EXPLORING THE POSSIBILITIES FOR INTRODUCTION OF
NATIVE PLANT SPECIES IN THE RIBNICA QUARRY
Final Report
Working Team: Admir Aladžuz and Vildana Goković
Sarajevo
Bosnia & Herzegovina
September 2014
Content
Summary ................................................................................................................................................. 1
1
Introduction..................................................................................................................................... 1
2
Objective ......................................................................................................................................... 1
3
Investigated area ............................................................................................................................. 2
4
Material and methods ..................................................................................................................... 2
5
Results ............................................................................................................................................. 6
6
Discussion ........................................................................................................................................ 9
7
Conclusions...................................................................................................................................... 9
8
Literature ....................................................................................................................................... 10
9
List of Annexes............................................................................................................................... 11
i
List of Figures
Figure 1. Illustrated presentation of plant life forms .............................................................................. 3
Figure 2. An approximate view of the geographical distribution of floral elements in Europe .............. 4
List of Charts
Chart 1. Plant life forms in Ribnica quarry............................................................................................... 6
Chart 2. Floral elements in the Ribnica quarry ........................................................................................ 7
Chart 3. Plant life forms in the surrounding area of the Ribnica quarry ................................................. 7
Chart 4. Floral elements in the surrounding area of the Ribnica quarry ................................................. 8
List of Tables
Table 1. Meaning of plant life forms marks (Oberdorfer, 1979) ............................................................. 2
Table 2. Meaning of plant life form marks (Oberdorfer, 1979) ............................................................... 3
Table 3. Relation to the light (L= light number)....................................................................................... 4
Table 4. Relation to the air temperature (T = temperature number) ...................................................... 5
Table 5. Relation to the spatial distribution (C = number of continentality) ........................................... 5
Table 6. Relation to the humidity (H = humidity number) ....................................................................... 5
Table 7. Relation to the acidity/alkalinity of the substrate (R = reaction number) ................................. 5
Table 8. Relation to the nitrogen levels in soil (N = nitrogen number) .................................................... 6
ii
Summary
The main objective of the project was to provide insight into the current state of vegetation within
the exploitation field Ribnica and its close surrounding area, to be able to select plant species that
are most suitable for introduction into the quarry. The Ribnica quarry is located at about 7 km to the
northwest of Kakanj at altitudes from 405 to 685 m. During the project, total of three field visits to
the Ribnica quarry and its immediate surroundings were made. Visiting locations was conducted by
line transects method with necessary stopovers in order to collect plants. Determination of plant
species as well as the determination of floral elements and plant life forms was performed using a
professional literature. A total of 148 plant species have been identified during the field studies of
the quarry (79 plant species inside the quarry and 69 plant species in its surrounding area). Based on
floristic composition analysis, seven groups of plant life forms have been recognized within the
quarry area and five groups of plant life forms in surrounding area. A total of 33 floral elements have
been recognized inside the quarry area and 27 floral elements in its surrounding area.
Analysis of the plant species relation to different ecological factors (light, temperature,
continentality, humidity, the amount of soil nutrients) showed a strong similarity between plant
species within and outside the quarry. Conducted analysis and conclusions showed that the majority
of plant species from the close surrounding of Ribnica quarry is possible to introduce inside the
quarry.
1 Introduction
Bosnia and Herzegovina is a country with a high diversity of vascular plants. More than 5.000 species
and subspecies of vascular plants have been identified in B&H1. Everyday activities in the quarry can
cause the destruction of habitats and species that inhabit it. However, with careful planning and
management, it is possible to minimize the impact on biodiversity because quarries can also provide
a good opportunity for creating new or restoring existing habitats through the implementation of
various activities during the process of stone exploitation and after its completion.
Generally, there is an insufficient number of plant species in quarry areas and these areas are mainly
inhabited by uniform tertiary vegetation. This tertiary vegetation is the product of vegetation
restoration on abandoned exploitation fields and road communications within the quarry.
Selection of new native plant species which may, by their abiotic and biotic factors, populate such
habitats, opens the possibility for increasing the level of biodiversity in quarries. According to current
practices used for recultivation of devastated natural habitats, the simplest and most convenient way
is to prepare the surface and thus help the restoration of such areas by native vegetation from the
surrounding area.
2 Objective
The main objective of the project was to provide insight into the current state of vegetation within
the exploitation field Ribnica and its close surrounding area, to be able to select plant species that
are best suited for introduction. This will contribute to increasing the existing biodiversity of
anthropologically degraded habitats in Ribnica quarry.
1
Bosnia and Herzegovina Fourth Report to the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity 2010
1
Additional values which may be expected by introduction of a larger number of different species are
as follows:




The creation of humus. By seasonal decaying of above-ground plant parts naturally creates a
surface layer of the soil, which is an added value in terms of the soil stabilization and
prevention of dust emissions lifting.
