceae
Trichodesma indicum (Linn.)R.br.
Boraginaceae
Trichosanthes palmata
Cucurbitaceae
Unona narum Dun.
Anonaceae
Uraria lagopoides DC.
Papilionaceae
Urgenia indica Kunth.
Liliaceae
Urena lobata Linn.
Malvaceae
Urtica dioica Linn.
Urticaceae
Valeriana wallichii
Valerianaceae
Fruits
Whole plant
Whole plant
Fruit
Leaves
Plant
Roots
Bark
Leaves
Vateria indica Linn.
Dipterocarpaceae
Verbenaceae
Vitex trifolia Linn.
Verbenaceae
Vitis vinifera Linn.
Vitaceae
Xylia dolabriformis
Mimosaceae
Zingiber officinale
Zingiberaceae
Zizyphus jujube Mill.
Rhamnaceae
Flavonoids
The mode of action of the flavonoids with antiarthritic
activity is narrated below:
6-shogaol is identified from the ginger rhizome.
b) 6-Shogaol treatment reduced the concentration of
soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) in the
blood, as well as the infiltration of leukocytes, lymphocytes,
and monocytes/macrophages into the synovial cavity of the
knee joint [1].
c) 6-Shogaol also protected morphological integrity of the
cartilage lining the femur in CFA-induced monoarthritis of
the knee joint of rats.
d) Naringin, a citrus flavanone, reduced arthritis as
assessed clinically and histologically and afforded protection
against interchondral joints damage in rats with CIA [2].
e) A similar effect was observed with another citrus
flavonoid, hesperidin, against CIA [3].
f) Total flavonoid of orange (TFO) decreased paw
thickness and improved pathological condition of ankle joint
in rats with AA. TFO also suppressed elevated TNF-, IL-1, and
PGE2 levels in serum and COX-2 expression in the synovial
tissue [4].
g) Genistein is an isoflavone, which suppressed the levels
of IFN-, increased the production of IL-4, and normalized
the Th1/Th2 balance in CIA. Genistein also inhibited
004
Bark
Roots
Vitex negundo Linn.
Major Phytochemicals
a)
Leaves
Root
Seeds(oil)
Roots
Leaves
Stem(ash)
Seeds
Ginger
Roots and Bark
the proliferation of FLS in rats with CIA by inhibiting
phosphorylation of ERK and down regulating tyrosine kinase
of MAPK signal transduction pathway [5,6].
Triterpenes
Triterpenes possessing antiarthritic properties were Lupeol,
a pentacyclic triterpene isolated from the latex of Calotropis
gigantea, showed potent antiarthritic activity as evaluated
in the rat AA model. Lupeol ameliorated the paw swelling
and reduced the levels of proinflammatory cytokines such as
TNF-, IL-1, and IL-6 [7]. Celastrol, a triterpene extracted from
Celastrus, is a potent antiarthritic biomolecule. Both Celastrus
extract and its bioactive component Celastrol suppressed the
expression of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-17, IL-6, and
IFN-), the transcription factor STAT3 for IL-6/IL-17, and the
activity of matrix-degrading enzyme MMP-9. In addition, it
inhibited the phosphorylation of ERK. Celastrol also has a bone
damage-protective effect. Celastrol inhibits osteoclastic activity
via reducing RANKL production and suppressing the elevated
RANKL/OPG ratio in rats with AA [8]. Tripterygium wilfordii
Hoog-derived trypterine reduced the paw swelling and bone
destruction in AA. It also suppressed the expression of IL-1 and
TNF- in arthritic rats. Boswellic acid is a pentacyclic triterpene
isolated from boswellia plants. It reduced leukocyte infiltration
into the knee joint and the pleural cavity as observed in bovineserum-albumin- (BSA-) induced arthritis in rabbits. 3-Acetyl11-keto-beta-boswellic acid (AKBA), which is well known for
anti-inflammatory activity, also has antiarthritic activity. Topical
application of the polymeric nanomicelles of AKBA showed
potent anti-inflammatory and antiarthritic activities [9].
How to cite this article: Manoj G, Bosco L, Sreelekshmi S, Murugan K. Review of Ameliorative Potentials of Plant-Derived Phytochemicals against
Arthritics. Nov Tech Arthritis Bone Res. 2017; 1(2) : 555558.
Novel Techniques in Bone Arthritis & Development Research
Phenols
Several polyphenols have been studied extensively for
their beneficial effect against arthritis and the mechanisms
involved in that process; for example, green tea prepared from
the dried leaves of Camellia sinensis is a commonly consumed
beverage in many parts of the world. The polyphenolic
compounds from green tea (PGT) possess anti-inflammatory
and antiarthritic properties. PGT-induced reduction in clinical
and histological features of arthritis was associated with a
decrease in proinflammatory cytokine IL-17 and increase in
anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. In another study using the
CIA model of arthritis, PGT treatment reduced the expression
of COX-2, IFN-, and TNF-. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) is
one of the most well-studied purified plant components against
different diseases. EGCG inhibits IL-1-induced inducible nitric
oxide synthase (iNOS), nitric oxide (NO), and JNK activity, all
of which mediate cartilage degradation. It also suppresses
IL-1-induced glycosaminoglycan release from cartilage via
inhibiting ADAMTS (A disintegrin and metalloproteinase with
thrombospondin motifs), MMP-1, and MMP-13 in chondrocytes.
