LEARNING
Prof.Elham Aljammas
May 2015
L3
Relatively permanent change in behavior as a result of prior experience
Tasks used to study the phenomenon can be grouped to 4-categories:
1.classical conditioning
2.Operant conditioning
3.Multiple response Learning.
4.cognitve learning.
A.clssical conditioning : Ivan PAVLOVs Experiment(Russian
psychologist)
Pavlov studied the autonomic reflexes associated with digestion ,Pavlov
noticed that noticed that a dog salivated not just when the food was
placed in its, mouth but also to the mere sight of food.
Is the formation of association between a conditioned stimulus & response
through a repeated presentation of the conditioned stimulus in a
controlled relationship with an unconditioned stimulus that originally
elicit the response.
earning can be studied in conditioned response
experiments.
o food placed in mouth
=unlearned response
(unconditioned response)
of food
=
Learned or( cond. Response) the
Pavlov taught the dog to salivate to various signals such as light tone
,there by prove the stimulus response association
Before conditioning
CS(light)-------------------------------------------No response
U.S(Food)------------------------------------------UR(salivation)
During conditioning
US (food)------------------------------ -.>UR(salivation) several trials
(few seconds)
After conditioning:
CS(Light)--------------------------------CR (salivation)
Law of classical conditioning:
1.Acquisition:
Each paired presentation CS&US =Trial
Period of learning=stage (vary)
Exp. Indicate that learning is fastest if the CS is presented about0.5 sec.
before US.
The procedure for pairing the CS &US is called
REINFORCEMENT
2.Extinction:
Repetition of the CS without reinforcement called extinction
3.Generalization:
Account for our ability to react to novel situation in so far as they are
similar to familiar ones
4, Discrimination:
where as
generalization is a Reaction to similarities , Discriminations the reaction
to differences (Child using term Daddy for all men),child learn to
discriminate cats, sounds from Dogs sounds
B. Operant conditioning:
Operant behavior =operate
(SKINNER)
The reinforced behavior bears no resemblances the behavior normally
elicited by the reinforcing stimulus e.g
Ringing the bell = raising the bell
Light on pupil=constriction
In operant conditioning the animal is active . Skinners exp.is placing the
rat in a box with a bar ,if pressed ,food will be delivered ,the more it press
the more food will be delivered & vise versa .Extinction happen if no food
is available .
REINFORCEMENT:
Any event whose occurrence increases the probability that a stimulus will
on a subsequent occasions evoke a response .
Eg Positive (food , Negative (shock).
It is most important to reward or punish the organism immediately after
it responds.
The reinforcement effect of stimulation in certain areas of the
brain(primarily in the hypothalamus ) are powerful.
SHAPING of behavior :
Reinforces the only response that meet the experimenters
specifications & extinguishing all other e.g.(enuresis ,shy , with
drawn , stealing& all other conduct disorders
C.Multiple response learning:
e.g. Memorizing poem, athletic training , mirror drawing
test
…etc.
Learning that result from acquired pattern or sequence of behavior
which involve more than one identifiable act with the order of
events usually fixed by the demand of the situation.
D.Cognitive learning:
The learner form a cognitive structure in memory which preserve
& organizes information about the various events that occur in the
learning situation
e.g insight experiment of Kohler on chimpanzee ( sultan ) ( Fruit ,
Sign learning
What lead to do what
Acquired expectation that one stimulus will be followed by other in
a particular context . It is classified as learning with understanding
other than with conditioning e.g Chimpanzee,( boxes ,Fruit hanged
from the roof).
Which psychologist is famous for his pioneering work
in classical conditioning?
A: B.F. Skinner
B: Sigmund Freud
C: John B. Watson
D: Ivan Pavlov
E: Robert Rescorla
What is the name for the operant conditioning
technique
in which complicated behaviors are taught by
sequential
reinforcement?
A: instructing
B: shaping
C: leading
E: modeling
D: scaffolding
Thank you