Preventing of the erosion. By increasing the number of plant species, density of their root
system will prevent soil particles leaching into Ribnica River.
The visual effect by natural planting.
The possibility of inhabitation of new animal species into new habitats, such as insects (bees,
etc.)
3 Investigated area
The Ribnica quarry is located at about 7 km to the northwest of Kakanj at altitudes from 405 to 685
m with an area of 23,2 hectares, with possibility for further expansion for additional 59,2 ha. The
quarry is located in the valley of the Ribnica River, on the slopes of Piljevina Mountain. Forests of
following communities are widespread in the surrounding area: Querco-Fagetea Br.-Bl. et Vlieger,
1937, Querco-Carpineetum betuli (Ht 38) em. Bleč. 58, Aceri obtusati-Fagetum moesiacae Fuk. et Col
(63) Fuk. 67, Querceetum petrae-montanum illyricum Stef. (61) 64 i Pineetum sylvestis dinaricum Stef
58.
Tertiary vegetation generated as a product of human influence (destruction of the primary and
secondary vegetation) dominates in the quarry. Dominant communities within the quarry are those
from the alliance Arction lappae R. Tx. emend. Siss. 1946, Onopordion acanthii Br. – Bl. 1926,
Artemision absinthii Lkšić et all. 1975. The vegetation Plantaginetea majoris is developed along the
roads and locations through which employees and local inhabitants pass regularly while vegetation
of class Chenopodietea is developed mainly on soils rich in nitrogen. Local road communication to the
villages Subotinje, Dračići, Arnaut etc. stretches through the quarry and along the Ribnica River.
So far, detailed floristic survey of this locality has not been conducted. The exception is researching
within the previous stage of the competition for the Quarry Life Award entitled "Biodiversity and
remediation of the quarry Ribnica". The project partly covered the analysis of plant communities of
the quarry area and its surroundings.
4 Material and methods
During the project, total of three field visits to the Ribnica quarry and its close surroundings were
made. The first field visit was in early May 2014, in the spring season. The second field visit was in
late June, i.e. at the beginning of the summer season, while the third visit was completed at the end
of July i.e. in the summer season) (Annex 1).
Visiting locations was conducted by line transects method with necessary stopovers in order to
collect plants. Plants were partly collected and partly photographed in order to further
determination.
Determination of plant species as well as the determination of floral elements and plant life forms
was performed using literature listed in Section 8 of the Report.
Table 1. Meaning of plant life forms marks (Oberdorfer, 1979)
Mark
Full name
Meaning
N
neophytes
non-native plant
T
therophytes
plants that survive the unfavorable cold or dry season in the form of seed
2
Mark
W
G
H
Full name
hydrophytes
geophytes
hemicryptophytes
Ch
chamaephytes
P
phanerophytes
E
epiphytes
Meaning
plants that live submerged under water
perennial plant which in spring propagates from an underground organ
plants whose above-ground parts die out over the winter, but the buds
remain at the base of the tree completely to the substrate, the
underground trees or the roots. Most of the plants of temperate-zone
belongs to hemicryptophytes
plants whose buds are on persistent shoots near the ground – woody
plants with perennating buds borne close to the ground, no more than 25
cm above the soil surface
normally woody perennials - with resting buds more than 25 cms above
soil level
originally placed in phanerophytes (above) but then separated because of
irrelevance of soil position
LEGEND
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
phanerophytes
chamaephytes
hemicryptophytes
8.
9.
10.
11.
hydrophytes
epiphytes
epiphytes
geophytes
hydrophytes
Figure 1. Illustrated presentation of plant life forms
Table 2. Meaning of plant life form marks (Oberdorfer, 1979)
Mark
Meaning
alp
Alpine floral element
Am
American floral element (introduced and invasive species in Europe)
arkt
Arctic floral element
atl
Atlantic floral element
circ
Plants with circumholarctic distribution
euras
Eurasian floral element
europkont
European continental (steppe, Pannonian etc.) floral element
3
Mark
gemasskont
kont
kosm
med
no
pralp
smed
subatl
Meaning
Moderate - floral element plants that inhabit eastern Europe
Continental species of Eurasian steppes and semidesert areas
Cosmopolitan species
Mediterranean floral element
Nordic floral element
Prealpine floral element
Submediterranean floral element
Sub-Atlantic floral element
Figure 2. An approximate view of the geographical distribution of floral elements in Europe
Meaning of analyzed numerical marks of ecological factors according to Ellenberg et al. (1994) is
provided in the following tables.