EGCG reduces osteoclast formation by inhibiting osteoblast
differentiation without affecting their viability and proliferation.
Osteoclast-specific NFATc1 and bone resorption associated with
RA are also suppressed. EGCG also inhibits RANKL-induced
activation of JNK and NFB pathways, thereby suppressing the
expression of c-Fos and NFATc1 in osteoclast precursors. In
another study, combination therapy of methotrexate and EGCG
inhibited arthritis progression as evidenced by histopathology
and radiographical examination. Furthermore, this combination
suppressed the expression of TNF- and IL-6 in the joints of
rats with AA. Grape seed proanthocyanidin extract (GSPE), an
antioxidant derived from grape seeds, showed antiarthritic
effect as evident from suppression of clinical signs of arthritis
and IL-17 response along with increased Foxp3-expressing CD4+
regulatory T cells. Oligomeric procyanidins (HOPC) isolated
from Jatoba, a South American herb, ameliorated arthritic
inflammation and joint pathology in mice with CIA.
Resveratrol, a polyphenolic compound derived from grapes,
suppressed swelling and bone erosion in the paws of mice with
CIA. This effect was associated with reduced serum levels of
proinflammatory cytokines including IL-17 and reduced numbers
of Th17 cells. The antiarthritic effect of resveratrol also involves
suppression of IL-1, ROS, PGE2, and MMPs, and enhancement of
proteoglycan synthesis and chondrocyte proliferation in vitro.
Curcumin, a principle component of turmeric, possesses antiinflammatory and antiarthritic activity. Curcumin treatment
down regulated clinical arthritis score, proliferation of splenic
T cells, expression of TNF- and IL-1 in the ankle joint, and
serum IgG2a levels. In addition, curcumin ameliorated the NF-B
transcriptional activity in FLS and inhibited the production
of PGE, COX-2 and MMP. A randomized, pilot study conducted
to assess the efficacy and safety of curcumin in RA patients
revealed an improvement in overall disease activity score (DAS)
005
and American College of Rheumatology (ACR) scores, and the
treatment was safe without any significant adverse events.
Capsaicin treatment suppressed bone erosion and trabecular
damage in osteoarthritis in rats. Ferulic acid isolated from corn
germ promotes bone remodeling and prevents bone loss in
ovariectomized rats. Oleuropein aglycone, an olive oil-derived
compound, improved clinical and histological features of arthritis
in the joints of mice with CIA. Quercetin isolated from onion
has a bone damage-protective attribute. It inhibited RANKLinduced osteoclast differentiation and RANKL-stimulated
osteoclast-related genes in rats with ovariectomy-induced
bone loss Silibinin, a major active constituent of silymarin,
inhibits osteoclast formation by attenuating the downstream
signaling cascades associated with RANKL and TNF-, such as
osteoclast-associated receptor (OSCAR), NFATc1, Cat K, and
MMP-9. Rosmarinic acid is an active component of Plectranthus
amboinicus. It inhibited RANKL-induced formation of TRAPpositive multinucleated cells and suppressed NF-B activation
and NFATc1 nuclear translocation in the CIA model [10-13].
Aleomannan and acemannan found in the species of Aloevera
showed anti-tumor, immune-suppressive and anti-inflammatory
properties. The anti-inflammatory property enabled it to inhibit
the activity of COX-2 (cyclooxygenase) enzyme which is involved
in the inflammatory pathways. Similarly, Tag et al. [14], analyzed
potential anti-inflammatory effect of lemon and hot pepper
extracts on adjuvant-induced arthritis in mice. Shivaprasad et al.
[15] reported about control of autoimmune arthritis by herbal
extracts and their bioactive components. Choudhary et al. [16],
reviewed medicinal plants with potential anti-arthritic activity.
Conclusion
It is increasingly been realized that inflammation and bone
damage are generally linked in arthritis and various other
disorders. A better understanding of the shared processes would
help define the molecules and pathways that can serve as targets
for effective antiarthritic therapy. In parallel, it is essential to
search for newer therapeutic agents that are both effective
but safe. In this regard, herbal products may offer promising
alternatives or adjuncts to conventional antiarthritic agents.
In this paper, we have elaborated upon both these important
aspects of immune pathology and herbal therapy of arthritis.
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How to cite this article: Manoj G, Bosco L, Sreelekshmi S, Murugan K. Review of Ameliorative Potentials of Plant-Derived Phytochemicals against
Arthritics. Nov Tech Arthritis Bone Res. 2017; 1(2) : 555558.
Novel Techniques in Bone Arthritis & Development Research
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How to cite this article: Manoj G, Bosco L, Sreelekshmi S, Murugan K. Review of Ameliorative Potentials of Plant-Derived Phytochemicals against
Arthritics. Nov Tech Arthritis Bone Res. 2017; 1(2) : 555558.