Table 3. Relation to the light (L= light number)
Number Meaning
0
no mark
1
deep shade plants, located on habitats with relative light intensity, less than 1%, but rarely occur in
areas of more than 30% relative light intensity
2
between 1 and 3
3
shade plants, located mainly at the sites where relative light intensity is less than 5%, but can also
be found in the lighter areas
4
between 3 and 5
5
semi-shade plants, rarely found in full of light habitats, but mostly where the relative intensity of
light is greater than 10%
6
between 5 and 7
7
half-light plants, mostly located in habitats with a lot of light, but can be found in shady places with
the relative intensity of light less than 30%
8
light plants, coming mostly at the relative intensity of light greater than 40%
9
full of light plants, located only in a very light habitats, and in areas where the relative intensity of
4
Number
Meaning
light is not less than 50%
Table 4. Relation to the air temperature (T = temperature number)
Number Meaning
0
no mark
1
plants of very cold areas, plant species of alpine-nival/arctic-boreal distribution, which rarely can be
found within the Alpine region
2
between 2 and 3, mostly plant species of the alpine zone, while species of the sub-Alpine rarely can
be found
3
plants of colder areas, mainly species of the sub-Alpine belt and high mountain belt
4
between 3 and 5, cooler habitats with plant species widespread in the mountain belt
5
moderately cold to moderately warm habitats with plant species of the submontane-montane belt
distribution
6
habitats of mainly submontane valley area dominated by the temperate belt species
7
warm habitats dominated by sub-Mediterranean plant species
8
habitats between 7 and 9 dominated by species of submediterranean-Mediterranean distribution
9
extremely hot habitats with plant species of Mediterranean-submediterranean distribution
Table 5. Relation to the spatial distribution (C = number of continentality)
Number Meaning
0
no mark
1
euocean area, under the extreme influence of marine climate, where euocean floral elements are
dominated
2
ocean area, includes inland area with prevailing maritime climate and ocean floral elements
3
between 2 and 4, these are areas of relatively mild habitats
4
sub-ocean area, mainly spreads in Central Europe with a dominating Central Europe floral elements
5
intermediate area stretches from Western Europe to Siberia
6
subcontinental area
7
between 7 and 8
8
continental area, includes Eastern Europe, and special habitats of Central Europe
9
eucontinental area with extreme continental climate
Table 6. Relation to the humidity (H = humidity number)
Number Meaning
0
no mark
1
extremely dry habitats
2
habitats with insufficient precipitation (less than 750 mm)
3
habitats with tolerating precipitation, but generally located only in the wetter locations
4
habitats with insufficient precipitation, but with higher air humidity
5
mainly areas with little precipitation; precipitation generally over 700 mm
6
between 5 and 7; precipitation generally over 800 mm
7
areas with moderately heavy precipitation; precipitation generally over 1.000 mm
8
areas with heavy precipitation; mostly over 1.400 mm, but with strong humidity fluctuation
9
areas with very heavy precipitation; precipitation is always over 1.400 mm; habitats are very humid
Table 7. Relation to the acidity/alkalinity of the substrate (R = reaction number)
Number Meaning
0
no mark
1
ultra acidic soil, pH below 3,4
2
extreme acidic soil, pH 3,4-4,0
3
very acidic soil, pH 4,1 -4,8
5
Number
4
5
6
7
8
9
Meaning
between 3 and 5
strong acidic soil, pH 4,9-5,6
between 5 and 7
moderate soil, pH 5,7-6,5
neutral soil, pH 6,6-7,5
alkaline soil, pH over 7,0
Table 8. Relation to the nitrogen levels in soil (N = nitrogen number)
Number Meaning
0
no mark
1
very low level of nitrogen in soil; silicon dioxide dominates on the silicate substrate
2
between 1 and 3
3
moderately low level of nitrogen in soil
4
between 3 and 5
5
moderately high level of nitrogen in soil
6
between 5 and 7
7
high level of nitrogen in soil; moderately fertilized
8
very high level of nitrogen in soil; highly fertilized
9
extremely high level of nitrogen in soil; extremely fertilized
5 Results
A total of 148 plant species have been identified during the three field researches of the quarry and
its surrounding area. A total of 79 plant species have been identified inside the quarry and its
bordering parts.
Based on floristic composition analysis seven groups of plant life forms have been recognized within
the quarry area and its bordering parts. Life forms for two plant species were not registered.
The dominant life form within the Ribnica quarry and its peripheral areas is a form of woody plants (P
- phanerophytes), followed by a form of perennial herbaceous plants (H - hemicryptophytes). The
smallest number of species has a life forms N - neophytes and E - epiphytes. A small number of
neophytes shows that introduced plant species are not spread in the quarry.
Chart 1. Plant life forms in Ribnica quarry
A total of 33 floral elements have been recognized within the Ribnica quarry area. Many plant
species show optimal development in several floral elements, and will be presented as such. Species
which share sub-atlantic-sub-mediterranean floral element (16,46%) are the most dominant
(16,46%), followed by cosmopolitan species (10,13%) which occupy the largest part of tertiary
6
habitats. There is a very small number of species with development optimum in continental areas of
Europe, as well as species with typical optimum in Mediterranean floral element.
Chart 2. Floral elements in the Ribnica quarry
A total of 69 plant species have been identified in the close surrounding of the quarry. Based on
floristic composition analysis five groups of plant life forms have been recognized in the closer area
where the most dominant plant life form is a form of perennial herbaceous plants (H hemicryptophytes). Ch-hamaephytes and G-geophytes are least represented. A large number of
hemicryptophytes shows that meadow communities are dominant in the surrounding area of the
quarry.
Chart 3. Plant life forms in the surrounding area of the Ribnica quarry
7
A total of 27 floral elements have been recognized within the surrounding quarry area. The most
dominant are species which share a continental and sub-Mediterranean floral element (20,90%).
There is a very small number of species with development optimum in sub-Mediterranean and
Mediterranean areas of Europe, as well as species with typical optimum in mountain floral element
of Europe.
Chart 4. Floral elements in the surrounding area of the Ribnica quarry
The largest number of plant species in the immediate vicinity of the Ribnica quarry that would be
suitable for introduction into the area of the quarry belongs to the hemicryptophytes life form. This
life form is represented with 34,18% in the quarry area and with 75% plant species in the
surrounding area.
A more complete picture of the environmental specificities of Ribnica quarry plant species as well as
of plant species of the surrounding area was obtained by analyzing of basic ecological factors (light,
air temperature, continentality, humidity, soil acidity, mineral matter content (N) in the soil) for each
species. Graphical representations of plant species relations to different ecological factors are given
in Annex 2 of the Report.
Analysis of the plant species relation to the light showed that plant species in the Ribnica quarry
mostly have light numbers 6 and 7. Number 6 makes the transition between numbers 5 and 7, i.e.
between the shade plants (light intensity 10%) and half-light plants (light intensity 30 %). A total of 18
plant species with light number 6, and 16 species with light number 7 were registered in the quarry,
while in the immediate vicinity of the quarry were registered 33 plant species with light number 7.
Analysis of the plant species relation to the air temperature showed that the majority of plant
species within the Ribnica quarry and its surrounding area have temperature numbers 5 and 6.
Majority of the plant species belong to cold, moderately warm habitats and submontane valley
areas. A total of 22 species with a temperature number 5 and 18 species with temperature number 6
8
were identified inside the quarry, while 17 species with number 5, and 28 species with number 6
were identified in the immediate vicinity of the quarry.
Based on analysis of the plant species relation to the spatial distribution (continentality), following
results were obtained: Most quarry plants belong to mild central European habitats (numbers 3 and
4), while the majority of surrounding plants belong also to the central European habitats (numbers 3
and 4) as well as to transitional habitats between European and East European habitats (number 5).
A total of 20 species with number 3 and 17 species with number 4 were registered inside the quarry,
while 27 species with number 3 and 9 species with number 4 were registered in the immediate
vicinity of the quarry. A noteworthy fact is that 12 species with a number of continentality 5 were
registered in the immediate vicinity of the quarry.
Analysis of the plant species relation to the humidity showed that plant species from the quarry as
well as plants from its surroundings have the same relation to the humidity. However, it should be
noted that the native vegetation in the vicinity of the quarry shows a slightly higher presence of the
species that tolerate somewhat drier habitats. A total of 6 species with the humidity number 4, and
39 species with humidity numbers 5 and 6 were registered inside the quarry, while 22 species with a
humidity number 3, and 30 species with numbers 5 and 6 were identified in the vicinity of the quarry.
In relation to the soil reaction plant species of the Ribnica quarry and its surroundings showed
optimum development at the transition from neutral to moderate soils (number 7). It should be
noted that quarry area has somewhat higher presence of plant species with the number 8, i.e. with
alkaline pH. A total of 17 species with reaction number 7 were identified in the quarry surrounding
area. The same number of species with the same reaction number was registered within the quarry.
Analysis of the plant species relation to the nitrogen level in soil showed that most species of the
quarry and its close surroundings prefer soils with moderately high to high level of nitrogen (numbers
5, 6 and 7). A total of 35 plants species inside the quarry have numbers 5, 6 or 7, while 27 species
from the close surrounding area have the same numbers.
6 Discussion
During the field research, working team collected plant species in a relatively short time period,
resulting in a smaller number of species than expected. Also, it is worth emphasizing that during the
entire fieldwork climatic conditions were not significantly changed (temperature, light etc.) which
more certainly affected the results and the number of plant species due to delay or even absence of
vegetation blooming.
Also, a large part of the forest in quarry surrounding area stayed unexplored partly due to the
inability to pass through the woods (steep slopes and inaccessibility), and partly due to lack of time
for extensive research.
The aforementioned problems have not adversely affected the results of the research, but
conducting of detailed exploring for a longer period in the wider area around the Ribnica quarry
would show higher species richness, thus increasing the possibility for the introduction of native
plant species within the quarry.
7 Conclusions
After conducted research and analyzes, and performed comparison between plant species in the
Ribnica quarry and its closer surrounding, the following was concluded:


A large number of plant species of close surrounding of the quarry Ribnica are not
inhabitants of the quarry area;
Plant species of the quarry and its surroundings area show great similarity in abundance of
species with hemicryptophytes life forms;
9





In relation to light regime, a large number of plant species from surrounding area can be very
successful introduced in the area of the Ribnica quarry;
In relation to the temperature regime, the largest number of plant species from surrounding
area can be introduced in a quarry area;
In relation to the continentality, plants of the quarry close surrounding show great
similarities with plants from inside the quarry, with the exception of a slightly higher number
of plants with number of continentality 5;
In relation to the number of humidity, most species of closer surrounding of the Ribnica
quarry can be introduced within the area of the quarry. Somewhat poorer adjustment to the
area of the quarry would have plant species with humidity number 4, and introduction of
these should be avoided;
In relation to the reaction of the soil, plants of surrounding area show a great similarity with
the plant species of the quarry, which makes them ideal for introduction within the quarry.
Conducted analyzes and conclusions showed that the majority of plant species from the vicinity of
the Ribnica quarry could be introduced into the quarry area. It should be noted that the area around
the exploitation fields is already quite preserved in terms of biodiversity, which is indicated by the
larger number of woody plants and forest complex.
8 Literature










Braun-Blanquet, J. (1964): Pflanzensoziologie, grundzüge der Vegetationscunde. (3. Auflage).
Springer Verlag, Wien.
Ellenberg, H. et al. (1992): Zeigerwerte von Pflanzen in Mitteleuropa. Scripta Geobotanica XVIII.
Verlag Erich Goltze KG, Göttingen,
lakušić, R., et al. (1977): Prodromus biljnih zajednica Bosne i Hercegovine. Godišnjak Biološkog
institutta Univerziteta u Sarajevu. Posebno izdanje. Vol. XXX.
Oberdofer, 1979: Pflanzensoziologische Exkursions Flora. Stutgart.
Šilić, Č. (1984): Endemične biljke. Svjetlost. Zavod za udžbenike i nastavna sredstva. Sarajevo.
Šilić, Č. (1990): Šumske zeljaste biljke. Svjetlost. Zavod za udžbenike i nastavna sredstva. Sarajevo.
Šilić, Č. (1990): Atlas drveća i grmlja. Svjetlost. Zavod za udžbenike i nastavna sredstva. Sarajevo.
Šilić, Č, Lakušić, R. (1990): Livadske biljke. Svjetlost. Zavod za udžbenike i nastavna sredstva.
Sarajevo.
IV Nacionalni izvještaj za konvenciju o Biodiverzitetu – Procjena nacionalnih ciljeva za
biodiverzitet 2010.
http://www.rali.boku.ac.at/en/iasc
10
9 List of Annexes
ANNEX 1 – INVESTIGATED AREAS (GOOGLE EARTH)
First investigated area
Second investigated area
11
Third investigated area
12
ANNEX 2 – PLANT SPECIES RELATIONS TO THE VARIOUS ECOLOGICAL FACTORS
13
ANNEX 3 – TABULAR VIEW OF THE ANALYZED PLANT SPECIES
Plants of the Ribnica quarry
Species
Acer campestre L.
Acer opalus Mill. ssp obtusatum (Kit.)Gams
Acer pseudoplatanus L.
Actaea spicata L.
Ajuga reptans L.
Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn.
Aposeris foetida (L.) Less
Arctium lappa L.
Asarum europaeum L.
Astrantia major L.
Athyrium filix-femina (L.) Roth
Bellis perennis L.
Calystegia silvatica (Waldst.) Grieseb.
Capsella bursa - pastoris (L.) Medik.
Carpinus betulus Mill
Catalpa bignonioides Walter
Chamaecytisus hirsutus (L.) Link
Clematis vitalba L.
Cornus mas L.
Cornus sanguinea L.
Corylus avellana L.
Crataegus monogyna Jacq
Cytisus procumbens (Willd.) Spreng.
Daphne mezereum L.
Dentaria polyphylla Waldst. & Kit.
Epimedium alpinum L.
English name
Field maple
Erable printannier
Sycomore
Baneberry
Blue bugle
Common alder
Stinking aposeris
greater burdock
Assarabacca
Great masterworth
Lady fern
Common daisy
Greather bindweed
shepherd's-purse
Common hornbeam
Southern catalpa
Hairy Broom
Vild climber
European cornel
Common dogwood
Common hazel
Common hawthorn
English broom
Mezareon
Cardamine de Kitalbel
Barren - wort
Floral element
smed(subatl)
smed
subatl-smed (-pralp)
(no-) eurassubozean
subatl-smed
eurassubozean-smed
pralp
euras(smed)
euraskont
pralp
no-euras(subozean)
subatl-smed
smed
kosm.
gemasskont (smed)
N-America
gemasskont
smed.-subatl(circ)
smed
smed(subatl)
subatl-smed
smed(subatl)
smed
euras(kont)
/
pralp
Life form
P
P
P
G
H
P
H
H
H
H
H
H
G
T(H)
P
N
Ch
P
P
P
P
P
Ch
P
G
G
L
5
5
4
3
6
(5)
4
9
3
6
3
8
0
7
(4)
0
6
7
6
7
6
7
0
4
0
0
T
C
6
8
0
5
0
5
4
6
6
4
0
0
0
0
6
0
6
6
7
5
5
5
0
0
0
0
H
4
4
4
4
2
3
4
4
5
4
3
2
0
0
4
0
7
3
4
4
3
3
0
4
0
0
R
5
4
6
5
6
9
5
5
5
6
7
5
0
5
0
0
3
5
4
5
0
4
0
5
0
0
N
7
8
0
6
6
6
6
7
7
8
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
7
8
7
0
8
0
7
0
0
6
6
7
7
6
0
5
9
6
5
6
6
0
6
0
0
2
7
4
0
5
4
0
5
0
0
14
Species
Euphorbia carniolica Jacq.
Evonymus europaea L.
Fagus sylvatica L.
Festuca drymeia Mert. & Koch
Fragaria vesca L.
Fraxinus excelsior L.
Geranium phaeum L.
Geranium robertianum L.
Glechoma hederacea L.
Hedera helix L.
Helleborus odorus Waldst. & Kit.
Hieracium sylvaticum (L.) Grufb.
Hypericum perforatum L.
Juglans regia L.
Lamiastrum galeobdolon (L.) Nath.
Lathyrus vernus (L.) Bernh.
Malva sylvestris L.
Medicago sp.
Petasites hybridus (L.) G.Gaertn., B.Mey. & Scherb.
Pinus sylvestris L.
Plantago lanceolata L.
Plantago major L.
Polystichum aculeatum (L.) Roth
Potentila reptans L.
Pteridium aquilinum(L.) Kuhn
Pyrus communis L.
Pyrus pyraster Burgsd.
Pyrus sp.
Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl.
Quercus robur L.
Ranunculus repens L.
Rhamnus frangula L.
English name
Carnian Spurge
spindle - tree
european beech
Roadside fescue
Wild strawberry
european ash
dusky cranesbill
Herb Robert
ground-ivy
english ivy
ellebore
Wood hawkweed
St John's wort
common walnut
yellow archangel
spring vetchling
common mallow
butterbur
scots pine
Ribwort plantain
greater plantain
Hard Shield Fern
European cinquefoil
Bracken
European pear
common plar tree
sessile oak
English Oak
creeping buttercup
alder buckthorn
Floral element
smed
subatl-smed
subatl-smed
subatl-smed
no-euras(subozean)
subatl-smed
pralp
eurassubozean-smed
euras(subozean)
subatl-smed
smed
no-eurassubozean
eurassubozean-smed
smed(-euras)
subatl-smed
gemasskont
kosm.
/
eurassubozean-smed
no-euraskont(smed)
eurassuboozean
kosm.
subatl-smed
kosm.
kosm.
kosm.
smed(gemasstkont)
/
subatl-smed
eurassubozean-smed
boreal- evroaz (smed)
boreal- evroaz (smed)
Life form
H
P
P
H
H
P
H
H(T)
H(G)
P
H
H
H
P
Ch
G(H)
H
/
G(H)
P
H
H
H
H
G
P
P
P
P
P
H
P
L
0
0
(3)
3
7
(4)
6
5
6
(4)
0
4
7
5
3
4
8
0
7
(7)
6
8
3
6
6
(6)
5
0
(6)
(7)
6
6
T
C
0
0
5
5
0
5
5
0
5
5
0
0
5
7
5
6
6
0
5
0
0
0
6
6
5
6
6
0
6
6
0
6
H
0
0
2
5
5
3
4
3
3
2
0
3
6
4
4
4
3
0
2
7
3
0
2
3
3
5
0
0
2
6
0
5
R
0
0
5
5
5
0
6
0
6
5
0
5
4
6
5
5
4
0
8
0
0
5
6
6
5
5
0
0
5
0
7
8
N
0
0
0
5
0
0
6
0
0
0
0
5
6
7
7
8
7
0
7
0
0
0
6
7
3
8
8
0
0
0
0
4
0
0
0
5
6
7
5
7
7
0
0
4
4
7
5
4
8
0
8
0
0
6
7
5
3
0
0
0
0
0
7
0
15
Species
Rosa arvensis Huds.
Rosa canina L.
Rubus fruticosus L.
Rubus idaeus L.
Rumex obtusifolius L.
Salix alba L.
Salix caprea L.
Salix purpurea L.
Sanguisorba minor Scop.
Stellaria media (L.) Vill.
Symphytum tuberosum L.
Tamus communis L.
Taraxacum officinale F.H. Wigg
Trifolium repens L.
Tussilago farfara L.
Ulmus sp.
Veronica chamaedrys L.
Viburnum opulus L.
Vicia cracca L.
Vicia sativa L.
Viscum album L.
English name
field rose
dog rose
blackberry
red raspberry
broad-leaved dock
white willow
goat willow
purple willow
Salad burnet
Chickweed
Tuberous comfrey
Black bryony
Common dandelion
white clover
coltsfoot
Life form
P
P
P
P
H
P
P
P
H
T
G
G
H
H
G(H)
/
Ch
P
H
T
E
L
Germander speedwell
Guelder rose
Tufted vetch
Common Vetch
Mistletoe
Floral element
subatl-smed
eurassubozean-smed
(no-) subatl(-smed)
euras-no
gemasskont (smed)
smed-eurassubozean
no-euras
smed-eurassubozean
smed
no-euras-med
gemasskont (smed)
smed(-atl)
kosm.
kosm.
no-euras-smed
/
no-eurassubozean
euras(subozean)
no-euras
med
subatl-smed
English name
Willow-leaved-Inula
Milfoil
Caraway
Hard-heads
Bluesow-Thistle
Rough hawsbeard
Floral element
euraskont(smed)
boreal- euras.subozean
no-pralp
eurassubozean-smed
pralp-no(subozean)
gemasskont
Life form
G,H
H
H
H
H
H
L
T
5
8
0
7
7
(5)
7
8
7
6
4
6
7
8
8
0
6
6
7
0
7
C
5
5
0
0
5
6
0
5
6
0
0
8
0
0
0
0
5
5
5
0
6
H
2
3
0
0
3
6
3
4
5
0
4
2
0
0
3
0
3
3
0
0
3
R
5
4
0
0
6
8
6
0
3
0
6
5
5
5
6
0
5
0
6
0
0
N
7
0
0
0
0
8
7
8
8
7
7
8
0
6
8
0
7
7
0
0
0
5
0
0
6
9
7
7
0
2
8
5
5
8
6
0
0
6
6
0
0
0
Plants of the Ribnica quarry surrounding area
Species
Inula salicina L.
Achillea millefolium L.
Carum carvi L.
Centaurea scabiosa L.
Cicerbita alpina L. (Wallr.)
Crepis biennis L.
T
8
8
8
7
6
7
C
6
0
4
0
3
5
5
0
5
3
2
3
H
6
4
5
3
6
6
R
N
9
0
0
8
6
6
3
5
6
4
8
5
16
Species
Cynosurus cristatus L.
Euphorbia cyparissias L.
Filipendula vulgaris Moench.
Galium mollugo L.
Geranium sanguineum L.
Knautia arvensis (L.) Coulter
Lathyrus latifolius L.
Lathyrus pratensis L.
Leucanthemum vulgare Lam.
Medicago lupulina L.
Medicago sativa (L.) Arcang.
Phleum pratense L
Plantago major L.
Plantago media L. Fam.
Poa trivialis L.
Rumex crispus L.
Betonica officinalis L.
Succisa pratensis Moench.
Trifolium campestre Schreber
Trifolium ochroleucon Huds.
Elymus repens (L.) Gould
Poa pratensis L.
Genista tinctoria L.
Bromus racemosus L.
Geranium molle L.
Sedum acre L.
Veronica persica Poiret
Galium verum L.
Mentha aquatica L.
Ononis arvensis L.
Artemisia absinthium L
Poa pratensis L.
English name
Crested dog's
Cypres spurge
Dropwort
Hedge bedstraw
Blody cranesbill
Gipsie's rose
Everlasting pea
Meadow pea
Oxeye daisy
Black medic
Alfalfa
Timothy grass
Greater plantain
Hoary plantain
Rough meadow-grass
Curled dock
Betony
Devil's bit-scabious
Hop-clover
Sulphur clover
Coach grass
Common meadow-grass
Dyer's greenweed
Upright-chess
Dovers-foot
Goldmoss stonecrop
winter speedwell
Lady's Bedstraw
water mint
Common Rest Harrow
wormwood
smooth meadow-grass
Floral element
subatl (smed)
smed-(euras)
euraskont-smed
smed
gemaskont-smed
(no-)eurassbozean
smed
euras(subozean)-smed
smed
euras-smed
orient
no-euras
Kosm.
euras(kont)-smed
no-euras(subozean)
eurassubozean-smed
eurassubozean-smed
eurassubozean-smed
eurassubozean-smed
smed-subatl
no-euras
Kosm.
eurassubozean(-smed)
subatl(-smed)
med-smed(-subatl)
(no-)eurassubozean(-smed)
adv.
euras(smed)
euras(smed)
euraskont
euraskont(smed)
euraskont(smed)
Life form
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H(G)
H(G)
P
T
T
Ch
T
H
H
H(Ch)
Ch
H, G
L
T
8
8
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
8
7
8
5
6
7
7
7
7
7
0
6
8
6
7
8
6
7
7
8
9
6
C
5
0
6
6
6
6
8
5
0
5
6
0
0
5
0
5
6
5
0
7
0
0
6
6
6
6
0
6
5
6
6
0
3
4
5
3
4
3
4
0
3
0
6
5
0
7
3
3
5
3
3
4
0
0
3
2
3
3
3
0
3
7
7
0
H
5
3
3
4
3
4
4
6
4
4
4
5
5
3
7
7
0
7
5
4
0
5
6
8
4
2
5
4
9
4
4
5
R
N
0
0
8
7
8
0
9
7
0
8
7
0
0
7
0
0
0
0
0
8
0
0
6
5
5
0
7
7
7
7
7
0
4
3
2
0
3
4
3
6
3
0
0
7
6
7
7
6
3
2
0
2
0
6
1
5
4
1
7
3
5
2
8
6
17
Species
Draba verna L.
Setaria viridis (L.) P.Beauv.
Anemone nemorosa L.
Artemisia vulgaris L.
Cerastium glomeratum Thuill
Anthemis arvensis L.
Genista tinctoria L.
Dactylis glomerata L.
Cirsium vulgare (Savi.) Ten.
Daucus carota L.
Lotus corniculatus L.
Alliaria petiolata (M.Bieb.) Cavara & Grande
Carex brizoides L.
Coronilla varia (L.) Lassen
Chaerophyllum aromaticum L.
Melampyrum nemorosum L
Matricaria recutita L
Dorycnium herbaceum Vill.
Convolvulus arvensis L.
Verbascum thapsus L.
Vicia cracca L.
Urtica dioica L.
Lamium purpureum L.
Carum carvi L.
Cyclamen purpurascens Mill.
Ostrya carpinifolia Scop.
Bromus erectus Huds.
Festuca heterophylla Lam.
Lolium perenne L.
Euphorbia amygdaloides L.
Rumex obtusifolius L.
English name
shadflower
green foxtail
Anemone
mugwort
clammy chickweed
corn chamomile
Greenwed
cock's-foot
Spear Thistle
wild carrot
Bird's-foot Trefoil
Garlic Root
Alpine grass
crown vetch
broadleaf chervil
Wood Cow-wheat
Chamomile
Canary Clover
Field bindweed
great mullein
Tufted vetch
common nettle
red deadnettle
Caraway
purple cyclamen
Hop Hornbeam
upright brome
Various-leaved Fescue
Perennial Rye-grass
wood spurge
bitter dock
Floral element
euras-med
euras-med
eurassubozean
eurassubozean
eurassubozean
eurassubozean-med
eurassubozean-smed
eurassubozean-smed
eurassubozean-smed
eurassubozean-smed
eurassubozean-smed
eurassubozean-smed
gemasskont
gemasskont (smed)
gemasskont (smed)
gemasskont (smed)
kosm.
med-smed
med-smed-euras
N-America
no-euras
no-euras
no-euras-smed
no-pralp
pralp
smed
smed
smed(gemasskont)
subatl-smed
subatl-smed
subatl-smed
Life form
T(H)
T
G
H
T (H)
T
P
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
T
T
Ch
G(H)
H
H
H
T
H
G
/
H
H
H
Ch
H
L
T
0
7
0
7
7
7
8
7
8
8
7
5
6
7
7
5
7
7
7
8
7
0
7
8
4
(4)
8
5
8
4
7
C
0
6
0
6
5
6
6
0
5
6
0
6
5
6
5
6
6
6
6
0
5
0
5
4
6
8
5
6
6
5
5
0
0
3
0
3
5
3
3
3
5
3
3
4
5
5
4
5
4
0
3
0
0
3
5
4
5
2
4
3
3
3
H
0
4
5
6
5
4
6
5
5
4
4
5
6
4
7
4
5
3
4
4
6
6
5
5
5
4
3
4
5
5
6
R
N
0
0
0
0
5
6
6
0
7
0
7
7
4
9
6
6
5
9
7
7
0
7
7
0
9
0
8
5
7
8
0
0
7
0
8
5
6
1
6
8
4
3
9
3
3
8
4
5
3
0
7
0
9
7
6
5
5
3
5
7
5
9
18